Flow-driven translocation of comb-like copolymer micelles through a nanochannel.

Using hybrid lattice-Boltzmann molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the flow-driven translocation of comb-like copolymer micelles through a nanochannel, in particular, making a detailed comparison with micelles formed by the corresponding diblock copolymers. Our results demonstrate that the critical flow flux of micelles formed by the comb-like copolymers is higher than that of micelles formed by the corresponding diblock copolymers, which is more pronounced with increasing side chain lengths or grafting densities, as evidenced by the free energy computed by self-consistent field theory. Our work indicates that the impact of chain topology on the stability of micelles, especially with the same size, can be well characterized using the critical flow fluxes, which provides a theoretical basis for designing self-assembling micelles for various applications.

Targeted quantitative analysis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in Alstonia scholaris by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.

Monoterpene indole alkaloids exhibit structural diversity in herbal resources and have been developed as promising drugs owing to their significant biological activities. Confidential identification and quantification of monoterpene indole alkaloids is the key to quality control of target plants in industrial production but has rarely been reported. In this study, quantitative performance of three data acquisition modes of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry including full scan, auto-MS2 and target-MS2 , was evaluated and compared for specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and matrix effect using five monoterpene indole alkaloids (scholaricine, 19-epi-scholaricine, vallesamine, picrinine, and picralinal). Method validations indicated that target-MS2 mode showed predominant performance for simultaneous annotation and quantification of analytes, and was then applied to determine monoterpene indole alkaloids in Alstonia scholaris (leaves, barks) after extraction procedures optimization using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. The variations of A. scholaris monoterpene indole alkaloids in different plant parts, harvest periods, and post-handling processes, were subsequently investigated. The results indicated that target-MS2 mode could improve the quantitative capability of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for structure-complex monoterpene indole alkaloids in herbal matrices. Alstonia scholaris, monoterpene indole alkaloids, quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry, qualitative and quantitative analysis, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.

Use of folic acid supplementation to halt and even reverse the progression of gastric precancerous conditions: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Current data indicate that supplements such as folic acid and vitamin B may be beneficial in halting and even reversing atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia, generally referred to as gastric precancerous conditions(GPC). However, there is no Meta-analysis article to evaluate the prevention and treatment of folic acid in the gastric precancerous conditions. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to confirm the efficacy of folic acid in treating GPC. METHODS: Using a systematic review method, consider randomized controlled trials (RCT), including clinical trial reports, unpublished clinical trial data, and conference papers. The search time was been set from the database's establishment to June 2, 2021. The language was not limited, using PubMed, SinoMed, Lancet, Web of Science, CNKI, Cochrane, Ovid, Science Direct, Embase, and EBSCO databases. Data were extracted using a pre-designed extraction tool and analysis was undertaken using RevMan5.2.Besides,we use Origin software to construct the Time-dose interval analysis. RESULTS: Of the 225 records identified, 13 studies involving 1252 patients (including 11 clinical controlled trials, 1 conference paper report and 1 unpublished research report) met the inclusion conditions. Folic acid dose maintained at 20-30 mg / d for 3-6 months may be beneficial to pathological changes of GPC. Moreover, in the 3 month treatment of 5 trials, the effect was more obvious when the folic acid dose was maintained at 30 mg / d. In the 7 trials, the symptom ineffective rate of GPC treated with folic acid was 32% (RR:0.32, 95% confidence interval CI:0.21-0.48), which was combined using a fixed analysis model; The effect of folic acid on gastric mucosal atrophy in 5 trials (RR: 1.61, 95%CI 1.07-2.41). The changes of folic acid on intestinal metaplasia in the 2 experiments (RR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.32-2.37).The 2 results are combined using a fixed analytical model. However, the subgroup analysis of 9 trials revealed no significant effectiveness of symptom. CONCLUSIONS: Our research showed that folic acid supplementation brings benefits in preventing and even reversing the progression of GPC in the stomach, and provided evidence for its potential clinical use in management of GPC. REGISTRATION: The logn number of our Meta-anlysis on PROSPERO is CRD420223062.

Cation/Anion Codoped and Cobalt-Free Li-Rich Layered Cathode for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-rich layered oxides have received great attention due to their high energy density as cathode material. However, the progressive structural transformation from layered to spinel phase triggered by transition-metal migration and the irreversible release of lattice oxygen leads to voltage fade and capacity decay. Here, we report a Fe, Cl codoped and Co-free Li-rich layered cathode with significantly improved structural stability. It is revealed that the Fe and Cl codoping can facilitate the Li-ion diffusion and improve the rate performance of the materials. Moreover, the calculations show that the structural stability is enhanced by Fe and Cl codoping. As a result, the Fe and Cl codopant reduces the irreversible release of lattice oxygen, mitigates voltage fade, and improves the first-cycle Coulombic efficiency. This work provides a low-cost, environmentally friendly, practical strategy for high-performance cathode materials.

3D Cationic Polymeric Network Nanotrap for Efficient Collection of Perrhenate Anion from Wastewater.

Rhenium is one of the most valuable elements found in nature, and its capture and recycle are highly desirable for resource recovery. However, the effective and efficient collection of this material from industrial waste remains quite challenging. Herein, a tetraphenylmethane-based cationic polymeric network (CPN-tpm) nanotrap is designed, synthesized, and evaluated for ReO4- recovery. 3D building units are used to construct imidazolium salt-based polymers with positive charges, which yields a record maximum uptake capacity of 1133 mg g-1 for ReO4- collection as well as fast kinetics ReO4- uptake. The sorption equilibrium is reached within 20 min and a kd value of 8.5 × 105 mL g-1 is obtained. The sorption capacity of CPN-tpm remains stable over a wide range of pH values and the removal efficiency exceeds 60% for pH levels below 2. Moreover, CPN-tpm exhibits good recyclability for at least five cycles of the sorption-desorption process. This work provides a new route for constructing a kind of new high-performance polymeric material for rhenium recovery and rhenium-contained industrial wastewater treatment.

C19 Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid with Unprecedented Architecture from Hypecoum erectum.

Hyperectumine (1), the first C19 benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with a complicated ring system, was isolated from Hypecoum erectum and structurally characterized. Its biosynthetic origin should involve a hybrid pattern of C8 + C8 + C1 + C2, from which a C17 benzylisoquinoline alkaloid might be further attacked by a malonamic acid and undergo decarboxylation and cyclization to produce 1. Compound (-)-1 exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of LPS-activated inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Neothalfine, a potent natural anti-tumor agent against metastatic colorectal cancer and its primary mechanism.

Neothalfine is a natural bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid with the abundant resource in medicinal plants and has not been reported its anti-tumor efficacy. In the present study, the anti-tumor efficacy was investigated and it showed broad-spectrum activity against several cancer cell lines, especially metastatic colorectal cancer (HCT116, SW620, T84) with the IC50 values of 7.2, 5.9, 8.2 nM, respectively, roughly equal to well-known anti-tumor agent docetaxel (4.0, 4.7, 2.7 nM) and nearly 1000 folds than CPT-11 (4.4, 5.1, 6.9 µM). Furthermore, neothalfine inhibited colorectal cell proliferation by resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis through the dysfunction of mitochondria to trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway by untargeted metabolomic method, mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-3/7 activity assay. Moreover, neothalfine damaged colorectal cancer clonal spheres expansion significantly at the concentration of 3.5 nM with nearly 1000 folds efficacy than CPT-11 (3.0 µM). The results supported that neothalfine might be an anti-tumor lead for further investigation.

Development of a LC-HRMS based approach to boost structural annotation of isomeric citrus flavanones.

INTRODUCTION: The structural annotation of target relies on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) information resulting in dubious identities in most cases. The accurate annotation of isomeric structures is still challenging to be confirmed with significant bottleneck. OBJECTIVE: This study focused on the improvement of structural annotation of candidate structures via four pairs of isomeric flavanone-7-O-diglucosides and their basic flavanone aglycones commonly detected in citrus products. METHOD: An integrated liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) approach merging retention time, accurate mass, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) information (diagnostic ions), ion ratio at selected collision energy was established successfully. RESULTS: Feasibility of this approach was validated confidently in biological samples with relative standard deviation (RSD) of ion ratio range from 3.91 to 12.28%. Differences of fragmentation patterns of citrus flavanones were illustrated reasonably. MS/MS fragments of (S)-hesperetin and (S)-isosakuranetin were complicated and showed typical radical ion [1,2 A - H]•- (m/z 164) in negative ESI mode due to the methoxyl group on B-ring, which showed huge difference with (R)-hesperetin and (R)-isosakuranetin. CONCLUSION: This study integrated multiple levels to boost the confidence of structural annotation relied on LC-HRMS, and provided important values in practice for precise identification of citrus flavanones in biological matrices.

Stereolithography Three-Dimensional Printing Solid Polymer Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

Liquid-free all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are promising candidates to meet the requirements of safety and high energy density for energy storages. However, poor interfacial contact is a major obstacle limiting their applications. Herein, we report a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), originally prepared by stereolithography (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printing for ASSLMBs. A 3D-Archimedean spiral structured SPE is rationally designed, which can shorten the Li-ion transport pathway from the electrolyte into the electrode, reinforce the interfacial adhesion, and improve the mass loading of active materials. The SLA printed SPE exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 3.7 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C. Furthermore, Li|3D-SPE|LFP cells achieve reduced interfacial impedance and higher specific capacity of 128 mAh g-1 after 250 cycles than those using structure-free SPE of 32 mAh g-1. This work opens the great promise of SLA 3D printing technology to fabricate high-performance SPEs in ASSLMBs for next-generation energy storages.

The levels of bioactive ingredients in Citrus aurantium L. at different harvest periods and antioxidant effects on H2 O2 -induced RIN-m5F cells.

BACKGROUND: Citrus aurantium L. (Aurantii fructus) is a multi-purpose citrus fruit with high medicinal and nutritional value, but currently there are no data that can be used to investigate the appropriate harvest time to obtain high-quality citrus bioactive ingredients from it. RESULTS: Phytochemicals and the levels of the main bioactive ingredients were investigated by ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS). The flavanone, polymethoxyflavone, coumarin, synephrine, and limonin content in the citrus fruit was analyzed at different harvest periods, and significant differences, ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 116.26 ± 40.20 g kg-1 (DW), were shown. These compounds were present in higher amounts in June and then decreased gradually, while the biomass accumulation of most of them showed an increasing tendency around harvest time. The H2 O2 -induced RIN-m5F cells model was employed to evaluate their antioxidant capacity. Citrus fruit harvested from June 11 to July 7 possessed an excellent antioxidant capacity by inhibiting the intensity of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (P < 0.01) and improving superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) activity (P < 0.01). The chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of citrus leaves, stems, and roots were also evaluated, and these showed great variation compared with other citrus fruits. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that harvesting time was related closely to the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSION: Citrus fruit can be appropriately harvested from June to early July when the levels of bioactive ingredients and antioxidant activity reach higher values. This research provides practical information for producing high-quality citrus products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation as a Vehicle for Low-Temperature Semiconductor Element and Polymer Deposition.

The stabilization of silicon(II) and germanium(II) dihydrides by an intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) ligand, PB, i Pr2 P(C6 H4 )BCy2 (Cy=cyclohexyl) is reported. The resulting hydride complexes [PB{SiH2 }] and [PB{GeH2 }] are indefinitely stable at room temperature, yet can deposit films of silicon and germanium, respectively, upon mild thermolysis in solution. Hallmarks of this work include: 1) the ability to recycle the FLP phosphine-borane ligand (PB) after element deposition, and 2) the single-source precursor [PB{SiH2 }] deposits Si films at a record low temperature from solution (110 °C). The dialkylsilicon(II) adduct [PB{SiMe2 }] was also prepared, and shown to release poly(dimethylsilane) [SiMe2 ]n upon heating. Overall, this study introduces a "closed loop" deposition strategy for semiconductors that steers materials science away from the use of harsh reagents or high temperatures.

Systematic characterization of flavonoids from Siraitia grosvenorii leaf extract using an integrated strategy of high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The chemical constituents of the Siraitia grosvenorii leaf extract were studied. Firstly, high-speed counter-current chromatography was applied to the one-step separation of four compounds from S. grosvenorii leaf extract with the solvent system composed of 0.01% acetic acid water/n-butanol/n-hexane/methanol (5:3:1:1, v/v/v/v). In this work, 270 mg of crude sample yielded four compounds, a new kaempferol O-glycoside derivative, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-[4-O-(4-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)]-rhamnopyranoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, named kaempferitrin A (2.1 mg, 90%), and three known compounds, grosvenorine (3.4 mg, 93%), kaempferitrin (14.4 mg, 99%) and afzelin (4 mg, 98%), and the structures of these compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Then, ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to illustrate the dominant flavonoids in S. grosvenorii leaf extract. 34 flavonoids including 19 kaempferol O-glycosides, 4 quercetin O-glycosides, 6 flavanone derivatives, and 5 polymethoxyflavones, were accurately or tentatively identified by carefully comparing their retention times, UV data, precise masses, the typical fragments of the standards and literature data. Most of these compounds were reported for the first time. This study establishes a foundation for the further development and utilization of S. grosvenorii leaves in future.

Comparative investigation of phytochemicals among ten citrus herbs by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and evaluation of their antioxidant properties.

The citrus herbs have proved their important medicinal and nutritional values as medicine-food dual-purpose herbs, functional foods, or medical herbs in China. In this study, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity among ten typical citrus herbs (ethanol extracts) were investigated comprehensively. The major ingredients and their contents were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the differences of typical fragment ions between flavanone-7-O-rutinoside(s) and flavanone-7-O-neohesperidoside(s) were discriminated properly in negative electrospray ionization mode. Total polyphenols, total flavonoids, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and ferric reducing antioxidant power tests were performed, which indicated their beneficial values and antioxidant effects. The medicine-food dual-purpose herbs including Chenpi, Juluo, Daidaihua, Huajuhong, Xiangyuan, and Foshou exhibited antioxidant capacities significantly by decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species intensity (P < 0.01), enhancing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities (P < 0.01) in H2 O2 -induced RIN-m5F cells. Moreover, the functional foods Zhishi, Zhiqiao, and Qingpi showed moderate antioxidant bioactivity, while the medical herb Juhe showed weak antioxidant bioactivity, which were consistent with the multivariate analysis of their major flavonoids. The study provided a new sight for the chemical differentiation and practical application of citrus herbs as medicine-food dual-purpose herbs, functional foods, or medical herbs.

New Acylglycosides Flavones from Fuzhuan Brick Tea and Simulation Analysis of Their Bioactive Effects.

Four novel acylglycosides flavones (AGFs) including two quercetin acylglycosides and two kaempferol acylglycosides were isolated from Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) as follows: quercetin 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→3)] [2-O''-(E)-p-coumaroyl] [ß-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-ß-d-galactoside was named as camelliquercetiside E (1), quercetin 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→3)] [2-O''-(E)-p-coumaroyl] [α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-ß-d-galactoside was named as camelliquercetiside F (2), kaempferol 3-O-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→3)] [2-O''-(E)-p-coumaroyl] [ß-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-ß-d-glucoside was named as camellikaempferoside D (3), kaempferol 3-O-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→3)] [2-O''-(E)-p-coumaroyl] [α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-ß-d-glucoside was named as camellikaempferoside E (4). Chemical structures of AGFs were identified by time-of-flight mass (TOF-MS) and NMR spectrometers (¹H NMR, 13C NMR, ¹H-¹H COSY, HMBC and HSQC), and the MS² fragmentation pathway of AGFs was further investigated. The inhibitory abilities of AGFs and their proposed metabolites on α-glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase were analyzed by molecular docking simulation, and the results suggested that inhibitory activities of AGFs were significantly affected by acyl structure, number of glycosyl and conformation, and part of them had strong inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase, suggesting that AGFs and their metabolites might be important ingredients that participate in the regulation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. The results provided new AGFs and research directions for the practical study of FBT health functions in future.

Phytochemical Profile and Antidepressant Effect of Ormosia henryi Prain Leaf Ethanol Extract.

The Ormosia henryi Prain leaf (OHPL) is a new bioactive resource with potential antidepressant activity, but few reports have confirmed its chemical composition or antidepressant effect. To investigate the phytochemical profile of OHPL ethanol extract (OHPLE), six flavone C-glycosides and two flavone O-glycosides were purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HSCCC-prep-HPLC). The eight isolated compounds were identified by NMR and MS. Forty-six flavonoids, including flavones, flavone C-glycosides, flavone O-glycosides, isoflavones, isoflavone O-glycosides, prenylflavones and polymethoxyflavones were definitively or tentatively identified from OHPLE using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) on the basis of fragment ions that are characteristic of these isolated compounds. The results of the antidepressant assay suggest that OHPLE significantly improved depression-related behaviors of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. The observed changes in these mice after OHPLE treatment were an increased sucrose preference index, reduced feeding latency, prolonged tail suspension time, and upregulated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The details of the phytochemicals and the antidepressant effect of OHPLE are reported here for the first time. This study indicates that the OHPL, enriched in flavone C-glycosides, is a new resource that might be potentially applied in the field of nutraceuticals (or functional additives) with depression-regulating functions.

Bioactivity-Guided Separation of Potential D2 Dopamine Receptor Antagonists from Aurantii Fructus based on Molecular Docking Combined with High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography.

The typical compounds of Aurantii fructus (AF) reported in previous research were screened for their high antagonistic ability on the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) in silico, and then bioactivity-guided separation was undertaken on the potential D2R antagonists from AF using high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). Three flavanones, two polymethoxyflavonoids, and three coumarins were effectively isolated from ethanol extracts of Aurantii fructus (AF) by the use of a two-step HSCCC method, and their chemical structures were identified by mass spectrometry, ¹H-NMR, and 13C-NMR and compared with published data. Firstly, crude extract of 70% ethanol eluent (150 mg) was isolated by HSCCC using an n-hexane-ethyl acetate-n-butanol-methanol-0.05% acetic acid (1:3:1.8:1:5, v/v/v/v/v) solvent system, and compounds 1 (naringin, 28 mg), 2 (neohesperidin, 13 mg), 3 (meranzin, 5 mg) and 4 (poncirin, 3 mg) were successfully isolated with 98.5%, 95.1%, 97.7%, and 92.4% purity, respectively. Then, the crude extract of 95% ethanol eluent (120 mg) was isolated by n-hexane-n-butanol-ethanol (methanol)-0.05% acetic acid (2:0.6:1:3, v/v/v/v) solvent system and compounds 3 (meranzin, 3 mg), 5 (meranzin hydrate, 4 mg), 6 (isomeranzin, 6 mg), 7 (nobiletin, 10 mg), and 8 (tangeretin, 7 mg) were successfully isolated with 95.8%, 98.5%, 95.1%, 92.4%, and 97.7% purity, respectively. Naringenin, a parent structure of naringin with the excellent binding score of -9.3 kcal/mol, was completely in conjunction with the active site of D2R, indicating that it is critical for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction. The results indicated that the bioactivity-guided method is practical for the effective separation of active compounds from natural resources.

Rapid Investigation and Screening of Bioactive Components in Simo Decoction via LC-Q-TOF-MS and UF-HPLC-MD Methods.

Simo decoction (SMD), as a traditional medicine, is widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal dysmotility in China. In this study, a combined method of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) and ultrafiltration high-performance liquid chromatography molecular docking (UF-HPLC-MD) was efficiently employed to identify and screen bioactive ingredients in SMD. Ninety-four major constituents were identified or tentatively characterized by comparing their retention times and mass spectra with standards or literature data by using LC-Q-TOF-MS, and the ascription of those compounds were classified for the first time. Among them, 13 bioactive ingredients, including norisoboldine, eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, narirutin, hesperidin, naringin, neohesperidin, hesperitin-7-O-glucoside, linderane, poncirin, costunolide, nobiletin, and tangeretin, were primarily identified as the human serum albumin (HSA) ligands at a range of docking scores from -29.7 to -40.6 kJ/mol by UF-HPLC-MD. The results indicate the systematic identification and screening of HSA ligands from Simo decoction guided by LC-Q-TOF-MS and UF-HPLC-MD represents a feasible and efficient method that could be extended for the identification and screening of other bioactive ingredients from natural medicines.

Chemical Profiles and Simultaneous Quantification of Aurantii fructus by Use of HPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with GC-MS and HPLC Methods.

Aurantii fructus (AF) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used to improve gastrointestinal motility disorders for over a thousand years, but there is no exhaustive identification of the basic chemical components and comprehensive quality control of this herb. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to identify the basic chemical compounds, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to determine the major biochemical markers from AF extract. There were 104 compounds belonging to eight structure types, including 13 amino acids or peptides, seven alkaloids, 18 flavanones, 14 flavones, 15 polymethoxyflavonoids, six triterpenoids, nine coumarins, and 18 volatile oils, as well as four other compounds that were systematically identified as the basic components from AF, and among them, 41 compounds were reported for the first time. Twelve bioactive ingredients were chosen as the benchmark markers to evaluate the quality of AF. The analysis was completed with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min within 55 min. This efficient method was validated showing good linearity, precision, stability, repeatability and recovery. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of 12 chemical markers in different samples of AF. This study could be applied to the identification of multiple bioactive substances and improve the quality control of AF.

The dual effects of nitrite on hemoglobin-dependent redox reactions.

Evidence to support the role of heme proteins-dependent reactions as major inducers of oxidative damage is increasingly present. Nitrite (NO2(-)) is one of the major end products of NO metabolism, and from the daily consumption. Although the biological significance of heme proteins/NO2(-)-mediated protein tyrosine nitration is a subject of great interest, the important roles of NO2(-) on heme proteins-dependent redox reactions have been greatly underestimated. In this study, we investigated the influence of NO2(-) on met-hemoglobin (Hb)-dependent oxidative and nitrative stress. It was found that NO2(-) effectively reduced cytotoxic ferryl intermediate back to ferric Hb in a biphasic kinetic reaction. However, the presence of NO2(-) surprisingly exerted pro-oxidant effect on Hb-H2O2-induced protein (bovine serum albumin, enolase) oxidation at low concentrations and enhanced the loss of HepG2 cell viability. In the reduction of ferryl Hb to ferric state, NO2(-) was decreased and oxidized to a nitrating agent NO2, Tyr12 and Tyr191 in enolase were subsequently nitrated. In contrast to the frequently inhibitive effect of nitrotyrosine, NO2(-)-triggered tyrosine nitration might play an important role in enolase activation. These data provided novel evidence that the dietary intake and potential therapeutic application of NO2(-) would possess anti- and pro-oxidant activities through interfering in hemoglobin-dependent redox reactions. Besides the classic role in protein tyrosine nitration, the dual effects on hemoglobin-triggered oxidative stress may provide new insights into the physiological and toxicological implications of NO2(-) with heme proteins.

Long non­coding RNAs in gallbladder cancer: From mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities (Review).

Due to the lack of specific symptoms, characteristic diagnostic markers and effective comprehensive treatment, gallbladder cancer (GBC) is currently considered one of the most malignant abdominal tumors. With the rapid development of biological technologies, long non­coding RNAs (lncRNAs), once regarded as transcriptional junk, have been demonstrated to participate in almost the whole process of the central dogma of molecular biology. The central dogma deals with the transfer of sequential information at the level of individual residues. LncRNAs have an effect on multiple cancer types. However, evidence of dysregulated lncRNA functions in GBC is limited. In the present review, the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA function on gene expression were examined, including epigenetic modification, transcriptional regulation and post­translational modulation. These mechanisms are strongly associated with tumor development and metastasis. Next, it was summarized how lncRNAs affect GBC diverse malignant phenotypes through various mechanisms. Moreover, predictions of lncRNA interactions with other functional molecules in malignancies were made using several valuable databases, including crosstalk between lncRNA and DNA, mRNA, microRNA, and protein. Additionally, several potential therapeutic methods targeting pathological lncRNAs in tumors were identified. Finally, perspectives about lncRNA research and applications in GBC were presented in the current study, including viewpoints of coding potential of lncRNAs and feasible usage of micropeptides encoded by lncRNAs; roles of lncRNAs in tumor cell metabolic reprogramming and tumor microenvironment; and function of lncRNAs as possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets for improving GBC diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.