Interhospital Transfer for Endovascular Stroke Treatment in Canada: Results From the OPTIMISE Registry.

BACKGROUND: Interhospital transfer for patients with stroke due to large vessel occlusion for endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has been associated with treatment delays. METHODS: We analyzed data from Optimizing Patient Treatment in Major Ischemic Stroke With EVT, a quality improvement registry to support EVT implementation in Canada. We assessed for unadjusted differences in baseline characteristics, time metrics, and procedural outcomes between patients with large vessel occlusion transferred for EVT and those directly admitted to an EVT-capable center. RESULTS: Between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021, a total of 6803 patients received EVT at 20 participating centers (median age, 73 years; 50% women; and 50% treated with intravenous thrombolysis). Patients transferred for EVT (n=3376) had lower rates of M2 occlusion (22% versus 27%) and higher rates of basilar occlusion (9% versus 5%) compared with those patients presenting directly at an EVT-capable center (n=3373). Door-to-needle times were shorter in patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis before transfer compared with those presenting directly to an EVT center (32 versus 36 minutes). Patients transferred for EVT had shorter door-to-arterial access times (37 versus 87 minutes) but longer last seen normal-to-arterial access times (322 versus 181 minutes) compared with those presenting directly to an EVT-capable center. No differences in arterial access-to-reperfusion times, successful reperfusion rates (85% versus 86%), or adverse periprocedural events were found between the 2 groups. Patients transferred to EVT centers had a similar likelihood for good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-2; 41% versus 43%; risk ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.88-1.01]; adjusted risk ratio, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.91-1.05]) and a higher risk for all-cause mortality at 90 days (29% versus 25%; risk ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.05-1.27]; adjusted risk ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.03-1.28]) compared with patients presenting directly to an EVT center. CONCLUSIONS: Patients transferred for EVT experience significant delays from the time they were last seen normal to the initiation of EVT.

Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations, 7th Edition: Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, 2024.

The 7th edition of the Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations (CSBPR) is a comprehensive summary of current evidence-based recommendations, appropriate for use by healthcare providers and system planners, and intended to drive healthcare excellence, improved outcomes and more integrated health systems. This edition includes a new module on the management of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Cerebral venous thrombosis is defined as thrombosis of the veins of the brain, including the dural venous sinuses and/or cortical or deep veins. Cerebral venous thrombosis is a rare but potentially life-threatening type of stroke, representing 0.5-1.0% of all stroke admissions. The reported rates of CVT are approximately 10-20 per million and appear to be increasing over time. The risk of CVT is higher in women and often associated with oral contraceptive use and with pregnancy and the puerperium. This guideline addresses care for adult individuals who present to the healthcare system with current or recent symptoms of CVT. The recommendations cover the continuum of care from diagnosis and initial clinical assessment of symptomatic CVT, to acute treatment of symptomatic CVT, post-acute management, person-centered care, special considerations in the long-term management of CVT, including pregnancy and considerations related to CVT in special circumstances such as trauma and vaccination. This module also includes supporting materials such as implementation resources to facilitate the adoption of evidence into practice and performance measures to enable monitoring of uptake and effectiveness of recommendations.

Long-term effectiveness and feasibility of CT-guided cryoablation as a novel treatment option for symptomatic lumbar synovial cysts.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case series with a long-term follow-up of CT-guided cryoablation procedure for the minimally invasive treatment of symptomatic lumbar facet synovial cyst with a mean follow-up of 38 months (range, 15-55). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a retrospective, uncontrolled clinical case series in a single institution on patients treated with CT-guided cryoablation for symptomatic lumbar facet joint synovial cyst refractory to or not suitable for imaging-guided rupture procedure. In two cases, patients underwent cryoablation and cyst rupture within a 2-week period. Outcome measures were post-procedural radiologic studies and clinical examinations up to the end of the follow-up. Selected patients underwent post-procedural clinical and CT and MRI imaging which were reviewed up to the conclusion of the follow-up. All patients were clinically assessed and evaluated by spine surgery team. Technical success was complete resolution of patient's symptoms. RESULTS: We treated 3 females and 3 males (mean age 64 years). Four patients had cysts located at L4-L5, and the remaining two at L5-S1. We used two cryoprobes in five patients, and three in one. Clinical and/or technical success was documented in all cases (mean follow-up, 38 months [range, 15-55]). We found no major complications related to the cryoablation itself. CONCLUSION: Our initial experience with CT-guided cryoablation for symptomatic lumbar facet synovial cysts describes a less invasive alternative treatment option to surgery for the management of such lesions. Our long-term outcome experience showed low recurrence and complication rates. CT-guided cryoablation may be a reasonable alternative approach to treat lumbar synovial cysts that are refractory or contraindicated to the rupture procedure and where surgical management is unfeasible.

Routine Elective Gastrojejunostomy Tube Changes Are Associated With Reduced Tube Complications and Radiation Exposure.

Gastrojejunostomy tubes (GJTs) can be a long-term solution for patients with intragastric feeding intolerance. Our retrospective study of 101 patients correlates the frequency of routine and urgent GJT changes, as well as complications and radiation exposure. Over a 2.75-year median duration, 60%, 33%, and 28% of patients had >1 episodes of a tube dislodgement/malpositioning, blockage, or leakage, respectively. Aspiration pneumonia hospital admission was required for 23% of patients. Patients with <1 routine tube change/year had more urgent changes/year (3.0) compared to patients with 1-2 (1.2) or >2 (0.8) routine yearly change. These patients required more frequent sedation for tube placement (21% vs 4.7%, P = 0.03) and experienced greater annual radiation exposure (9599 vs 304.5 and 69.1 µGym 2 , P = 0.01 and 0.008, respectively). Overall, aiming for a routine tube change at least every 6-12 months is associated with fewer urgent changes and complications as well as reduced radiation exposure and sedation requirements.

Percutaneous spine biopsy: reaching those hard-to-reach places.

Cancer is a leading cause of death, with the spine being the most common site for skeletal metastasis. The spine is also a site for primary malignancy, such as sarcoma and chordoma, as well as non-neoplastic pathologies. An accurate diagnosis of spinal neoplastic diseases is crucial in determining appropriate management. With the advent of personalised oncology, the need to establish a definitive histopathologic diagnosis to guide management is more important than ever. Percutaneous biopsy has proven to be safe and efficient in establishing a reliable histopathologic diagnosis. The spine, however, can be a challenging site to biopsy, due to the proximity of critical neurovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal structures. Successful spine biopsy depends on several factors: suspected diagnosis, size of the lesion, location within the spine, modality for best imaging guidance, operator experience, technical equipment considerations, and desired approach and associated limitations. The specimen must also be obtained with a biopsy route amenable to any future surgical intervention, with surgical input often sought, frequently in a multidisciplinary setting, to confirm procedure-specific goals and expectations. Knowledge of the requisite local anatomy, procedural and patient-specific indications, and contraindications and various approaches that may be used to access different segments of the spine, potential complications, and how to address these are keys to a successful percutaneous spinal biopsy, even in the most challenging of circumstances.

Acute ischaemic stroke associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in North America.

BACKGROUND: To analyse the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and identify factors predicting functional outcome. METHODS: Multicentre retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients with AIS who presented to 30 stroke centres in the USA and Canada between 14 March and 30 August 2020. The primary endpoint was poor functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 5 or 6 at discharge. Secondary endpoints include favourable outcome (mRS ≤2) and mortality at discharge, ordinal mRS (shift analysis), symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) and occurrence of in-hospital complications. RESULTS: A total of 216 COVID-19 patients with AIS were included. 68.1% (147/216) were older than 60 years, while 31.9% (69/216) were younger. Median [IQR] National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at presentation was 12.5 (15.8), and 44.2% (87/197) presented with large vessel occlusion (LVO). Approximately 51.3% (98/191) of the patients had poor outcomes with an observed mortality rate of 39.1% (81/207). Age >60 years (aOR: 5.11, 95% CI 2.08 to 12.56, p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (aOR: 2.66, 95% CI 1.16 to 6.09, p=0.021), higher NIHSS at admission (aOR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14, p=0.006), LVO (aOR: 2.45, 95% CI 1.04 to 5.78, p=0.042), and higher NLR level (aOR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.11, p=0.028) were significantly associated with poor functional outcome. CONCLUSION: There is relationship between COVID-19-associated AIS and severe disability or death. We identified several factors which predict worse outcomes, and these outcomes were more frequent compared to global averages. We found that elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, rather than D-Dimer, predicted both morbidity and mortality.

International controlled study of revascularization and outcomes following COVID-positive mechanical thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies suggest that mechanisms and outcomes in patients with COVID-19-associated stroke differ from those in patients with non-COVID-19-associated strokes, but there is limited comparative evidence focusing on these populations. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine if a significant association exists between COVID-19 status with revascularization and functional outcomes following thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion (LVO), after adjustment for potential confounding factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional, international multicenter retrospective study was conducted in consecutively admitted COVID-19 patients with concomitant acute LVO, compared to a control group without COVID-19. Data collected included age, gender, comorbidities, clinical characteristics, details of the involved vessels, procedural technique, and various outcomes. A multivariable-adjusted analysis was conducted. RESULTS: In this cohort of 697 patients with acute LVO, 302 had COVID-19 while 395 patients did not. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in the mean age (in years) and gender of patients, with younger patients and more males in the COVID-19 group. In terms of favorable revascularization (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction [mTICI] grade 3), COVID-19 was associated with lower odds of complete revascularization (odds ratio 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.48; p < 0.001), which persisted on multivariable modeling with adjustment for other predictors (adjusted odds ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.77; p = 0.012). Moreover, endovascular complications, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay were significantly higher among COVID-19 patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 was an independent predictor of incomplete revascularization and poor functional outcome in patients with stroke due to LVO. Furthermore, COVID-19 patients with LVO were more often younger and had higher morbidity/mortality rates.

Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Secondary Prevention of Stroke Update 2020.

The 2020 update of the Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations (CSBPR) for the Secondary Prevention of Stroke includes current evidence-based recommendations and expert opinions intended for use by clinicians across a broad range of settings. They provide guidance for the prevention of ischemic stroke recurrence through the identification and management of modifiable vascular risk factors. Recommendations address triage, diagnostic testing, lifestyle behaviors, vaping, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, other cardiac conditions, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies, and carotid and vertebral artery disease. This update of the previous 2017 guideline contains several new or revised recommendations. Recommendations regarding triage and initial assessment of acute transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke have been simplified, and selected aspects of the etiological stroke workup are revised. Updated treatment recommendations based on new evidence have been made for dual antiplatelet therapy for TIA and minor stroke; anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation; embolic strokes of undetermined source; low-density lipoprotein lowering; hypertriglyceridemia; diabetes treatment; and patent foramen ovale management. A new section has been added to provide practical guidance regarding temporary interruption of antithrombotic therapy for surgical procedures. Cancer-associated ischemic stroke is addressed. A section on virtual care delivery of secondary stroke prevention services in included to highlight a shifting paradigm of care delivery made more urgent by the global pandemic. In addition, where appropriate, sex differences as they pertain to treatments have been addressed. The CSBPR include supporting materials such as implementation resources to facilitate the adoption of evidence into practice and performance measures to enable monitoring of uptake and effectiveness of recommendations.

Characterizing Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Association with Losing Stable Housing in a Community-based Sample.

OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized as a common and impactful health determinant in homeless and precariously housed populations. We sought to describe the history of TBI in a precariously housed sample and evaluate how TBI was associated with the initial loss and lifetime duration of homelessness and precarious housing. METHOD: We characterized the prevalence, mechanisms, and sex difference of lifetime TBI in a precariously housed sample. We also examined the impact of TBI severity and timing on becoming and staying homeless or precariously housed; 285 precariously housed participants completed the Brain Injury Screening Questionnaire in addition to other health assessments. RESULTS: A history of TBI was reported in 82.1% of the sample, with 64.6% reporting > 1 TBI, and 21.4% reporting a moderate or severe TBI. Assault was the most common mechanism of injury overall, and females reported significantly more traumatic brain injuries due to physical abuse than males (adjusted OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.14 to 1.39, P < 0.0001). The first moderate or severe TBI was significantly closer to the first experience of homelessness (b = 2.79, P = 0.003) and precarious housing (b = 2.69, P < 0.0001) than was the first mild TBI. In participants who received their first TBI prior to becoming homeless or precariously housed, traumatic brain injuries more proximal to the initial loss of stable housing were associated with a longer lifetime duration of homelessness (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.06, P < 0.0001) and precarious housing (RR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.04, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the high prevalence of TBI in this vulnerable population, and that aspects of TBI severity and timing are associated with the loss and lifetime duration of stable housing.

Delayed coil migration into oropharynx following endovascular coiling of a traumatic carotid cavernous fistula: management considerations.

Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal vascular shunts between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. A 37-year-old male presented with a traumatic CCF and basal skull fracture extending through the medial wall of the cavernous sinus and sphenoid sinus. The CCF was treated with endovascular coiling. Three months after this procedure, he was found to have coil migration through the traumatic sphenoid defect into the pharynx. He underwent urgent endonasal endoscopic surgery to disconnect and remove the extruded coil. Post-operative coil migration is a rare but serious complication following endovascular treatment of traumatic CCF.

A Single-Center 10-Year Retrospective Analysis of Cryoablation for the Management of Desmoid Tumors.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy and safety of cryoablation in patients with desmoid tumors (DTs) retrospectively over a 10-year period at a single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 25, 2010, and February 25, 2020, 25 patients (age, 12-80 years) with 26 lesions (mean preprocedural tumor volume was 237 cm3) were treated over 44 cryoablation procedures. Eleven patients were treated with first-line therapy. Fourteen patients had previous medical therapy, radiotherapy, and/or surgery. Subsequent clinical follow-up, imaging outcomes, and safety were analyzed for technical success, change in total lesion volume (TLV) and viable tumor volume (VTV), modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (mRECIST), progression-free survival (PFS) for tumor progression and symptom recurrence, symptom improvement, and procedure-related complications. Symptomatic improvement was defined as documentation of relief of pain (partial or complete) and/or functional impairment. RESULTS: All procedures were technically successful. At 7-12 months, median changes in TLV and VTV were -6.7% (P = .809) and -43.7% (P = .01), respectively. At 10-12 months, the mRECIST responses were complete response, 0%; partial response, 61.5% (8/13); stable disease, 30.8% (4/13); and progressive disease, 7.7% (1/13). The median PFS for tumor progression and symptom recurrence were not reached, with a median follow-up of 15.3 and 21.0 months, respectively. Symptomatic relief (partial or complete) was achieved in 96.9% (32/33) of patients. One major complication was noted (2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospectively identified cohort, cryoablation was effective and safe for the local control of extra-abdominal DTs in short-term follow-up.

Vertebroplasty as a palliative treatment option for intractable pain in pediatric patients with spinal tumors.

Primary and secondary malignant tumors of the spine are relatively uncommon in the pediatric population but are associated with high morbidity and significantly decreased quality of life due to pain. Local management of these tumors is often challenging due to the importance of maintaining vertebral mechanical integrity as well as the spinal growth potential. Typically, surgery and/or radiation therapy have been used in the primary management of these tumors. However, treatment options become more limited when there is relapse or refractory disease, with re-resection or additional radiotherapy often not being viable therapies. Vertebroplasty is a currently underutilized modality that might provide significant pain palliation in cases of relapsed cancer in the spine.

Tremor and Quality of Life in Patients With Advanced Essential Tremor Before and After Replacing Their Standard Deep Brain Stimulation With a Directional System.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with essential tremor treated with thalamic deep brain stimulation may experience increased tremor with the progression of their disease. Initially, this can be counteracted with increased stimulation. Eventually, this may cause unwanted side-effects as the circumferential stimulation from a standard ring contact spreads into adjacent regions. Directional leads may offer a solution to this clinical problem. We aimed to compare the ability of a standard and a directional system to reduce tremor without side-effects and to improve the quality of life for patients with advanced essential tremor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six advanced essential tremor patients with bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation had their standard system replaced with a directional system. Tremor rating scale scores were prospectively evaluated before and after the replacement surgery. Secondary analyses of quality of life related to tremor, voice, and general health were assessed. RESULTS: There was a significantly greater reduction in tremor without side-effects (p = 0.017) when using the directional system. There were improvements in tremor (p = 0.031) and voice (p = 0.037) related quality of life but not in general health for patients using optimized stimulation settings with the directional system compared to the standard system. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of advanced essential tremor patients who no longer had ideal tremor reduction with a standard system, replacing their deep brain stimulation with a directional system significantly improved their tremor and quality of life. Up-front implantation of directional deep brain stimulation leads may provide better tremor control in those patients who progress at a later time point.

Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, Risk Factors, and Cognition in Tenants of Precarious Housing.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aim to describe the burden, characteristics, and cognitive associations of cerebral small vessel disease in a Canadian sample living with multimorbidity in precarious housing. METHODS: Participants received T1, T2-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and susceptibility-weighted imaging 3T magnetic resonance imaging sequences and comprehensive clinical, laboratory, and cognitive assessments. Cerebral small vessel disease burden was characterized using a modified Small Vessel Disease (mSVD) score. One point each was given for moderate-severe white matter hyperintensities, ≥1 cerebral microbleeds, and ≥1 lacune. Multivariable regression explored associations between mSVD score, risk factors, and cognitive performance. RESULTS: Median age of the 228 participants (77% male) was 44.7 years (range, 23.3-63.2). In n=188 participants with consistent good quality magnetic resonance imaging sequences, mSVD scores were 0 (n=127, 68%), 1 (n=50, 27%), and 2 (n=11, 6%). Overall, one-third had an mSVD ≥1 n=61 (32%); this proportion was unchanged when adding participants with missing sequences n=72/228 (32%). The most prevalent feature was white matter hyperintensities 53/218 (24%) then cerebral microbleed 16/191 (8%) and lacunes 16/228 (7%). Older age (odds ratio, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.05-1.15], P<0.001), higher diastolic blood pressure (odds ratio, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.01-1.09], P=0.008), and a history of injection drug use (odds ratio, 3.13 [95% CI, 1.07-9.16], P=0.037) had significant independent associations with a mSVD score of ≥1 in multivariable analysis. mSVD ≥1 was associated with lower performance on tests of verbal memory, sustained attention, and decision-making, contributing 4% to 5% of the variance in each cognitive domain. CONCLUSIONS: The 32% prevalence of cerebral small vessel disease in this young, socially marginalized cohort was higher than expected for age and was associated with poorer cognitive performance.

Percutaneous CT-guided epidural fibrin sealant injection for refractory pediatric post-dural puncture headache.

Post-dural puncture headache is an uncommon entity in young children and adolescents. Percutaneous epidural blood patching has been classically used to manage refractory post-dural puncture headaches. Injectable fibrin sealant has been shown in a few adult cases to relieve symptoms where blood patching has either failed or was not appropriate. We report a 10-year-old boy who experienced rapid relief of post-dural puncture headache symptoms following percutaneous lumbar epidural fibrin sealant injection under computed tomography guidance. Percutaneous epidural fibrin sealant injection may be an acceptable treatment for post-dural puncture headaches refractory to epidural blood patching, or when an epidural blood patch is otherwise contraindicated. The pediatric interventional radiologist should be aware of this off-label use of fibrin sealant.

A novel percutaneous approach to retrieve an ingested extra-esophageal foreign body.

We report a case of an 8-year-old boy who presented to our emergency department with progressive onset of dysphagia and odynophagia after eating barbecued steak that evening. Radiographs revealed a metal bristle from a barbecue brush at the level of the proximal esophagus. The otolaryngologist attempted to retrieve this bristle using flexible esophagoscopy, but unfortunately it pushed the bristle extra-esophageal. In order to avoid major open surgery with associated morbidity, a novel percutaneous image-guided minimally invasive percutaneous approach was used to successfully retrieve the bristle.

Challenges and Opportunities for Continued Success and Growth of Pediatric Interventional Radiology: A Communiqué From the Society for Pediatric Interventional Radiology.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric interventional radiology (PIR) is a dynamic and growing subspecialty. We will detail our need to evolve like the emerging therapies and innovative imaging options that we provide to children. CONCLUSION: New interventional radiology training pathways, maintaining competency with small volumes of complex procedures, limited availability of pediatric-specific equipment, questions about the safety of sedation in the developing brain, and the dearth of PIR opportunities outside of North America provide challenges and opportunities for the vibrant community of PIR practitioners.