Reduction of White Spot Defects in CMOS Image Sensors Fabricated Using Epitaxial Silicon Wafer with Proximity Gettering Sinks by CH2P Molecular Ion Implantation.

Using a new implantation technique with multielement molecular ions consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and phosphorus, namely, CH2P molecular ions, we developed an epitaxial silicon wafer with proximity gettering sinks under the epitaxial silicon layer to improve the gettering capability for metallic impurities. A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor fabricated with this novel epitaxial silicon wafer has a markedly reduced number of white spot defects, as determined by dark current spectroscopy (DCS). In addition, the amount of nickel impurities gettered in the CH2P-molecular-ion-implanted region of this CMOS image sensor is higher than that gettered in the C3H5-molecular-ion-implanted region; and this implanted region is formed by high-density black pointed defects and deactivated phosphorus after epitaxial growth. From the obtained results, the CH2P-molecular-ion-implanted region has two types of complexes acting as gettering sinks. One includes carbon-related complexes such as aggregated C-I, and the other includes phosphorus-related complexes such as P4-V. These complexes have a high binding energy to metallic impurities. Therefore, CH2P-molecular-ion-implanted epitaxial silicon wafers have a high gettering capability for metallic impurities and contribute to improving the device performance of CMOS image sensors. (This manuscript is an extension from a paper presented at the 6th IEEE Electron Devices Technology & Manufacturing Conference (EDTM 2022)).

False positive results in severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapid antigen tests for inpatients.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 rapid antigen detection (RAD) test kits are widely used as primary screening test in Japan because rapid diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical for infection control. We report cases with RAD test false-positive results in a ward for patients with disabilities. RAD tests potentially evoke hospital operational risk. It is desirable that performing PCR test appropriately when patients admitted to a medical treatment ward with COVID-19 symptoms instead of RAD test.

Pharmacological Inhibition of miR-130 Family Suppresses Bladder Tumor Growth by Targeting Various Oncogenic Pathways via PTPN1.

Previously, we have revealed that the miR-130 family (miR-130b, miR-301a, and miR-301b) functions as an oncomiR in bladder cancer. The pharmacological inhibition of the miR-130 family molecules by the seed-targeting strategy with an 8-mer tiny locked nucleic acid (LNA) inhibits the growth, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer cells by repressing stress fiber formation. Here, we searched for a functionally advanced target sequence with LNA for the miR-130 family with low cytotoxicity and found LNA #9 (A(L)^i^i^A(L)^T(L)^T(L)^G(L)^5(L)^A(L)^5(L)^T(L)^G) as a candidate LNA. LNA #9 inhibited cell growth in vitro and in an in vivo orthotopic bladder cancer model. Proteome-wide tyrosine phosphorylation analysis suggested that the miR-130 family upregulates a wide range of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) signaling via the expression of phosphorylated Src (pSrcTyr416). SILAC-based proteome analysis and a luciferase assay identified protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 1 (PTPN1), which is implicated as a negative regulator of multiple signaling pathways downstream of RTKs as a target gene of the miR-130 family. The miR-130-targeted LNA increased and decreased PTPN1 and pSrcTyr416 expressions, respectively. PTPN1 knockdown led to increased tumor properties (cell growth, invasion, and migration) and increased pSrcTyr416 expression in bladder cancer cells, suggesting that the miR-130 family upregulates multiple RTK signaling by targeting PTPN1 and subsequent Src activation in bladder cancer. Thus, our newly designed miR-130 family targeting LNA could be a promising nucleic acid therapeutic agent for bladder cancer.

Reduction of Dark Current in CMOS Image Sensor Pixels Using Hydrocarbon-Molecular-Ion-Implanted Double Epitaxial Si Wafers.

The impact of hydrocarbon-molecular (C3H6)-ion implantation in an epitaxial layer, which has low oxygen concentration, on the dark characteristics of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor pixels was investigated by dark current spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that white spot defects of CMOS image sensor pixels when using a double epitaxial silicon wafer with C3H6-ion implanted in the first epitaxial layer were 40% lower than that when using an epitaxial silicon wafer with C3H6-ion implanted in the Czochralski-grown silicon substrate. This considerable reduction in white spot defects on the C3H6-ion-implanted double epitaxial silicon wafer may be due to the high gettering capability for metallic contamination during the device fabrication process and the suppression effects of oxygen diffusion into the device active layer. In addition, the defects with low internal oxygen concentration were observed in the C3H6-ion-implanted region of the double epitaxial silicon wafer after the device fabrication process. We found that the formation of defects with low internal oxygen concentration is a phenomenon specific to the C3H6-ion-implanted double epitaxial wafer. This finding suggests that the oxygen concentration in the defects being low is a factor in the high gettering capability for metallic impurities, and those defects are considered to directly contribute to the reduction in white spot defects in CMOS image sensor pixels.

Proximity Gettering Design of Hydrocarbon⁻Molecular⁻Ion⁻Implanted Silicon Wafers Using Dark Current Spectroscopy for CMOS Image Sensors.

We developed silicon epitaxial wafers with high gettering capability by using hydrocarbon-molecular-ion implantation. These wafers also have the effect of hydrogen passivation on process-induced defects and a barrier to out-diffusion of oxygen of the Czochralski silicon (CZ) substrate bulk during Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device fabrication processes. We evaluated the electrical device performance of CMOS image sensor fabricated on this type of wafer by using dark current spectroscopy. We found fewer white spot defects compared with those of intrinsic gettering (IG) silicon wafers. We believe that these hydrocarbon-molecular-ion-implanted silicon epitaxial wafers will improve the device performance of CMOS image sensors.

Methyl α-l-sorboside monohydrate.

Methyl l-sorboside monohydrate, C7H14O6·H2O, was prepared from the rare sugar l-sorbose, C6H12O6, and crystallized. It was confirmed that methyl l-sorboside formed α-pyran-ose with a 2 C 5 conformation and crystallized with one water molecule of crystallization. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. The unit-cell volume of the title compound, methyl l-sorboside monohydrate, is 481.13 (2) Å3 (Z = 2), which is about 108.16 Å3 (29.0%) greater than that of half the amount of the chemical α-l-sorbose [745.94 (2) Å3 (Z = 4)].

Phenotypic characterization of a new Grin1 mutant mouse generated by ENU mutagenesis.

In the RIKEN large-scale N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis project we screened mice with a dominant mutation that exhibited abnormal behavior in the open-field test, passive avoidance test and home-cage activity test. We tested 2045 progeny of C57BL/6J males treated with ENU and untreated DBA/2J females in the open-field test and isolated behavioral mutant M100174, which exhibited a significant increase in spontaneous locomotor activity. We identified a missense mutation in the Grin1 gene, which encodes NMDA receptor subunit 1, and designated the mutant gene Grin1(Rgsc174). This mutation results in an arginine to cysteine substitution in the C0 domain of the protein. Detailed analyses revealed that Grin1(Rgsc174) heterozygote exhibited increased novelty-seeking behavior and slight social isolation in comparison with the wild type. In contrast to other Grin1 mutant mice, this mutant exhibited no evidence of heightened anxiety. These results indicate that this is a unique behavioral Grin1 gene mutant mouse that differs from the known Grin1 mutant mice. The results of immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses suggested that impaired interaction between the glutamatergic pathway and dopaminergic pathway may underlie the behavioral phenotypes of the Grin1(Rgsc174) mutant.

Crosslinked nanogel-based porous hydrogel as a functional scaffold for tongue muscle regeneration.

Surgical resection in tongue cancer can impair speech and swallowing, reducing quality of life. There is a need for biomaterials that can regenerate tongue muscle tissue defects. Ideally, such a biomaterial would allow controlled release of therapeutic proteins, support the survival and differentiation of therapeutic cells, and promote tongue muscle regeneration in vivo. The aim of the current study was to assess these factors in an acryloyl group-modified crosslinked nanogel, consisting of cholesterol-bearing pullulan hydrogel nanoparticles, to determine its potential as a regenerative therapeutic following tongue resection. The hydrogel demonstrated substantial porosity and underwent slow biodegradation. When loaded with a model protein, the gel enabled sustained protein release over two weeks in serum, with no initial burst release. Mouse myoblasts demonstrated adhesion to the hydrogel and cell survival was observed up to one week. Gel-encapsulated myoblasts demonstrated normal myotube differentiation. Myoblast-loaded gels were implanted in a tongue defect in mice, and there was a significant increase in newly-regenerated myofibers in gel-implanted animals. The developed biomaterial platform demonstrates significant potential as a regenerative treatment following tongue resection, as it facilitates both protein and cell-mediated therapy, and stimulates tongue muscle regeneration in vivo.

Diamine derivatives containing imidazolidinylidene propanedinitrile as a new class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists. Part I.

Novel diamine derivatives containing imidazolidinylidene propanedinitrile were synthesized and evaluated for histamine H(3) receptor-binding affinities. High-affinity ligands 3d, 3k, and 3n showed potent H(3) receptor antagonism and excellent selectivity over human H(1), H(2) and H(4) receptors.

Correlation between emetic effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and their occupation of the high-affinity rolipram binding site in Suncus murinus brain.

We employed an ex vivo [(3)H]rolipram binding experiment to elucidate the mechanism of emetic activity of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. In Suncus murinus (an insectivore used for evaluation of emesis), emetic potential as well as ability to occupy the high-affinity rolipram binding site in brain membrane fraction in vivo were determined for phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. In vitro, [(3)H]rolipram bound to the membrane fraction of S. murinus brain with high affinity and its value was comparable to that for rat brain (K(d)=3.6 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively). The test compounds included denbufylline, rolipram, piclamilast, CDP840 and KF19514, each of which possessed similar affinities for the rolipram binding sites in both S. murinus and rat brain. In S. murinus, these compounds induced emesis via intraperitoneal administration. Their ED(50) values were as follows: denbufylline (1.4 mg/kg), rolipram (0.16 mg/kg), piclamilast (1.8 mg/kg), CDP840 (20 mg/kg), and KF19514 (0.030 mg/kg). In addition, these compounds occupied the high-affinity rolipram binding site in vivo as detected by dose-dependent reduction in capacity of ex vivo [(3)H]rolipram binding in brain membrane fractions. A clear correlation was observed between dose required to induce emesis and that to occupy the high-affinity rolipram binding site for individual phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. We conclude that the emetic effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors is caused at least in part via binding to the high-affinity rolipram binding site in brain in vivo.

Excellent short-term results with steroid-free maintenance immunosuppression in low-risk simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.

HYPOTHESIS: Steroid avoidance is possible in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation with the use of newer immunosuppressive agents and induction therapy. DESIGN: A retrospective consecutive case review. SETTING: A university tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Medical records of 40 consecutive patients who underwent pancreas-kidney transplantation from November 2000 to July 2002 were reviewed. INTERVENTION: The immunosuppression protocol used in this series of patients consisted of Thymoglobulin induction combined with mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus for maintenance immunosuppression. Steroids were used as pretreatment only, given with Thymoglobulin, and were typically discontinued by postoperative week 1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Graft and patient survival rates, rejection rates of the kidney or pancreas, infection rates, and surgical complication rates. RESULTS: Patient, kidney, and pancreas survival rates were 95.0%, 92.5%, and 87.5%, respectively. Biopsy-proven pancreas rejection rates at 1 and 3 months' posttransplantation were 2.5%. Kidney rejection rates at 1 and 3 months were 2.5%. Steroids were given only to patients with documented transplant rejection. Surgical and medical complications were no different from earlier protocols. CONCLUSIONS: Immunosuppression protocols that do not include maintenance steroids have shown minimal rejection in the first 3 months and equivalent patient and graft survival rates compared with protocols that use steroids. The potential beneficial long-term impact of steroid avoidance will require further study.

Diamine derivatives containing imidazolidinylidene propanedinitrile as a new class of histamine H(3) receptor antagonists: conformationally restricted derivatives.

Novel conformationally restricted diamine derivatives containing imidazolidinylidene propanedinitrile were synthesized and evaluated for human and rat histamine H(3) receptor (H(3)R) binding affinities. Among them, compounds 2b, 2c, 2j, 2k and 2m were found to be potent ligands for both H(3)Rs with K(i) values in the sub-nanomolar range, and showed potent H(3) receptor antagonism.

Differential effects of PDE4 inhibitors on cortical neurons and T-lymphocytes.

Inhibitors of PDE4 (cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase) induce side effects, including nausea and emesis, that limit their therapeutic potential. We investigated the function of two catalytically active conformations of PDE4 (a low-affinity conformer detected by conventional cAMP hydrolytic activity and a high-affinity conformer detected by [(3)H]rolipram binding) in neuronal cells. We assessed enhancement of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated cAMP accumulation in cortical neurons in vitro by eleven PDE4 inhibitors with diverse biochemical profiles. The compounds tested have a wide inhibition range of PDE4 catalytic activity and [(3)H]rolipram binding. Inhibition potency for PDE4 catalytic activity and [(3)H]rolipram binding for each compound was different. Potency in augmentation of cAMP correlated significantly with the inhibitory effect on [(3)H]rolipram binding, but not with that against PDE4 catalytic activity. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect on proliferation of T-lymphocytes of the same PDE4 inhibitors correlated both with inhibition of PDE4 catalytic activity and with inhibition of [(3)H]rolipram binding. These findings indicate that the high affinity PDE4 conformer exists at a high level in cortical neurons and is important in the regulation of cAMP. Furthermore, the relative contributions of the two PDE4 conformers in cell function may cause different PDE4 inhibitor effects on cortical neurons and T-lymphocytes.