Edouard Manet's portrait of Jeanne Duval: Did Manet portray the disease of which he died?

In 1862, the French artist Edouard Manet painted a portrait of Jeanne Duval, then age 42, who was suffering from a paralyzed leg. Manet depicts her stiffly reclined on a sofa with her foot seemingly disjointed from her body. Duval later became blind. Around 1875, Manet himself began to develop leg pains and an unsteady gait, which progressed in severity until he died of complications of his disorder, during 1883, at age 51. This contribution reviews the clinical information available concerning the neurologic disorders of both the subject and artist and the differential diagnosis for each case, with a focus on whether neurosyphilis may have accounted for their respective illnesses. This contribution also pays tribute to Irwin M. Braverman, MD, who is being honored in this special issue of Clinics in Dermatology for his many contributions to dermatology and for demonstrating how the study of art can be a valuable teaching tool to improve the observational skills of medical students. A Special Message from the Author to Irwin M. Braverman, MD.

Eponyms that honor Jewish dermatologists: A celebration and a remembrance, Part three: Jewish physicians who practiced during the Holocaust and in its aftermath.

Part III of this contribution continues to celebrate the many contributions that Jewish physicians have made to advance the specialty of dermatology, as reflected by eponyms that honor their names. Part I covered the years before 1933, a highly productive period of creativity by Jewish dermatologists, especially in Germany and Austria. The lives of 17 Jewish physicians and their eponyms were described in Part I. Part II focused on the years of 1933 to 1945, when the Nazis rose to power in Europe, and how their anti-Semitic genocidal policies affected leading Jewish dermatologists caught within the Third Reich. Fourteen Jewish physicians and their eponyms are discussed in Part II. Part III continues the remembrance of the Holocaust era by looking at the careers and eponyms of an additional 13 Jewish physicians who contributed to dermatology during the period of 1933 to 1945. Two of these 13 physicians, pathologist Ludwig Pick (1868-1944) and neurologist Arthur Simons (1877-1942), perished in the Holocaust. They are remembered by the following eponyms of interest to dermatologists: Lubarsch-Pick syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, and Barraquer-Simons syndrome. Four of the 13 Jewish physicians escaped the Nazis: Felix Pinkus (1868-1947), Herman Pinkus (1905-1985), Arnault Tzanck (1886-1954), and Erich Urbach (1893-1946). Eponyms that honor their names include nitidus Pinkus, fibroepithelioma of Pinkus, Tzanck test, Urbach-Wiethe disease, Urbach-Koningstein technique, Oppenheim-Urbach disease, and extracellular cholesterinosis of Karl-Urbach. The other seven Jewish physicians lived outside the reach of the Nazis, in either Canada, the United States, or Israel. Their eponyms are discussed in this contribution. Part III also discusses eponyms that honor seven contemporary Jewish dermatologists who practiced dermatology after 1945 and who continue the nearly 200 years of Jewish contribution to the development of the specialty. They are A. Bernard Ackerman (1936-2008), Irwin M. Braverman, Sarah Brenner, Israel Chanarin, Maurice L. Dorfman, Dan Lipsker, and Ronni Wolf. Their eponyms are Ackerman syndrome, Braverman sign, Brenner sign, Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, Lipsker criteria of the Schnitzler syndrome, and Wolf's isotopic response.

Eponyms and clinical entities from the land of Israel.

Seven eponyms have been pioneered by dermatologists in Israel: Brenner's sign, Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, granulated sweetener packet sign, isopathic phenomenon of Sagher, lanolin paradox, Nakar-Ingber disease, and Wolf's isotopic response. In addition, there are three id reactions described by Israeli dermatologists: leishmanid, pediculid, and scabid. There is also the acronym PEMPHIGUS, which stands for the causative reasons for pemphigus. We celebrate these eponyms and clinical entities, which reflect the impressive progress made by dermatologists in Israel during the past century who have helped to build an academic, vibrant, and dynamic specialty in the Holy Land.

Dermatologists with extraordinary life stories: Nikolai Tsankov and his island in Antarctica.

An island in Antarctica has been named in honor of the distinguished Bulgarian dermatologist Nikolai Tsankov. This contribution tells the story of Tsankov Island, and the remarkable man behind the eponym. He has participated in multiple expeditions to Antarctica as a pioneer in studying the effects its climactic conditions on healthy skin.

Poxes great and small: The stories behind their names.

The word "pox" indicated, during the late 15th century, a disease characterized by eruptive sores. When an outbreak of syphilis began in Europe during that time, it was called by many names, including the French term "la grosse verole" ("the great pox"), to distinguish it from smallpox, which was termed "la petite verole" ("the small pox"). Chickenpox was initially confused with smallpox until 1767, when the English physician William Heberden (1710-1801) provided a detailed description of chickenpox, differentiating it from smallpox. The cowpox virus was used by Edward Jenner (1749-1823) to develop a successful vaccine against smallpox. He devised the term "variolae vaccinae" ("smallpox of the cow") to denote cowpox. Jenner's pioneering work on a smallpox vaccine has led to the eradication of this disease and opened the way to preventing other infectious diseases, such as monkeypox, a poxvirus that is closely related to smallpox and that is currently infecting persons around the world. This contribution tells the stories behind the names of the various "poxes" that have infected humans: the great pox (syphilis), smallpox, chickenpox, cowpox, and monkeypox. These infectious diseases not only share a common "pox" nomenclature, but are also closely interconnected in medical history.

Dermatologists with extraordinary life stories: Harvey S. Moser and the 1939 voyage of the St. Louis.

Harvey S. Moser is a retired dermatologist who in 1939, at the age of 11 years, was a passenger with his family aboard the St. Louis, a German ship en route to Cuba that was carrying more than 900 Jews fleeing Nazi persecution. The passengers were denied entry to Cuba, the United States, and Canada, so the ship sailed back to Europe. Finally, Great Britain, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands agreed to admit the refugees. Unfortunately, 254 of the St. Louis passengers were later murdered by the Nazis after Germany conquered the latter three counties in 1940. This contribution tells the story of the Mosers' escape from Nazi Germany, their account of events aboard the St. Louis, and how the family ultimately reached the United States on the last boat to leave France in 1940, just before the Nazi occupation of that country.

Eponyms that honor Jewish dermatologists: A celebration and a remembrance, Part one: Jewish physicians who practiced before 1933.

This multipart feature celebrates the Jewish contribution to dermatology over the past 200 years, as reflected by medical eponyms that honor the names of Jewish physicians. Many of these physicians practiced in Germany and Austria after the emancipation of Jews in Europe. Part one discusses 17 physicians who practiced medicine before the Nazi takeover of Germany during 1933. Examples of such eponyms from this period include the Auspitz phenomenon, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Kaposi's sarcoma, Koebner phenomenon, Koplik spots, Lassar paste, ital Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Unna boot. One of these physicians, Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), became the first Jew to be awarded the Noble Prize in Medicine or Physiology, an honor he received in 1908 and shared with his fellow Jew, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916). Parts two and three of this project will present the names of 30 more Jewish physicians honored by medical eponyms and who practiced medicine during the Holocaust era and its aftermath, including those physicians who perished at the hands of the Nazis.

Eponyms that honor Jewish dermatologists: A celebration and a remembrance, Part two: Jewish physicians who practiced between 1933 and 1945.

This is the second installment of a three-part contribution that highlights the achievements of Jewish dermatologists as reflected by eponyms that honor their names. It covers the period 1933-1945 when the Nazis took over Germany and how the lives of 14 notable Jewish physicians, mostly in Germany, were impacted during the Holocaust. Many of them fled from the persecution, bringing their academic talents to other lands such as the United States. At least one committed suicide (Fritz Juliusberg), and three others perished in the Holocaust (Abraham Buschke, Lucja Frey-Gottesman, and Karl Herxheimer). They are remembered by eponyms including Neisser-Juliusberg pityriasis lichenoides chronica, Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, Frey syndrome, and Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. It made little difference to the Nazis that several of the 14 physicians had converted to Christianity. All were persecuted by the Nazis and had their professional careers destroyed. Two of the 14 physicians lived outside of the Third Reich (Bruno Bloch and Emanuel Libman) and were spared the suffering endured by the other 12. This tragic account of Jewish dermatologists during the Holocaust, and the eponyms that honor them, will continue in part three of this contribution.

Celebrating culture in American dermatology part I: A special tribute to Dr E. A. (Billy) Hankins III, dermatologist with American Indian heritage as a minor part of his ethnic background.

This contribution honors the life of Dr E. A. (Billy) Hankins III, a board-certified dermatologist and dermatopathologist with 40 years of practice experience, now retired, having American Indian heritage as a minor part of his ethnic background. Hankins spent many years as a physician volunteer for an indigent clinic serving the urban American Indian community of the city and county of Los Angeles, California (the American Indian Free Clinic). He is a Vietnam era war veteran as well as a master sculpture taxidermist and wildlife recreation artist. He has been active for many years with the Association of American Indian Physicians, of which he is a member. Hankins is the founder and curator of vertebrate zoology and chief preparator for the World Museum of Natural History, an international, nonprofit public museum of natural history located on the campus of La Sierra University in Riverside, California. Dr Hankins' life story offers insight into American Indian culture as it relates to dermatology, and hopefully it will inspire more American Indian medical students to pursue a career in that specialty.

Teenage dating abuse, rape, and violence: The dermatologist's role.

Teenage dating abuse, rape, and violence are considered major public health problems that affect the lives of millions of teenagers in the United States. Dermatologists have traditionally become involved in these cases when confronted with patients who have unexplained bruising or other skin injuries and/or sexually transmitted diseases that raise the possibility that they could be victims of sexual abuse and violence. This contribution explores the role of the dermatologist in the diagnosis and management of teen dating abuse. We suggest some screening questions that might help to broach these serious issues with teen patients when the suspicion of dating abuse arises. We also provide a list of resources and hotlines that offer advice on how best to handle teen dating abuse. Some legal issues concerning the physician's role in managing teen dating abuse, rape, and violence are also discussed.

British Royalty and Aristocracy: Their skin maladies Part II. Queen Mary II's death from hemorrhagic smallpox.

In 1694, Queen Mary II (1662-1694) died at age 32 of hemorrhagic smallpox, a rare and fatal form of the viral infection. This contribution presents the clinical features of Queen Mary II's smallpox infection. It also reviews, from a modern-day perspective, the disseminated intravascular coagulopathy involved in the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic smallpox, which is characterized by thrombocytopenia, coagulation factor deficiency, and hypofibrinogenemia.

Ceratum Galeni: An old eponym honoring Galen and his cold cream.

Ceratum Galeni is an old eponym honoring the name of Galen of Pergamum (129 to cca 216 CE) and a cold cream he described more than 1,800 years ago. We traced this eponym back to the 14th and 16th centuries in published medical texts by Guy de Chauliac (ca 1300-1368) and Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564). We also found a 4th-century reference in a medical work by Oribasius (ca 320-403 CE) to a mixture of wax and oil of roses based on Galen's cold cream formula. We present the images of a 19th-century apothecary white porcelain jar from Paris, France, on which appears the words Cerat Galeni, as well as a 20th-century oil painting by the American artist Robert Thom (1915-1979), which shows Galen administering his cold cream to a woman. Today, the composition of cold cream is formulated differently from Galen's original version, although the basic concept of cold cream as an oil and water emulsion remains the same. The widespread mention of Ceratum Galeni across the centuries and the popularity of cold creams today are striking examples of Galen's enormous influence on medicine as one of its founding fathers.

Lamentations by a Jewish poet on his skin affliction: Solomon Ibn Gabirol.

Solomon Ibn Gabirol was a highly respected medieval Jewish poet and philosopher who lived in Spain. He suffered from a distressing, chronic cutaneous disorder of unknown etiology, which he poetically portrays in his poetry by using fantastic and grotesque imagery derived from Biblical sources. This contribution provides examples of Ibn Gabirol's remarkable poetry, which spotlights the immense human suffering and misery that can result from skin diseases.

The Buffalo Hump of Cushing Syndrome.

One of the striking features of Cushing syndrome is the "buffalo hump," which describes the dramatic accumulation of fat in the dorsocervical region of the body. This contribution tells the story behind this notable medical eponym.

Cocktails anyone? Cutaneous hazards from bartender drinks.

Cocktails are mixed drinks that typically contain alcohol and are enjoyed worldwide. For some people, however, drinking cocktails can result in life-threatening or severely distressing cutaneous reactions. This contribution examines five areas of concern in this regard: (1) food allergies, (2) food intolerances, (3) phytophotodermatitis, (4) skin reactions to quinine present in tonic water, and (5) traumatic injuries from cocktail sticks and burns from flaming cocktails.

The Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Women and Children Patients.

Between January 1, 2022 and July 4, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) received 6,027 reports of laboratory-confirmed patients of monkeypox, predominantly men, that had occurred during a multi-country outbreak of the virus. During this period, 21 women and six children were reportedly infected with the monkeypox virus. Although the infected number of women and children was small, these data are worrisome, because young children and pregnant women are at increased risk of severe outcomes from monkeypox. One infant already has been hospitalized in intensive care in London, England. The WHO data regarding the 2022 monkeypox outbreak also indicate that 25 healthcare workers have been diagnosed with monkeypox, although it is still being investigated whether their infection was due to occupational exposure. Three deaths from monkeypox have been reported to WHO during this monkeypox outbreak. A special focus of this presentation is on the monkeypox infection involving women and children.

Chicken soup for the skin!

Chicken soup is a worldwide dish used in folk medicine to treat respiratory infections. In ancient and medieval times, it was used to treat leprosy. Anecdotally, it is claimed that chicken soup promotes healthy skin because it is rich in collagen and hyaluronic acid. One clinical study found that consumption of chicken soup by human individuals increased skin elasticity and decreased facial pigmentation. More research is needed to confirm these benefits and better define the role chicken soup consumption might have in promoting healthy, youthful skin.

The dermatologist who studied music under Aaron Copland: John Thorne Crissey, MD.

John Crissey was a master teacher of dermatology and its history. He also enjoyed composing music. In 1958, Crissey received the thrill of a lifetime: the opportunity to study advanced musical composition under the tutelage of Aaron Copland, the "Dean of American Composers." This contribution tells the story of that didactic experience. It also pays tribute to two remarkable men, who contributed so much to the development of their respective professions and whose music has enriched the world with its beauty.

British Royalty and Aristocracy: Their skin maladies Part I. Winston Churchill: Wartime skin graft donor.

Following the 1898 Battle of Omdurman in Sudan, Winston Churchill, then a second lieutenant in the British army, donated a skin graft to Richard Molyneux, a wounded fellow officer. This contribution tells the story of Churchill's skin graft donation within the context of the development of skin grafting as a viable treatment for serious wounds and burns.