Determination of stability constants of complexes from the titration curve by the maximum likelihood principle.

The numerical methods used to determine stability constants from titration data are analysed. A new method based on the maximum likelihood principle is proposed.

Limits to nitrogen use on grassland.

Data from nitrogen (N) response experiments on grassland in Belgium and the Netherlands were analysed with the help of a descriptive crop N response model, to identify permissible doses below which no accumulation occurs of residual mineral soil N in autumn. N(min). Using different years as separate sets, a total of 29 data sets were obtained from eight locations on various soil types. A large variation was found in N(min) base levels (unfertilised) between locations and between years at a given location. For doses low enough not to affect crop N recovery, every 100 kg N applied was associated with 3-4 kg residual N(min) in autumn. This is considered very low compared to N(min) base levels, but values differed significantly from zero. After normalising N-doses from different sources (mineral fertiliser and cattle slurry) with the help of a coefficient expressing effectiveness based on crop N uptake, no difference was found between fertiliser and slurry in terms of their effect on residual Nmin. The above also holds for nitrate leaching as measured. The sources do differ, however, with respect to long-term effects and these are quantified with a first-order approximation. It it shown that, also after incorporation of long-term effects, much higher N-doses on grassland are justified than the 170 kg N per ha per year in animal manures currently proposed by the European Commission. On normal productive cut grassland as in the analysed experiments, total N doses in cattle slurry up to 400 kg per ha per year have very little effect on residual N(min), if not accompanied by high fertiliser doses. Introducing limits to the use of animal manures on grassland without limiting the input of mineral fertiliser-N lacks any scientific ground.

[Occurrence of inhalation allergy in children with food allergy]. / Wystepowanie alergii wziewnej wsród dzieci chorych na alergie pokarmowa.

The aim of this study has been analysis of the relationship between appearance inhalant allergy and incidence allergy to food in early childhood. The author has been established that overall 29.7% children with food allergy developed hypersensitivity against inhalant allergens. In 20.9% children with food allergy the inhalant hypersensitivity appearance to age 4 years, in 31.4% to age 8 years, and in 56.4% to age 12. Inhalant allergy has been the most against house dust, grass pollen and fur cat and dog, and rare to tree and weeds pollen. Together with age decreased prevalence of incidence food allergy but increased inhalant allergy. It has been showed. The statistical significant relationship between incidence specific IgE against nuts in early childhood and elicited house dust allergy and between present specific IgE against wheat and nuts and elicited allergy to fur dog and cat.

[Results of specific immunotherapy with Allergovit in patients with pollen allergy]. / Wyniki swoistej immunoterapii preparatem Allergovit chorych z alergia pylkowa.

The immunotherapy among patients with pollen allergy was performed by individuals composed Allergovit. The effects of this treatment was compared to patients with pollenosis who don't have desensitization because they would'nt it. This results indicated that is need to do the nasal provocation test before the choice of antigens for the specific immunotherapy because the prick skin test was very often positive but patients don't have the symptoms. Precise composition of the vaccine improved the course in first season in 77.9 per cent, in second season in 87.5 per cent and in third season in 91.6 per cent.

[Analysis of food allergy incidence in children up to 5 years of age in the Wielikopolska region]. / Analiza wystepowania alergii pokarmowej u dzieci do 5 lat z regionu wielkopolski.

The aim of this study was found the most frequent food allergens and analysis of food allergy incidence in children with food allergy from region Wielkopolska. 78 children in age from 2 months to 5 years of life with the first symptoms of food allergy: gastrointestinals symptoms and atopic dermatitis was examined. The specific IgE using the immunoenzymatic Quidel and AlaSTAT method to wheat, peanut, hazel nut, tomato, soya been, cow milk, egg, corn, orange and cod was percentage of the lymphocytes ThCD4+ in peripheral blood of allergy children was estimated. The normal results ranging from 29-42%. During the analysis established that in children from region Wielkopolska the most frequent allergen in each age was cow milk. Allergy to wheat found in 50% children with food allergy. It was observed increase allergy to new products as soya been, corn and nuts which are the more frequent used in our region. The causes apparent the food allergy among the children in age to 5 years are: so early given the cow's milk and other foreign protein to diet of infants, and infections the intestinal, airways and urine tracts. It is necessary breast-feeding the infants minimum up to 6 months of life and varying light diet without a big amounts of cow's milk or other foreign proteins during lactation and pregnancy. About a half of patients had a decreased number of lymphocytes T CD4+. Among the causes of food allergy the most important are in 40% the genetic factors but in 60% the infections factors and feedings defects.

[Results of immunotherapy with Allergovit preparation of the Allergopharma Company in patients with hypersensitivity to pollen]. / Wyniki odczulania preparatem Allergovit firmy Allergopharma chorych z nadwrazliwoscia na pylki roslin.

It has been examined 72 patients with pollinosis in age from 5 to 38 which had immunotherapy by vaccines Allergovit. This vaccines has been composed to individual patients along there spectrum hypersensitivity to pollen. After one year hyposensibilisation 78.3% had a very good improve but 20.3% good. In them 7 patients had symptoms in the time when has been pollen another plant than they has been vaccine. Only one hadn't improve because he had allergy to many pollen and vaccines which had too much allergen it's not effective.

[Typical food allergens for pollinosis in selected regions of Poland. Multiagent studies]. / Alergeny pokarmowe typowe dla pylkowicy w wybranych regionach Polski. Badanie wieloosrodkowe.

The analysis of the incidence of the positive prick test with food allergens among patients with pollen allergy was performed. The 270 patients with pollinosis from four allergy centres in Poznan, Lódz and Katowice were examined. In each centres the different results were obtained. The influence for this had the different status socioeconomic of the patients, the regional habits of eating, and often eating the new products in our country. However, among examination patients the most positive test with food allergens from all centres were nuts, celery, rye flour, carrot, strawberry, pork and beans. The succession of this food allergens were changed in four examination centres in respect to the number of made prick test but the same allergens had been repeated. These results premises to establish the list of the allergens that are needed during diagnosis the patients with pollinosis.

[Allergy to nuts and allergy to birch]. / Alergia na orzechy a alergia na pylki brzozy.

UNLABELLED: Among 527 children and young in age from 2 months to 19 years of life it has been separated the group 70 with increased specific IgE levels to hazelnuts or/and to peanuts. In them it has been determined specific IgE to pollen birch and it has been make correlation the results with the symptoms. Specific IgE has been determined immunoenzymatic Visagnost Tosse Diagnostika method. The control group stand 34 children in the same age with the infections symptoms. In the infants group--13 (59.1%) had sIgE to birch, in children 2-3 age group--15 (75%), in 406 age--8 (72.7%), in the school age--7 (87.5%) and in young > 16 age--8 (88.9%). In the control group found absence sIgE to each of examination allergens. In 5 infants in the time of the pollen birch (April 1993) it has been manifestation dyspnoea. In group 2-3 age--in 10 (45.5%) found pollinosis symptoms, 12 (60%) had asthmatic dyspnoea, 7 (35%) atopic dermatitis, 2 (10%) allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and 5 (25%) abdominal pain with concomitant dyspnoea. It has been characteristic, that never found one of clinical allergic symptoms. In group 5-6 age and 7-15 age it has been dominated atopic dermatitis (63.3% and 87.5%), pollen asthma (45.4% and 62.5%) and pollinosis (45.4% and 25%). While in young 16 age--8 (88.8%) had pollinosis, 5 (55.5%) had atopic dermatitis and pollinosis. THE CONCLUSION: 1. In children which had specific IgE to nuts increased together with age specific IgE to birch. 2. The gravely pollinosis symptoms appear in small children in 1-2 age of life, already.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Asthma caused by allergy to cat fur]. / Astma spowodowana uczuleniem na siersc kota.

Sensitivity to cats fur alergen, Fel. d. 1 is presented as the second most important cause, after allergy to mites, of perennial atopic asthma. The authors collected the data from literature concerning the concentrations of Fel. d. 1 in homes and public places. Further the structure and production of Fel d. 1 also its cross reactivity and the methods of it's elimination from the environment are described and discussed. Authors own observations of 20 cases of cats fur asthma and atopic dermatitis support the opinion that only half of the patients suspect cats as the cause of their illness and cats fur sensitivity is always accompanied by inhalant or food allergy.

[Evaluation of the efficacy of immunotherapy with allergovit and catalet in patients with hay fever--multidrug evaluations]. / Ocena skutecznosci odczulania preparatami Allergovit i Catalet chorych na pylkowice--badania wieloosrodkowe.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the immunotherapy by Allergovit and Catalet. 699 patient in age 5-56 were desensitized. 213 were given Allergovit: 137 in one season, 56 in two seasons and 20 in three seasons and 484 were given Catalet: 288 in one season, 151 in two seasons and 45 in three seasons. The Catalet vaccine contains 12 grasses, rye and plantain pollen, but Allergovit contains a group of grass pollen-60% and rye pollen-40%. Qualification to the desensensitization was performed on the ground of clinics symptoms, positive (+ + + +) prick skin tests, of specific antibody IgE, positive provocation nose test presence and symptoms connected with pollen fall checked every day in the area of Poznan, Lódz and Katowice city. Estimation of the immunotherapy efficiency was assessed by patients, who noted their remarks in prepared "Patient card" using enclose score. In result of desensitization by Allergovit we achieved good and very good improvement (0 + 1 score) after one desensitization season in 77.3% patients, after two seasons in 85.7% and after three seasons in 90.0%, on the contrary by patients desensibilized by Catalet results good and very good were achieved in 50% after one season, after two seasons in 63.6% and after three seasons in 77.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Better results were achieved in patients desensibilized by Allergovit than Catalet. It is necessary of compose the contain of Catalet vaccine for every patient.

[The evaluation of Rhinocort in patients with allergic rhinitis by rhinomanometry]. / Ocena preparatu Rhinocort za pomoca rynomanometrii u osób z alergicznym niezytem nosa.

The authors present the results of the rhinomanometry examinations before and after Rhinocort-Nasal Aerosol or Rhinocort-Nasal Turbuhaler inhalations. 79 patients with allergic rhinitis were observed. 56 out of them were treated by Aerosol and 23 by Turbuhaler. The improvement was found in 78.6% of the patients in the first group and 86.9% in the second one. Rhinocort-Nasal Turbuhaler was generally better tolerated by patients.

[The incidence of peculiar IgE in response to inhalant allergens in relation to the age of the patient]. / Czestosc wystepowania swoistych IgE na alergeny wziewne w odniesieniu do wieku chorego.

208 patients between the age of 1 month to 56 years, with symptoms of respiratory tract allergy were investigated. In all cases serum titre of sIgE to birch, thymoty, rye, mugwort pollen, Alternaria Alternata, dog, cat fur, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and farinae was determined with the use of Quidel immunoenzymatic method. We have found sIgE to Alternaria Alternata in 8 (38%), birch pollen in 5 (23.8%) dog fur in 5 (23.8%) and thymoty and rye pollen in 3 (14.3%) even among one years-old infants. In the second and third years of life allergy to dog fur, Alternaria Alternata and pollen of birch, thymoty and rye increases while the age of 4 and 5 is less significant, later (6-10 years old patients) increases again. Among teenagers pollinosis gets decreases and adults have development constant level of the disease.

Influence of alkyl chain length and temperature on thermophysical properties of ammonium-based ionic liquids with molecular solvent.

Mixing of ionic liquids (ILs) with molecular solvent can expand the range of structural properties and the scope of molecular interactions between the molecules of the solvents. Exploiting of these phenomena essentially require a basic fundamental understanding of mixing behavior of ILs with molecular solvents. In this context, a series of protic ILs possessing tetra-alkyl ammonium cation [R(4)N](+) with commonly used anion hydroxide [OH](-) were synthesized and characterized by temperature dependent thermophysical properties. The ILs [R(4)N](+)[OH](-) are varying only in the length of alkyl chain (R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl) of tetra-alkyl ammonium on the cationic part. The ILs used for the present study included tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide [(CH(3))(4)N](+)[OH](-) (TMAH), tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide [(C(2)H(5))(4)N](+)[OH](-) (TEAH), tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide [(C(3)H(7))(4)N](+)[OH](-) (TPAH) and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide [(C(4)H(9))(4)N](+)[OH](-) (TBAH). The alkyl chain length effect has been analyzed by precise measurements such as densities (ρ), ultrasonic sound velocity (u), and viscosity (η) of these ILs with polar solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), over the full composition range as a function of temperature. The excess molar volume (V(E)), the deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δκ(s)) and deviation in viscosity (Δη) were predicted using these properties as a function of the concentration of ILs. Redlich-Kister polynomial was used to correlate the results. A qualitative analysis of the results is discussed in terms of the ion-dipole, ion-pair interactions, and hydrogen bonding between ILs and NMP molecules. Later, the hydrogen bonding features between ILs and NMP were also analyzed using a molecular modeling program with the help of HyperChem 7.

Temperature dependence measurements and structural characterization of trimethyl ammonium ionic liquids with a highly polar solvent.

We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of an ammonium ionic liquids (ILs) containing acetate, dihydrogen phosphate, and hydrogen sulfate anions with a common cation. To characterize the thermophysical properties of these newly synthesized ILs with the highly polar solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), precise measurements such as densities (ρ) and ultrasonic sound velocities (u) over the whole composition range have been performed at atmospheric pressure and over wide temperature ranges (25-50 °C). The excess molar volume (V(E)) and the deviation in isentropic compressibilities (Δκ(s)) were predicted using these temperature dependence properties as a function of the concentration of ILs. The Redlich-Kister polynomial was used to correlate the results. The ILs investigated in the present study included trimethylammonium acetate [(CH(3))(3)NH][CH(3)COO] (TMAA), trimethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate [(CH(3))(3)NH][H(2)PO(4)] (TMAP), and trimethylammonium hydrogen sulfate [(CH(3))(3)NH][HSO(4)] (TMAS). The intermolecular interactions and structural effects were analyzed on the basis of the measured and the derived properties. In addition, the hydrogen bonding between ILs and DMF has been demonstrated using semiempirical calculations with help of Hyperchem 7. A qualitative analysis of the results is discussed in terms of the ion-dipole, ion-pair interactions, and hydrogen bonding between ILs and DMF molecules and their structural factors. The influence of the anion of the protic IL, namely, acetate (CH(3)COO), dihydrogen phosphate (H(2)PO(4)), and hydrogen sulfate (HSO(4)), on the thermophysical properties is also provided.

Measurements and molecular interactions for N,N-dimethylformamide with ionic liquid mixed solvents.

To understand the molecular interactions between N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with two families of ionic liquids (ILs), we have measured thermophysical properties such as densities (rho) and ultrasonic sound velocities (u) over the whole composition range at 25 degrees C under atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volume (V(E)) and the deviation in isentropic compressibilities (DeltaK(s)) were predicted using these properties as a function of the concentration of IL. These results are fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomials. The materials investigated in the present study included two families of ILs such as ammonium salts and imidazolium salts. Diethylammonium acetate ([Et(2)NH][CH(3)COO], DEAA), triethylammonium actetate ([Et(3)NH][CH(3)COO], TEAA), triethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate ([Et(3)NH][H(2)PO(4)], TEAP), and triethylammonium sulfate ([Et(3)NH][HSO(4)], TEAS) are ammonium salts and 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) belongs to the imidazolium family. The intermolecular interactions and structural effects were analyzed on the basis of the measured and the derived properties. A qualitative analysis of the results is discussed in terms of the ion-dipole, ion-pair interactions, and hydrogen bonding between ILs and DMF molecules and their structural factors.