Interareal Synaptic Inputs Underlying Whisking-Related Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Barrel Cortex.

Body movements influence brain-wide neuronal activities. In the sensory cortex, thalamocortical bottom-up inputs and motor-sensory top-down inputs are thought to affect the dynamics of membrane potentials (Vm ) of neurons and change their processing of sensory information during movements. However, direct perturbation of the axons projecting to the sensory cortex from other remote areas during movements has remained unassessed, and therefore the interareal circuits generating motor-related signals in sensory cortices remain unclear. Using a Gi/o -coupled opsin, eOPN3, we here inhibited interareal signals incoming to the whisker primary somatosensory barrel cortex (wS1) of awake male mice and tested their effects on whisking-related changes in neuronal activities in wS1. Spontaneous whisking in air induced the changes in spike rates of a subset of wS1 neurons, which were accompanied by depolarization and substantial reduction of slow-wave oscillatory fluctuations of Vm Despite an extensive innervation, inhibition of inputs from the whisker primary motor cortex (wM1) to wS1 did not alter the spike rates and Vm dynamics of wS1 neurons during whisking. In contrast, inhibition of axons from the whisker-related thalamus (wTLM) and the whisker secondary somatosensory cortex (wS2) to wS1 largely attenuated the whisking-related supra- and sub-threshold Vm dynamics of wS1 neurons. Notably, silencing inputs from wTLM markedly decreased the modulation depth of whisking phase-tuned neurons in wS1, while inhibiting wS2 inputs did not impact the whisking variable tuning of wS1 neurons. Thus, sensorimotor integration in wS1 during spontaneous whisking is predominantly facilitated by direct synaptic inputs from wTLM and wS2 rather than from wM1.

Myocardial repolarization time, J-point to T-peak and T-peak to T-end intervals, have different heart rate dependency and autonomic nerve interference in healthy prepubertal children.

OBJECTIVE: The JT interval of the myocardial repolarization time can be divided into Jpoint to T-peak interval (JTp) and T-peak to T-end interval (Tpe). It is well known that the JT interval is dependent on the heart rate, but little is known regarding heart rate dependence for JTp and Tpe. The aim of the present study was to clarify the heart rate dependence of JTp and Tpe and to elucidate the interference of autonomic nervous activity with these parameters. METHODS: We evaluated 50 prepubertal children (mean age: 6.4 ± 0.5 years; male:female, 22:28) without heart disease. JTp, Tpe, and the preceding RR intervals were measured using 120 consecutive beats (lead CM5). First, the relationships between the RR interval and JTp and Tpe were evaluated by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Second, to evaluate autonomic interference with JTp and Tpe, the degree of coherence between RR interval variability and JTp or Tpe variability was calculated using spectral analysis. RESULTS: Significant positive correlations were observed between the RR interval and JTp (y = 0.116x + 105.5; r = 0.594, p < 0.001) and between the RR interval and Tpe (y = 0.037x + 44.7; r = 0.432, p < 0.001). Tpe variability had a lower degree of coherence with RR interval variability (range: 0.039-0.5 Hz) than with JTp variability (0.401 [interquartile range, 0.352-0.460] vs. 0.593 [0.503-0.664], respectively; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Tpe had lower heart rate dependence and a lower degree of autonomic nervous interference than did JTp.

QT Variability Index is Correlated with Autonomic Nerve Activity in Healthy Children.

The QT variability index (QTVI), which measures the instability of myocardial repolarization, is usually calculated from a single electrocardiogram (ECG) recording and can be easily applied in children. It is well known that frequency analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) can detect autonomic balance, but it is not clear whether QTVI is correlated with autonomic tone. Therefore, we evaluated the association between QTVI and HRV to elucidate whether QTVI is correlated with autonomic nerve activity. Apparently, healthy 320 children aged 0-7 years who visited Fujita Health University Hospital for heart checkup examinations were included. The RR and QT intervals of 60 continuous heart beats were measured, and the QTVI was calculated using the formula of Berger et al. Frequency analysis of HRV, including the QTVI analysis region, was conducted for 2 min and the ratio of low-frequency (LF) components to high-frequency (HF) components (LF/HF) and HF/(LF + HF) ratio was calculated as indicators of autonomic nerve activity. Then, the correlations between QTVI and these parameters were assessed. QTVI showed a significant positive correlation with LF/HF ratio (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) and negative correlation with HF/(LF + HF) ratio (r = -0.429, p < 0.001). These correlations remained after adjustment for sex and age. QTVI, which is calculated from non-invasive ECG and can detect abnormal myocardial repolarization, is significantly correlated with frequency analysis of HRV parameters. QTVI reflects autonomic nerve balance in children.

The Effect of Histamine on Inward and Outward Currents in Mouse Retinal Amacrine Cells.

The expression of H1 receptor has been reported in amacrine cells of mouse and rat retinae. However, we assumed that other types of histamine receptors also function in amacrine cells. In order to confirm that histamine modulates the membrane potential in mouse amacrine cells, we measured voltage-gated currents using whole-cell configuration. Under voltage-clamp conditions, the amplitude of voltage-gated outward currents was enhanced by the application of 100 µM histamine in 65% of amacrine cells. Histamine also increased the amplitudes of voltage-gated inward currents in 72% of amacrine cells. When antagonists of the histamine H1, H2, or H3 receptors were applied to histamine-sensitive amacrine cells, all three types of these inhibitors reduced the effect of histamine. Moreover, we classified recorded cells into seven types based on their morphological characteristics. Two of the seven types, diffuse multistratified cells and AII amacrine cells, responded significantly to histamine. These results indicate that histamine affected the membrane potential via three types of histamine receptors. Furthermore, there were differences in the responses to histamine among types of amacrine cells. Histamine may be one of the important neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators in the visual processing.

Relationship between QT and JT peak interval variability in prepubertal children.

BACKGROUND: The QT variability index (QTVI) is a noninvasive index of repolarization lability that has been applied to subjects with cardiovascular disease. QTVI provides a ratio of normalized QT variability to normalized heart rate variability, and therefore includes an assessment of autonomic nervous activity. However, measurement of QT time is particularly difficult in children, who exhibit physiologically high heart rates compared with adults. In this study, we developed a set of standard values of J-point to Tpeak interval (JTp) for infants by age, and assessed the correlation of QTVI with the JTp variability index (JTpVI). METHODS: Subjects included 623 infants and children (0-7 years of age) without heart disease and 57 healthy university students. All subjects were divided into three groups by age. QTVI and JTpVI were calculated based on an electrocardiogram, and age-specific standard values, a gender-specific classification, and a standard growth curve were constructed. RESULTS: JTpVI markedly decreased in infancy and slowly decreased thereafter, reaching adult values by school age. There was also a strong correlation of JTpVI with QTVI (r = .856). CONCLUSIONS: JTp can be used to evaluate the variability of the repolarization time in healthy infants, and may be useful for detection of early repolarization abnormalities.

Inflammation aggravates heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization in children with Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease complicates with myocarditis and vasculitis. Even if myocarditis is asymptomatic, heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization may be increased in the acute phase. We evaluated whether the change in repolarization characteristics can be used as a predictor for myocarditis and coronary lesions. Enrolled 34 children who were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. There were no sequelae in the recovery phase in any subjects, including those who had transient coronary artery lesion. QT and the interval from the Tpeak to Tend (Tp-e) were determined. The Tp-e/QT ratios were compared between the acute and recovery phases and correlations with CRP level and body temperature were evaluated. A retrospective evaluation of Tp-e/QT as predictors of coronary dilation was also performed. Tp-e/QT in the acute phase correlated positively with body temperature and CRP level. In a comparison of patients with and without transient coronary artery lesion, Tp-e/QT was significantly higher in those with dilation. In conclusion, Tp-e/QT was strongly related to transient coronary dilation, in comparison with inflammatory indicators including fever and CRP level.

Beat-to-beat QT interval variability in children: normal and physiologic data.

BACKGROUND: QT interval variability provides information on ventricular vulnerability. However, QT interval variability in children has not been adequately evaluated. METHODS: One hundred seventy-three consecutive nursing infants and children (male-female, 106:67) up to school age with no intrinsic cardiac disease were included in this study, and they were categorized into 6 age-related groups. The QT variability index (QTVI) was calculated based on an electrocardiogram; and age-specific standard values, sex-specific classification, and a standard growth curve covering 0 to 7 years were constructed. RESULTS: The QTVI decreased in an age-dependent manner, reached constant values after school age, and exhibited no sex-specific differences in 6 age-related groups. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the age-dependent standardized QTVI values, it is possible to estimate the instability of ventricular repolarization in pediatric patients with better accuracy.

Ventricular repolarization lability in children with Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile disease of unknown etiology that develops in children and is sometimes accompanied by myocardial dysfunction and systemic vasculitis. However, myocardial repolarization lability has not yet been fully investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate myocardial repolarization lability (QT variability index-QTVI) based on the body surface electrocardiograms in the acute and recovery phases. The subjects were 25 children with acute KD who were hospitalized for treatment. An equal number of age-matched healthy children were selected as controls. The RR-intervals and QT-intervals were measured based on a body surface electrocardiogram of 120 consecutive heartbeats to calculate the QTVI. The QTVI values were then compared with the acute and recovery phases. The relationships between blood biochemistry data and QTVI values were also examined. QTVI was significantly decreased from the acute phase to the recovery phase (P < 0.05) and then recovered to the same level as that of the control. QTVI in the acute phase showed a significant positive relationship with body temperature and C-reactive protein (P <0.05). QTVI was high in the acute phase and was correlated with an inflammatory reaction and became normalized during the recovery phase.