Expression of miR-210 in relation to other measures of hypoxia and prediction of benefit from hypoxia modification in patients with bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The addition of hypoxia modifiers carbogen and nicotinamide (CON) to radiotherapy (RT) improved overall survival (OS) in bladder cancer patients in the BCON phase III clinical trial. We investigate whether expression of hsa-miR-210 in BCON patient samples reflects hypoxia and predicts benefit from hypoxia modification. METHODS: In all, 183 T1-T4a bladder cancer samples were available for miR-210 analysis. A total of 86 received RT+CON and 97 received RT alone. TaqMan qPCR plates were used to assess miR-210 expression. Patients were classified as low (

Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α predicts benefit from hypoxia modification in invasive bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The addition of carbogen and nicotinamide (CON) to radiotherapy (RT) improves overall survival in invasive bladder cancer. We explored whether expression of the hypoxia marker hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) alone or in combination with other markers predicted benefit from CON. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out using material from patients with high-grade invasive bladder carcinoma enrolled in the BCON phase III trial of RT alone or with CON (RT+CON). HIF-1α expression was studied in 137 tumours using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry. Data were available from other studies for carbonic anhydrase IX and glucose transporter 1 protein and gene expression and tumour necrosis. RESULTS: Patients with high HIF-1α expression had improved 5-year local relapse-free survival with RT+CON (47%) compared with RT alone (21%; hazard ratio (HR) 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.8, P=0.02), no benefit was seen with low HIF-1α expression (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.43-1.50, P=0.5). Combinations of markers including necrosis also predicted benefit but did not improve on prediction using necrosis alone. CONCLUSIONS: HIF-1α may be used to predict benefit from CON in patients with bladder cancer but does not improve on use of necrosis.

Breast cancer risk following Hodgkin lymphoma radiotherapy in relation to menstrual and reproductive factors.

BACKGROUND: Women treated with supradiaphragmatic radiotherapy (sRT) for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) at young ages have a substantially increased breast cancer risk. Little is known about how menarcheal and reproductive factors modify this risk. METHODS: We examined the effects of menarcheal age, pregnancy, and menopausal age on breast cancer risk following sRT in case-control data from questionnaires completed by 2497 women from a cohort of 5002 treated with sRT for HL at ages <36 during 1956-2003. RESULTS: Two-hundred and sixty women had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer risk was significantly increased in patients treated within 6 months of menarche (odds ratio (OR) 5.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.97-15.46)), and increased significantly with proximity of sRT to menarche (Ptrend<0.001). It was greatest when sRT was close to a late menarche, but based on small numbers and needing reexamination elsewhere. Risk was not significantly affected by full-term pregnancies before or after treatment. Risk was significantly reduced by early menopause (OR 0.55, 95% CI (0.35-0.85)), and increased with number of premenopausal years after treatment (Ptrend=0.003). CONCLUSION: In summary, this paper shows for the first time that sRT close to menarche substantially increases breast cancer risk. Careful consideration should be given to follow-up of these women, and to measures that might reduce their future breast cancer risk.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cervical Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

Cervical Cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. Treatment with chemoradiotherapy followed by brachytherapy achieves high local control, but recurrence with metastatic disease impacts survival. This highlights the need for predictive and prognostic biomarkers identifying populations at risk of poorer treatment response and survival. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely used in cervical cancer and is a potential source for biomarkers. Functional MRI (fMRI) can characterise tumour beyond anatomical MRI, which is limited to the assessment of morphology. This review summarises fMRI techniques used in cervical cancer and examines the role of fMRI parameters as predictive or prognostic biomarkers. Different techniques characterise different tumour factors, which helps to explain the variation in patient outcomes. These can impact simultaneously on outcomes, making biomarker identification challenging. Most studies are small, focussing on single MRI techniques, which raises the need to investigate combined fMRI approaches for a more holistic characterisation of tumour.

A National Referral Service for Paediatric Brachytherapy: An Evolving Practice and Outcomes Over 13 Years.

AIMS: Most children requiring radiotherapy receive external beam treatment and few have tumours suitable for brachytherapy. No paediatric radiotherapy centre will treat enough patients from its own normal catchment population for expertise in brachytherapy to be developed and sustained. Following discussion and agreement in the national paediatric radiotherapy group, a service for paediatric brachytherapy in the UK has been developed. We report the process that has evolved over more than 10 years, with survival and functional outcome results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since 2009, potential patients have been referred to the central paediatric oncology multidisciplinary team meeting, where imaging, pathology and treatment options are discussed. Since 2013, the National Soft Tissue Sarcoma Advisory Panel has also reviewed most patients, with the principal aim of advising on the most suitable primary tumour management for complex patients. Clinical assessment and examination under anaesthetic with biopsies may be undertaken to confirm the appropriateness of brachytherapy, either alone or following conservative surgery. Fractionated high dose rate brachytherapy was delivered to a computed tomography planned volume after implantation of catheters under ultrasound imaging guidance. Since 2019, follow-up has been in a dedicated multidisciplinary clinic. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2021 inclusive, 35 patients (16 female, 19 male, aged 8 months to 17 years 6 months) have been treated. Histology was soft-tissue sarcoma in 33 patients and carcinoma in two. The treated site was pelvic in 31 patients and head and neck in four. With a median follow-up of 5 years, the local control and overall survival rates are 100%. Complications have been few, and functional outcome is good. CONCLUSION: Brachytherapy is effective for selected paediatric patients, resulting in excellent tumour control and good functional results. It is feasible to deliver paediatric brachytherapy at a single centre within a national referral service.

Enhanced stability of microRNA expression facilitates classification of FFPE tumour samples exhibiting near total mRNA degradation.

BACKGROUND: As degradation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples limits the ability to profile mRNA expression, we explored factors predicting the success of mRNA expression profiling of FFPE material and investigated an approach to overcome the limitation. METHODS: Bladder (n=140, stored 3-8 years) and cervix (n=160, stored 8-23 years) carcinoma FFPE samples were hybridised to Affymetrix Exon 1.0ST arrays. Percentage detection above background (%DABG) measured technical success. Biological signal was assessed by distinguishing cervix squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) using a gene signature. As miR-205 had been identified as a marker of SCC, precursor mir-205 was measured by Exon array and mature miR-205 by qRT-PCR. Genome-wide microRNA (miRNA) expression (Affymetrix miRNA v2.0 arrays) was compared in eight newer FFPE samples with biological signal and eight older samples without. RESULTS: RNA quality controls (QCs) (e.g., RNA integrity (RIN) number) failed to predict profiling success, but sample age correlated with %DABG in bladder (R=-0.30, P<0.01) and cervix (R=-0.69, P<0.01). Biological signal was lost in older samples and neither a signature nor precursor mir-205 separated samples by histology. miR-205 qRT-PCR discriminated SCC from AC, validated by miRNA profiling (26-fold higher in SCC; P=1.10 × 10(-5)). Genome-wide miRNA (R=0.95) and small nucleolar RNA (R=0.97) expression correlated well in the eight newer vs older FFPE samples and better than mRNA expression (R=0.72). CONCLUSION: Sample age is the best predictor of successful mRNA profiling of FFPE material, and miRNA profiling overcomes the limitation of age and copes well with older samples.

Phase Ib trial of radiotherapy in combination with combretastatin-A4-phosphate in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, prostate adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND: The vascular disrupting agent combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P) demonstrated antitumour activity in preclinical studies when combined with radiation. METHODS: Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), prostate adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) received 27 Gy in 6 fractions treating twice weekly over 3 weeks, 55 Gy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks, and 66 Gy in 33 fractions over 6 weeks respectively. CA4P was escalated from 50 mg/m2 to 63 mg/m2. CA4P exposure was further increased from one to three to six doses. Patients with SCCHN received cetuximab in addition. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients received 121 doses of CA4P. Dose-limiting toxic effects (DLTs) of reversible ataxia and oculomotor nerve palsy occurred in two patients with prostate cancer receiving weekly CA4P at 63 mg/m2. DLT of cardiac ischaemia occurred in two patients with SCCHN at a weekly dose of 50 mg/m2 in combination with cetuximab. Three patients developed grade 3 hypertension. Responses were seen in 7 of 18 patients with NSCLC. At 3 years, 3 of 18 patients with prostate cancer had prostate-specific antigen relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy with CA4P appears well tolerated in most patients. The combination of CA4P, cetuximab, and radiotherapy needs further scrutiny before it can be recommended for clinical studies.

Prognostic factors for local control and survival in patients with spinal cord compression from myeloma.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aimed to identify prognostic factors for local control and survival in 214 patients irradiated for spinal cord compression (SCC) from myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten potential prognostic factors were investigated including age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (ECOG-PS), number of involved vertebrae, ambulatory status, other osseous lesions, extraosseous lesions, interval from first diagnosis of myeloma to SCC, time developing motor deficits before radiotherapy (RT), and the RT schedule (short-course vs. long-course RT). RESULTS: On univariate analysis, no factor was associated with local control of SCC. Survival was associated with ECOG-PS (p < 0.001), ambulatory status (p < 0.001), other osseous lesions (p < 0.001), and extraosseous lesions (p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, these prognostic factors maintained significance. CONCLUSION: New independent prognostic factors were identified for survival after RT of SCC from myeloma. These factors can help tailor treatment to the individual patient.

Metastatic spinal cord compression in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Prognostic factors in a series of 356 patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have an unfavorable prognosis compared to most other MSCC patients. This study was performed to identify prognostic factors for functional outcome and survival in these patients after radiotherapy (RT) alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data of 356 patients irradiated for MSCC from NSCLC were retrospectively analyzed. Ten potential prognostic factors were investigated including age, gender, Eastern cooperative Oncology Group performance score (ECOG-PS), number of involved vertebrae, pre-RT ambulatory status, other bone metastases, visceral metastases, interval from cancer diagnosis to RT of MSCC, time developing motor deficits before RT, and the radiation schedule. RESULTS: On multivariate analysis, better functional outcome was associated with pre-RT ambulatory status (estimate: - 0.84, p = 0.022), no visceral metastases (estimate: - 1.15, p < 0.001), interval from cancer diagnosis to RT of > 15 months (estimate: + 0.48, p = 0.019), and slower (> 7 days) development of motor deficits (estimate: + 1.56, p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, improved survival was significantly associated with female gender (risk ratio (RR) 1.32, p = 0.043), ECOG-PS 1-2 (RR 1.45, p = 0.034), pre-RT ambulatory status (RR 0.58, p < 0.001), no other bone metastases (RR 1.38, p = 0.010), no visceral metastases (RR 2.87, p < 0.001), interval from cancer diagnosis to RT of > 15 months (RR 0.84, p = 0.035), and slower (> 7 days) development of motor deficits (RR 0.78, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study identified additional independent prognostic factors for outcomes after radiotherapy of MSCC from NSCLC. These prognostic factors can be used for stratification in future trials and can help develop prognostic scores for MSCC from NSCLC.

A survival score for patients with metastatic spinal cord compression from prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop and validate a survival scoring system for patients with metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) from prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 436 patients, 218 patients were assigned to the test group and 218 patients to the validation group. Eight potential prognostic factors (age, performance status, number of involved vertebrae, ambulatory status, other bone metastases, visceral metastases, interval from cancer diagnosis to radiotherapy of MSCC, time developing motor deficits) plus the fractionation regimen were retrospectively investigated for associations with survival. Factors significant in the multivariate analysis were included in the survival score. The score for each significant prognostic factor was determined by dividing the 6-month survival rate (%) by 10. The total score represented the sum of the scores for each factor. The prognostic groups of the test group were compared to the validation group. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis of the test group, performance status, ambulatory status, other bone metastases, visceral metastases, and interval from cancer diagnosis to radiotherapy were significantly associated with survival. Total scores including these factors were 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, or 39 points. In the test group, the 6-month survival rates were 6.5% for 20-24 points, 44.6% for 26-33 points, and 95.8% for 35-39 points (p < 0.0001). In the validation group, the 6-month survival rates were 7.4%, 45.4%, and 94.7%, respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Because the survival rates of the validation group were almost identical to the test group, this score can be considered valid and reproducible.

High-precision MRI-guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervical carcinoma.

Over the past 20 years advances in radiological technology have led to dramatic changes in cervical cancer management. External beam radiotherapy has evolved radically as a result of these changes. More recently, though, three-dimensional (3D) image guidance and volume-based prescribing has been adopted into cervical cancer brachytherapy. This overview covers the science and technology behind magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided adaptive brachytherapy and explains why it is now considered the new international standard of care.

Changes in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Radiomic Features in Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Patients with Intermediate- and High-risk Prostate Cancer.

AIMS: The benefits of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (nADT) in the management of intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer patients have been well-established. The aim of this study was to identify radiomic prognostic features derived from routine anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences that can predict the response of the prostate cancer to nADT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer (with one of clinical stage ≥ T2c, Gleason score ≥7 or presenting prostate-specific antigen ≥10) who received 3 months of ADT prior to radical external beam radiotherapy were enrolled into this study. The relative blood volume and the relative blood flow were used as dynamic MRI kinetic parameters to quantify vascular changes as responses to nADT. For all pre- and post-nADT data sets, a combination of T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted anatomic images were used to define regions of interest (ROI) as the dominant malignant nodules (DMNs) and the benign prostate (the entire prostate with the summed DMNs being subtracted). MRI textural radiomic features associated with prostate cancer response in the literature of energy and homogeneity were selected. Pyradiomics was used to extract textural features of the ROIs. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was carried out to investigate if there were statistically significant differences in values of radiomic features between: (i) benign prostate ROI and DMN pre-nADT; (ii) pre- and post-nADT of benign prostate ROI; (iii) pre- and post-nADT of DMN. Changes in radiomic features and dynamic MRI kinetic parameters were correlated using the Spearman correlation test. RESULTS: Twenty prostate cancer patients were recruited into the study. The median time between the first baseline scan and the first on-treatment scan was 91.5 days (range 82-105). One patient had no discernible tumour visible, leaving 19 patients with evaluable data for the analysis. Baseline homogeneity and energy values differed significantly between benign and malignant tissue (P < 0.01). In response to nADT, homogeneity and energy showed reciprocal changes, significantly increased in benign prostate while decreasing in the DMN. The reduction in tumour homogeneity and energy feature values showed a positive association with the decline in tumour blood flow and tumour blood volume induced by androgen deprivation as derived from dynamic MRI parameters. CONCLUSION: Energy and homogeneity radiomic features derived from MRI of benign and malignant prostate showed significant reciprocal changes in response to nADT. This study confirms the potential of these radiomic features to act as surrogate markers of tumour androgen sensitivity due to their strong association with ADT-induced physiological effects in prostate tumours.

Practical brachytherapy solutions to an age-old quandary.

Cancer is predominantly a disease of the elderly and as population life expectancy increases, so will the incidence of malignant disease. Elderly patients often have other comorbidities and social complexities, increasing the support required to safely deliver all treatment modalities. Brachytherapy is a relatively simple technique by which radiation therapy can be delivered. It offers dosimetric advantages through a highly conformal dose distribution thereby limiting radiation exposure to normal tissues reducing toxicity. Requiring fewer hospital visits, it also offers practical and logistical advantages to the elderly population and in many cases can be performed without the need for general anaesthesia. In tumour streams where brachytherapy forms part of the curative management, it should not be omitted in elderly patients who are medically fit for treatment. In the palliative setting, brachytherapy often offers an excellent means for achieving either local tumour and/or symptom control and should be actively considered in the therapeutic armamentarium of the oncologist in this context.

Carbogen breathing increases prostate cancer oxygenation: a translational MRI study in murine xenografts and humans.

Hypoxia has been associated with poor local tumour control and relapse in many cancer sites, including carcinoma of the prostate. This translational study tests whether breathing carbogen gas improves the oxygenation of human prostate carcinoma xenografts in mice and in human patients with prostate cancer. A total of 23 DU145 tumour-bearing mice, 17 PC3 tumour-bearing mice and 17 human patients with prostate cancer were investigated. Intrinsic susceptibility-weighted MRI was performed before and during a period of carbogen gas breathing. Quantitative R(2)* pixel maps were produced for each tumour and at each time point and changes in R(2)* induced by carbogen were determined. There was a mean reduction in R(2)* of 6.4% (P=0.003) for DU145 xenografts and 5.8% (P=0.007) for PC3 xenografts. In all, 14 human subjects were evaluable; 64% had reductions in tumour R(2)* during carbogen inhalation with a mean reduction of 21.6% (P=0.0005). Decreases in prostate tumour R(2)* in both animal models and human patients as a result of carbogen inhalation suggests the presence of significant hypoxia. The finding that carbogen gas breathing improves prostate tumour oxygenation provides a rationale for testing the radiosensitising effects of combining carbogen gas breathing with radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients.

The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) Trial B of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: The international standard radiotherapy schedule for early breast cancer delivers 50 Gy in 25 fractions of 2.0 Gy over 5 weeks, but there is a long history of non-standard regimens delivering a lower total dose using fewer, larger fractions (hypofractionation). We aimed to test the benefits of radiotherapy schedules using fraction sizes larger than 2.0 Gy in terms of local-regional tumour control, normal tissue responses, quality of life, and economic consequences in women prescribed post-operative radiotherapy. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2001, 2215 women with early breast cancer (pT1-3a pN0-1 M0) at 23 centres in the UK were randomly assigned after primary surgery to receive 50 Gy in 25 fractions of 2.0 Gy over 5 weeks or 40 Gy in 15 fractions of 2.67 Gy over 3 weeks. Women were eligible for the trial if they were aged over 18 years, did not have an immediate reconstruction, and were available for follow-up. Randomisation method was computer generated and was not blinded. The protocol-specified principal endpoints were local-regional tumour relapse, defined as reappearance of cancer at irradiated sites, late normal tissue effects, and quality of life. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN59368779. FINDINGS: 1105 women were assigned to the 50 Gy group and 1110 to the 40 Gy group. After a median follow up of 6.0 years (IQR 5.0-6.2) the rate of local-regional tumour relapse at 5 years was 2.2% (95% CI 1.3-3.1) in the 40 Gy group and 3.3% (95% CI 2.2 to 4.5) in the 50 Gy group, representing an absolute difference of -0.7% (95% CI -1.7% to 0.9%)--ie, the absolute difference in local-regional relapse could be up to 1.7% better and at most 1% worse after 40 Gy than after 50 Gy. Photographic and patient self-assessments indicated lower rates of late adverse effects after 40 Gy than after 50 Gy. INTERPRETATION: A radiation schedule delivering 40 Gy in 15 fractions seems to offer rates of local-regional tumour relapse and late adverse effects at least as favourable as the standard schedule of 50 Gy in 25 fractions.

The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) Trial A of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: The international standard radiotherapy schedule for breast cancer treatment delivers a high total dose in 25 small daily doses (fractions). However, a lower total dose delivered in fewer, larger fractions (hypofractionation) is hypothesised to be at least as safe and effective as the standard treatment. We tested two dose levels of a 13-fraction schedule against the standard regimen with the aim of measuring the sensitivity of normal and malignant tissues to fraction size. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2002, 2236 women with early breast cancer (pT1-3a pN0-1 M0) at 17 centres in the UK were randomly assigned after primary surgery to receive 50 Gy in 25 fractions of 2.0 Gy versus 41.6 Gy or 39 Gy in 13 fractions of 3.2 Gy or 3.0 Gy over 5 weeks. Women were eligible if they were aged over 18 years, did not have an immediate surgical reconstruction, and were available for follow-up. Randomisation method was computer generated and was not blinded. The protocol-specified principal endpoints were local-regional tumour relapse, defined as reappearance of cancer at irradiated sites, late normal tissue effects, and quality of life. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN59368779. FINDINGS: 749 women were assigned to the 50 Gy group, 750 to the 41.6 Gy group, and 737 to the 39 Gy group. After a median follow up of 5.1 years (IQR 4.4-6.0) the rate of local-regional tumour relapse at 5 years was 3.6% (95% CI 2.2-5.1) after 50 Gy, 3.5% (95% CI 2.1-4.3) after 41.6 Gy, and 5.2% (95% CI 3.5-6.9) after 39 Gy. The estimated absolute differences in 5-year local-regional relapse rates compared with 50 Gy were 0.2% (95% CI -1.3% to 2.6%) after 41.6 Gy and 0.9% (95% CI -0.8% to 3.7%) after 39 Gy. Photographic and patient self-assessments suggested lower rates of late adverse effects after 39 Gy than with 50 Gy, with an HR for late change in breast appearance (photographic) of 0.69 (95% CI 0.52-0.91, p=0.01). From a planned meta-analysis with the pilot trial, the adjusted estimates of alpha/beta value for tumour control was 4.6 Gy (95% CI 1.1-8.1) and for late change in breast appearance (photographic) was 3.4 Gy (95% CI 2.3-4.5). INTERPRETATION: The data are consistent with the hypothesis that breast cancer and the dose-limiting normal tissues respond similarly to change in radiotherapy fraction size. 41.6 Gy in 13 fractions was similar to the control regimen of 50 Gy in 25 fractions in terms of local-regional tumour control and late normal tissue effects, a result consistent with the result of START Trial B. A lower total dose in a smaller number of fractions could offer similar rates of tumour control and normal tissue damage as the international standard fractionation schedule of 50 Gy in 25 fractions.

Report on the early efficacy and tolerability of I(125) permanent prostate brachytherapy from a UK multi-institutional database.

AIMS: To report the results of I(125) prostate brachytherapy from a central, prospectively collected database of three UK institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients treated with I(125) permanent prostate brachytherapy at the Christie Hospital, Manchester (CHM), Cookridge Hospital, Leeds (CKL) and Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, London (MVL) since 2003 have been prospectively registered on a detailed central database. Patient, tumour, pre- and post-implant dosimetry data have been recorded. Urinary toxicity as assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score, catheterisation and urinary stricture rates after implant have been documented and biochemical failure determined, using both the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) consensus and the Phoenix (nadir + 2 ng/ml) definition. RESULTS: In total, 1535 patients were registered on the database between January 2003 and October 2006, including 432 from CHM, 926 from CKL and 177 from MVL, with a median follow-up of 21 months (range 1-56). Patient and tumour characteristics were similar at all centres. Pre-implant dose indices were comparable between centres, except for the V150, with median values of 51.9, 64.3 and 69.8% at CHM, CKL and MVL, respectively. Median post-implant dose parameters were lower than pre-planned constraints by up to 33.0% at each centre for all values, except at CKL where the V200 was 23.9% higher. The International Prostate Symptom Score increased from a median of 5 at baseline to 18, 6 weeks after implant, but was not significantly different to baseline values by 12 months. Nine per cent of men required catheterisation after implant for a median duration of 53 days, but urinary stricture rates remained low at 1%. Neoadjuvant hormonal manipulation was used in 228 men (15%) for downsizing and 159 (10%) for intermediate/high-risk disease. Collated biochemical failure rates were low at this point of follow-up, with actuarial 2-year ASTRO and Phoenix biochemical failure-free survival rates of 94.4 and 94.5%, respectively, consistent with other large single centre reports. When post-implant dosimetric factors were assessed for a relationship to biochemical failure, no indices consistently predicted for improved ASTRO and Phoenix biochemical failure-free survival rates. CONCLUSIONS: This ongoing collaboration shows that with limited infrastructure (a single industry-sponsored data manager), a large multi-institutional database estimated to represent one-third of implants carried out in the UK during this time can be developed. Patient selection was similar across all centres and adhered to published guidelines. Early biochemical and toxicity outcomes confirm the efficacy and tolerability of I(125) prostate brachytherapy in a large cohort of patients. A further analysis is planned.

The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Brachytherapy.

The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in image-guided brachytherapy has expanded rapidly over the past two decades. In cervix cancer, significant improvements in overall survival, local control and long-term morbidity have been shown in patients treated with MRI-guided brachytherapy, changing clinical practice and directing an international approach to standardise the technique; unifying adaptive target volume definition and dose reporting. MRI-guided prostate brachytherapy has significantly improved the accuracy of tumour and organ-at-risk delineation, facilitating targeted implantation and dose optimisation. It also has potential to improve clinical outcomes through enhancement of the therapeutic ratio and the identification of dominant lesions that can be the targets of sub-volume boosting and salvage therapy. However, MRI-guided brachytherapy presents a number of logistical and financial challenges in modern healthcare systems, requiring technologically advanced imaging and planning techniques, as well as robust safety and quality assurance procedures. A collaborative, multidisciplinary approach involving clinical oncologists, radiologists, medical physicists, therapy radiographers, nurses and technical staff is therefore critical to its successful incorporation into any clinical brachytherapy workflow. In this overview we evaluate the current role of MRI in image-guided brachytherapy, primarily in cervix and prostate cancer, but also in other tumour sites, and review its potential future developments in the context of both clinical and research spheres.

Positron emission tomography in oncology: a review.

Positron emission tomography is an evolving imaging tool that is becoming increasingly available for use in clinical practice. This overview will look at the current evidence for the use of positron emission tomography in imaging different tumour types and the different radiotracers that are either available or being evaluated in an investigational setting.