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This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of eltrombopag plus diacerein vs. eltrombopag alone in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) who were previously unresponsive to 14 days of eltrombopag treatment at the full dose. Recruited patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive either eltrombopag plus diacerein (n=50) or eltrombopag monotherapy (n=52). Overall response rate, defined as a platelet count at or above 30×109/L, at least doubling of the baseline platelet count, and no bleeding, was reached in 44% of patients in the eltrombopag plus diacerein group compared with 13% in the eltrombopag group at day 15 (P = .0009), and reached in 42% of patients in the combination group compared with 12% in the monotherapy group at day 28 (P = .0006). The addition of diacerein to eltrombopag also led to a longer duration of response (P = .0004). The two most common treatment-emergent adverse events were respiratory infection and gastrointestinal reactions in the combination group, and fatigue and respiratory infection in the eltrombopag group. In conclusion, eltrombopag plus diacerein was well tolerated, and induced higher overall response rates and longer duration of response than eltrombopag alone, offering a rejuvenating salvage therapy for ITP patients unresponsive to 14 days of full dosage eltrombopag. Our work has the potential to enhance the care of patients treated with thrombopoietin receptor agonists, reducing the need for rapid transitions to less-preferable therapies. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04917679.
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ABSTRACT: Platelet α-granules are rich in transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), which is associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) biology. Responders to thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) revealed a parallel increase in the number of both platelets and MDSCs. Here, anti-CD61 immune-sensitized splenocytes were transferred into severe combined immunodeficient mice to establish an active murine model of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Subsequently, we demonstrated that TPO-RAs augmented the inhibitory activities of MDSCs by arresting plasma cells differentiation, reducing Fas ligand expression on cytotoxic T cells, and rebalancing T-cell subsets. Mechanistically, transcriptome analysis confirmed the participation of TGF-ß/Smad pathways in TPO-RA-corrected MDSCs, which was offset by Smad2/3 knockdown. In platelet TGF-ß1-deficient mice, TPO-RA-induced amplification and enhanced suppressive capacity of MDSCs was waived. Furthermore, our retrospective data revealed that patients with ITP achieving complete platelet response showed superior long-term outcomes compared with those who only reach partial response. In conclusion, we demonstrate that platelet TGF-ß1 induces the expansion and functional reprogramming of MDSCs via the TGF-ß/Smad pathway. These data indicate that platelet recovery not only serves as an end point of treatment response but also paves the way for immune homeostasis in immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
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Plaquetas , Células Supressoras Mieloides , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1 , Adulto , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Plaquetas/imunologia , Reprogramação Celular , Camundongos SCID , Células Supressoras Mieloides/metabolismo , Células Supressoras Mieloides/imunologia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/imunologia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/patologia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismoRESUMO
Non-CpG methylation is associated with several cellular processes, especially neuronal development and cancer, while its effect on DNA structure remains unclear. We have determined the crystal structures of DNA duplexes containing -CGCCG- regions as CCG repeat motifs that comprise a non-CpG site with or without cytosine methylation. Crystal structure analyses have revealed that the mC:G base-pair can simultaneously form two alternative conformations arising from non-CpG methylation, including a unique water-mediated cis Watson-Crick/Hoogsteen, (w)cWH, and Watson-Crick (WC) geometries, with partial occupancies of 0.1 and 0.9, respectively. NMR studies showed that an alternative conformation of methylated mC:G base-pair at non-CpG step exhibits characteristics of cWH with a syn-guanosine conformation in solution. DNA duplexes complexed with the DNA binding drug echinomycin result in increased occupancy of the (w)cWH geometry in the methylated base-pair (from 0.1 to 0.3). Our structural results demonstrated that cytosine methylation at a non-CpG step leads to an antiâsyntransition of its complementary guanosine residue toward the (w)cWH geometry as a partial population of WC, in both drug-bound and naked mC:G base pairs. This particular geometry is specific to non-CpG methylated dinucleotide sites in B-form DNA. Overall, the current study provides new insights into DNA conformation during epigenetic regulation.
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Pareamento de Bases , Citosina , Metilação de DNA , DNA , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Água , DNA/química , Citosina/química , Água/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos MolecularesRESUMO
Targeting inter-duplex junctions in catenated DNA with bidirectional bis-intercalators is a potential strategy for enhancing anticancer effects. In this study, we used d(CGTATACG)2, which forms a tetraplex base-pair junction that resembles the DNA-DNA contact structure, as a model target for two alkyl-linked diaminoacridine bis-intercalators, DA4 and DA5. Cross-linking of the junction site by the bis-intercalators induced substantial structural changes in the DNA, transforming it from a B-form helical end-to-end junction to an over-wounded side-by-side inter-duplex conformation with A-DNA characteristics and curvature. These structural perturbations facilitated the angled intercalation of DA4 and DA5 with propeller geometry into two adjacent duplexes. The addition of a single carbon to the DA5 linker caused a bend that aligned its chromophores with CpG sites, enabling continuous stacking and specific water-mediated interactions at the inter-duplex contacts. Furthermore, we have shown that the different topological changes induced by DA4 and DA5 lead to the inhibition of topoisomerase 2 activities, which may account for their antitumor effects. Thus, this study lays the foundations for bis-intercalators targeting biologically relevant DNA-DNA contact structures for anticancer drug development.
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In epistasis analysis, single-nucleotide polymorphism-single-nucleotide polymorphism interactions (SSIs) among genes may, alongside other environmental factors, influence the risk of multifactorial diseases. To identify SSI between cases and controls (i.e. binary traits), the score for model quality is affected by different objective functions (i.e. measurements) because of potential disease model preferences and disease complexities. Our previous study proposed a multiobjective approach-based multifactor dimensionality reduction (MOMDR), with the results indicating that two objective functions could enhance SSI identification with weak marginal effects. However, SSI identification using MOMDR remains a challenge because the optimal measure combination of objective functions has yet to be investigated. This study extended MOMDR to the many-objective version (i.e. many-objective MDR, MaODR) by integrating various disease probability measures based on a two-way contingency table to improve the identification of SSI between cases and controls. We introduced an objective function selection approach to determine the optimal measure combination in MaODR among 10 well-known measures. In total, 6 disease models with and 40 disease models without marginal effects were used to evaluate the general algorithms, namely those based on multifactor dimensionality reduction, MOMDR and MaODR. Our results revealed that the MaODR-based three objective function model, correct classification rate, likelihood ratio and normalized mutual information (MaODR-CLN) exhibited the higher 6.47% detection success rates (Accuracy) than MOMDR and higher 17.23% detection success rates than MDR through the application of an objective function selection approach. In a Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, MaODR-CLN successfully identified the significant SSIs (P < 0.001) associated with coronary artery disease. We performed a systematic analysis to identify the optimal measure combination in MaODR among 10 objective functions. Our combination detected SSIs-based binary traits with weak marginal effects and thus reduced spurious variables in the score model. MOAI is freely available at https://sites.google.com/view/maodr/home.
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Epistasia Genética , Modelos Genéticos , Algoritmos , Fenótipo , Redução Dimensional com Múltiplos Fatores/métodos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
Combination cancer chemotherapy is one of the most useful treatment methods to achieve a synergistic effect and reduce the toxicity of dosing with a single drug. Here, we use a combination of two well-established anticancer DNA intercalators, actinomycin D (ActD) and echinomycin (Echi), to screen their binding capabilities with DNA duplexes containing different mismatches embedded within Watson-Crick base-pairs. We have found that combining ActD and Echi preferentially stabilised thymine-related T:T mismatches. The enhanced stability of the DNA duplex-drug complexes is mainly due to the cooperative binding of the two drugs to the mismatch duplex, with many stacking interactions between the two different drug molecules. Since the repair of thymine-related mismatches is less efficient in mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cancer cells, we have also demonstrated that the combination of ActD and Echi exhibits enhanced synergistic effects against MMR-deficient HCT116 cells and synergy is maintained in a MMR-related MLH1 gene knockdown in SW620 cells. We further accessed the clinical potential of the two-drug combination approach with a xenograft mouse model of a colorectal MMR-deficient cancer, which has resulted in a significant synergistic anti-tumour effect. The current study provides a novel approach for the development of combination chemotherapy for the treatment of cancers related to DNA-mismatches.
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Neoplasias Colorretais , Equinomicina , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Dactinomicina/química , Equinomicina/química , Timina , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , DNA/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This randomised trial aimed to address whether endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) or propranolol (PPL) is more effective at preventing initial oesophageal variceal bleeding (EVB) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). DESIGN: Patients with HCC and medium-to-large oesophageal varices (EVs) but without previous EVB were randomised to receive EVL (every 3-4 weeks until variceal eradication) or PPL (up to 320 mg daily) at a 1:1 ratio. Long-term follow-up data on EVB, other upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), non-bleeding liver decompensation, overall survival (OS) and adverse events (AEs) were analysed using competing risk regression. RESULTS: Between June 2011 and April 2021, 144 patients were randomised to receive EVL (n=72) or PPL (n=72). In the EVL group, 7 patients experienced EVB, and 30 died; in the PPL group, 19 patients had EVB, and 40 died. The EVL group had a lower cumulative incidence of EVB (Gray's test, p=0.009) than its counterpart, with no mortality difference (Gray's test, p=0.085). For patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A/B, EVL was better than PPL in reducing EVB (p<0.001) and mortality (p=0.003). For patients beyond BCLC stage B, between-group outcomes were similar. Other UGIB, non-bleeding liver decompensation and AEs did not differ between groups. A competing risk regression model confirmed the prognostic value of EVL. CONCLUSION: EVL is superior to PPL in preventing initial EVB in patients with HCC. The benefits of EVL on EVB and OS may be limited to patients with BCLC stage A/B and not to those with BCLC stage C/D. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01970748.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/complicações , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/cirurgia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/prevenção & controle , Ligadura/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/complicações , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Prevenção Primária , Propranolol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Coronaviruses not only pose significant global public health threats but also cause extensive damage to livestock-based industries. Previous studies have shown that 5-benzyloxygramine (P3) targets the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nucleocapsid (N) protein N-terminal domain (N-NTD), inducing non-native protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that impair N protein function. Moreover, P3 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against CoVs. The sequence similarity of N proteins is relatively low among CoVs, further exhibiting notable variations in the hydrophobic residue responsible for non-native PPIs in the N-NTD. Therefore, to ascertain the mechanism by which P3 demonstrates broad-spectrum anti-CoV activity, we determined the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 N-NTD:P3 complex. We found that P3 was positioned in the dimeric N-NTD via hydrophobic contacts. Compared with the interfaces in MERS-CoV N-NTD, P3 had a reversed orientation in SARS-CoV-2 N-NTD. The Phe residue in the MERS-CoV N-NTD:P3 complex stabilized both P3 moieties. However, in the SARS-CoV-2 N-NTD:P3 complex, the Ile residue formed only one interaction with the P3 benzene ring. Moreover, the pocket in the SARS-CoV-2 N-NTD:P3 complex was more hydrophobic, favoring the insertion of the P3 benzene ring into the complex. Nevertheless, hydrophobic interactions remained the primary stabilizing force in both complexes. These findings suggested that despite the differences in the sequence, P3 can accommodate a hydrophobic pocket in N-NTD to mediate a non-native PPI, enabling its effectiveness against various CoVs.
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COVID-19 , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Benzeno , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/química , Antivirais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Ferroptosis is a recently identified form of regulated cell death, characterized by excessive iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Recent studies have demonstrated that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an important mediator of chemically induced ferroptosis and also a new target for protection against ferroptosis-associated cell death. In the present study, we identified that 4-hydroxyestrone (4-OH-E1), a metabolic derivative of endogenous estrogen, is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of PDI, and can strongly protect against chemically induced ferroptotic cell death in the estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Pull-down and CETSA assays demonstrated that 4-OH-E1 can directly bind to PDI both in vitro and in intact cells. Computational modeling analysis revealed that 4-OH-E1 forms two hydrogen bonds with PDI His256, which is essential for its binding interaction and thus inhibition of PDI's catalytic activity. Additionally, PDI knockdown attenuates the protective effect of 4-OH-E1 as well as cystamine (a known PDI inhibitor) against chemically induced ferroptosis in human breast cancer cells. Importantly, inhibition of PDI by 4-OH-E1 and cystamine or PDI knockdown by siRNAs each markedly reduces iNOS activity and NO accumulation, which has recently been demonstrated to play an important role in erastin-induced ferroptosis. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that 4-OH-E1 is a novel inhibitor of PDI and can strongly inhibit ferroptosis in human breast cancer cells in an estrogen receptor-independent manner. The mechanistic understanding gained from the present study may also aid in understanding the estrogen receptor-independent cytoprotective actions of endogenous estrogen metabolites in many noncancer cell types.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Hidroxiestronas , Piperazinas , Isomerases de Dissulfetos de Proteínas , Humanos , Feminino , Isomerases de Dissulfetos de Proteínas/química , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Cistamina , Morte Celular , Estrogênios , Receptores de EstrogênioRESUMO
Secondary structures formed by expanded CUG RNA are involved in the pathobiology of myotonic dystrophy type 1. Understanding the molecular basis of toxic RNA structures can provide insights into the mechanism of disease pathogenesis and accelerate the drug discovery process. Here, we report the crystal structure of CUG repeat RNA containing three U-U mismatches between C-G and G-C base pairs. The CUG RNA crystallizes as an A-form duplex, with the first and third U-U mismatches adopting a water-mediated asymmetric mirror isoform geometry. We found for the first time that a symmetric, water-bridged U-H2O-U mismatch is well tolerated within the CUG RNA duplex, which was previously suspected but not observed. The new water-bridged U-U mismatch resulted in high base-pair opening and single-sided cross-strand stacking interactions, which in turn dominate the CUG RNA structure. Furthermore, we performed molecular dynamics simulations that complemented the structural findings and proposed that the first and third U-U mismatches are interchangeable conformations, while the central water-bridged U-U mismatch represents an intermediate state that modulates the RNA duplex conformation. Collectively, the new structural features provided in this work are important for understanding the recognition of U-U mismatches in CUG repeats by external ligands such as proteins or small molecules.
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Distrofia Miotônica , Humanos , Distrofia Miotônica/genética , Água/química , RNA/metabolismo , Pareamento de Bases , Conformação de Ácido NucleicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can restore exhausted T cell immunity not only for cancer treatment but also potentially for curing chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The impact of ICIs on Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance in cancer patients was unclear. METHODS: Consecutive cancer patients from 2016 to 2020 (Cohort 1, n=118), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients from 2020 to 2022 (Cohort 2, n=44, as validation) receiving ICIs and positive for HBsAg were retrospectively recruited. An additional hepatitis B virus (HBV)-HCC cohort (Cohort 3, n=85) without ICI served as a control group. Factors associated with HBsAg loss or combining HBsAg decline >1 log were analyzed. RESULTS: With median follow-up of 17.5 months, 8 (6.8%) in cohort 1 and 4 (9.1%) in cohort 2 achieved HBsAg seroclearance, and additional 4 in cohort 1 and 1 in cohort 2 had HBsAg decline >1 log. In multivariate analysis, HBsAg <100 IU/mL was associated with HBsAg seroclearance (HR=6.274, p=0.028). In the validation cohort, the cumulative incidence of HBsAg loss at months 12 and 24 was 13.0% and 38.4% for baseline HBsAg <100 IU/ml, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (p=0.0267). While no case in cohort 3 achieved HBsAg within 24 months. Of the 17 cases achieved HBsAg loss and decline >1 log, 16 (94.1%) had nucleos(t)ide analogs treatment. The median time to HBsAg loss or HBsAg decline was 16.5 months (ranged 9.6 to 27.5). CONCLUSIONS: ICIs may accelerate HBsAg seroclearance in cancer patients with baseline HBsAg <100 IU/ml. This finding provides important information for the design of future ICI trials to achieve functional cure in patients with CHB.
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Iron overload from repeated transfusions has a negative impact on cardiac function, and iron chelation therapy may help prevent cardiac dysfunction in transfusion-dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). TELESTO (NCT00940602) was a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomised study to evaluate the iron chelator deferasirox in patients with low- or intermediate-1-risk MDS and iron overload. Echocardiographic parameters were collected at screening and during treatment. Patients receiving deferasirox experienced a significant decrease in the composite risk of hospitalisation for congestive heart failure (CHF) or worsening of cardiac function (HR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.99; nominal p = 0.0322) versus placebo. No significant differences between the arms were found in left ventricular ejection fraction, ventricular diameter and mass or pulmonary artery pressure. The absolute number of events was low, but the enrolled patients were younger than average for patients with MDS, with no serious cardiac comorbidities and a modest cardiovascular risk profile. These results support the effectiveness of deferasirox in preventing cardiac damage caused by iron overload in this patient population. Identification of patients developing CHF is challenging due to the lack of distinctive echocardiographic features. The treatment of iron overload may be important to prevent cardiac dysfunction in these patients, even those with moderate CHF risk.
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Deferasirox , Quelantes de Ferro , Sobrecarga de Ferro , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas , Humanos , Deferasirox/uso terapêutico , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/terapia , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/tratamento farmacológico , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/complicações , Masculino , Feminino , Quelantes de Ferro/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Sobrecarga de Ferro/etiologia , Sobrecarga de Ferro/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Prospectivos , Benzoatos/uso terapêutico , Benzoatos/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Reação Transfusional/etiologia , Ecocardiografia , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Triazóis/uso terapêutico , Triazóis/efeitos adversos , Transfusão de SangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (atezo-bev) has been recommended for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). High-dose external beam radiotherapy (RT) is recognized for its excellent local tumor control. The efficacy and safety of concurrent atezo-bev with RT for highly advanced HCC has been minimally explored. METHODS: In this preliminary retrospective study, we assessed patients with highly advanced HCC, characterized by Vp4 portal vein thrombosis or tumors exceeding 50% of liver volume, who received concurrent atezo-bev and RT (group A). Group A included 13 patients who received proton radiation at a dose of 72.6 GyE in 22 fractions, and one patient who received photon radiation at a dose of 54 Gy in 18 fractions. This group was compared with 34 similar patients treated atezo-bev alone as a control (group B). The primary objectives were to evaluate the objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, except for a higher incidence of Vp4 portal vein thrombosis in group A (78.6% vs. 21.4%, Pâ =â .05). Group A achieved a higher ORR (50.0% vs. 11.8%, Pâ <â .01) and a longer OS (not reached vs. 5.5 months, Pâ =â .01) after a median follow-up of 5.2 months. Multivariate analysis indicated that concurrent RT independently favored longer OS (hazard ratio: 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05-0.63, Pâ <â .01). Group A did not increase any grade adverse events (78.6% vs. 58.8%, Pâ =â .19) or severe adverse events of gradeâ ≥â 3 (14.3% vs. 14.7%, Pâ =â .97) compared to group B. CONCLUSIONS: The concurrent high-dose external beam radiotherapy appears to safely enhance the effectiveness of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for highly advanced patients with HCC. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Bevacizumab , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/radioterapia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Bevacizumab/uso terapêutico , Bevacizumab/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Hepáticas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , Feminino , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , AdultoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) plus nonselective ß-blockers (NSBB) is the standard of care for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB). This trial aimed to compare the rebleeding rates between EVL plus NSBB till eradication of esophageal varices (EEV) and EVL plus long-term NSBB. METHODS: After control of acute EVB, patients with cirrhosis were randomized into 2 groups, with group A patients receiving EVL plus propranolol till EEV, while group B patients received standard of care with continuation of propranolol. Recurrent varices were ligated at follow-up endoscopy in both groups. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 23.0 months in group A (n = 106) and 23.6 months in group B (n = 106). Twelve patients (11.3%) in group A and 11 (10.4%) in group B had recurrent EVB. The difference in rebleeding rates and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.9% (-7.5% to 9.3%). The upper 95% CI bound of the difference was within the margin of 13.2%, and the noninferiority of group A to group B was established. Thirty-eight patients (35.8%) in group A and 40 (37.7%) in group B had further decompensation, with the difference (95% CI) of -1.9% (-14.9% to 11.1%). Twenty-four patients (22.6%) in group A and 26 (24.5%) in group B expired, with the difference (95% CI) in mortality rates of -1.9% (-13.3% to 9.5%). DISCUSSION: EVL plus propranolol till EEV was noninferior to EVL plus continuing propranolol in secondary prophylaxis of EVB, but the impact on further decompensation and transplantation-free survival deserved further investigation.
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Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Propranolol , Humanos , Propranolol/uso terapêutico , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/cirurgia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/prevenção & controle , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal , LigaduraRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) tend to have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with poorer prognosis. We performed this research to compare the risks of cardiovascular diseases, cirrhosis, liver-related mortality, and cardiovascular mortality between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) use and no-use in patients with T2D without viral hepatitis. METHODS: From January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2018, we used propensity-score matching to identify 31,183 pairs of GLP-1 RA users and nonusers from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the outcomes between the study and control groups. RESULTS: The median (Q1, Q3) follow-up time for GLP-1 RA users and nonusers were 2.19 (1.35, 3.52) and 2.14 (1.19, 3.68) years, respectively. The all-cause mortality incidence rate was 5.67 and 13.06 per 1000 person-years for GLP-1 RA users and nonusers, respectively. Multivariable-adjusted analysis showed that GLP-1 RA use had significantly lower risks of all-cause mortality (aHR 0.48, 95%CI 0.43-0.53), cardiovascular events (aHR 0.92, 95%CI 0.86-0.99), cardiovascular death (aHR 0.57, 95%CI 0.45-0.72), and liver-related death (aHR 0.32, 95%CI 0.13-0.75). However, there was no significant difference in the risk of liver cirrhosis development, hepatic failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma compared to GLP-1 RA no-use. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide cohort study showed that GLP-1 RA use was associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular death in patients with T2D among Taiwan population. More prospective studies are warranted to verify our results.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Agonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Estudos de Coortes , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Fígado , Hipoglicemiantes , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nutritional administration in acute pancreatitis (AP) management has sparked widespread discussion, yet contradictory mortality results across meta-analyses necessitate clarification. The optimal nutritional route in AP remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare mortality among nutritional administration routes in patients with AP using consistency model. METHODS: This study searched four major databases for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two authors independently extracted and checked data and quality. Network meta-analysis was conducted for estimating risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) based on random-effects model. Subgroup analyses accounted for AP severity and nutrition support initiation. RESULTS: A meticulous search yielded 1185 references, with 30 records meeting inclusion criteria from 27 RCTs (n = 1594). Pooled analyses showed the mortality risk reduction associated with nasogastric (NG) (RR = 0.34; 95%CI: 0.16-0.73) and nasojejunal (NJ) feeding (RR = 0.46; 95%CI: 0.25-0.84) in comparison to nil per os. Similarly, NG (RR = 0.45; 95%CI: 0.24-0.83) and NJ (RR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.40-0.90) feeding also showed lower mortality risk than total parenteral nutrition. Subgroup analyses, stratified by severity, supported these findings. Notably, the timing of nutritional support initiation emerged as a significant factor, with NJ feeding demonstrating notable mortality reduction within 24 and 48 h, particularly in severe cases. CONCLUSION: For severe AP, both NG and NJ feeding appear optimal, with variations in initiation timings. NG feeding does not appear to merit recommendation within the initial 24 h, whereas NJ feeding is advisable within the corresponding timeframe following admission. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing nutritional interventions in AP.
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Nutrição Enteral , Metanálise em Rede , Apoio Nutricional , Pancreatite , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Humanos , Pancreatite/mortalidade , Pancreatite/dietoterapia , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Intubação Gastrointestinal , Doença AgudaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prognosis for patients with esophageal cancer who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by surgery has shown improvement in recent years. We sought to identify the critical factors contributing to enhanced survival outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively examined 427 patients with esophageal cancer treated with nCRT and esophagectomy across two periods: P1 (from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2011) and P2 (from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017). The introduction of the CROSS regimen and total meso-esophagectomy in P2 prompted an evaluation of their effects on perioperative outcomes and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: During P2, the occurrence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy increased significantly from 3.9 to 16.8% (p < 0.001), while pneumonia and in-hospital mortality rates remained unchanged. The median OS improved from 19.2 to 29.2 months (p < 0.001) between P1 and P2. Multivariable analysis identified higher nodal yields and the achievement of major response as favorable prognostic factors. Conversely, an involved circumferential resection margin (CRM), an advanced ypN stage, and pneumonia were independently associated with poor outcomes. Patients treated during P2 had a lower prevalence of involved CRM (10% vs. 25.1%, p < 0.001), a higher rate of major response (52.7% vs. 34.8%, p < 0.01), and a greater nodal yield (27.8 vs. 10.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical outcomes following nCRT and surgery have improved significantly over time. This progress can be attributed to multiple factors, with the primary drivers being the refinement of nCRT protocols and the application of radical surgery.
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogeneous immature cells and natural inhibitors of adaptive immunity. Metabolic fitness of MDSCs is fundamental for its suppressive activity toward effector T cells. Our previous studies showed that the number and inhibitory function of MDSCs were impaired in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) compared with healthy controls. In this study, we analyzed the effects of decitabine on MDSCs from patients with ITP, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that low-dose decitabine promoted the generation of MDSCs and enhanced their aerobic metabolism and immunosuppressive functions. Lower expression of liver kinase 1 (LKB1) was found in MDSCs from patients with ITP, which was corrected by decitabine therapy. LKB1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection effectively blocked the function of MDSCs and almost offset the enhanced effect of decitabine on impaired MDSCs. Subsequently, anti-CD61 immune-sensitized splenocytes were transferred into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to induce ITP in murine models. Passive transfer of decitabine-modulated MDSCs significantly raised platelet counts compared with that of phosphate buffered saline-modulated MDSCs. However, when LKB1 shRNA-transfected MDSCs were transferred into SCID mice, the therapeutic effect of decitabine in alleviating thrombocytopenia was quenched. In conclusion, our study suggests that the impaired aerobic metabolism of MDSCs is involved in the pathogenesis of ITP, and the modulatory effect of decitabine on MDSC metabolism contributes to the improvement of its immunosuppressive function. This provides a possible mechanism for sustained remission elicited by low-dose decitabine in patients with ITP.
Assuntos
Células Supressoras Mieloides , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática , Trombocitopenia , Animais , Camundongos , Decitabina/farmacologia , Decitabina/uso terapêutico , Camundongos SCID , Trombocitopenia/metabolismo , FígadoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Portal hypertension leads to lethal complications in liver cirrhosis. Oxidative stress induced hepatic vascular dysfunction, which exaggerated vasoconstriction and increases hepatic vascular resistance (HVR). Gut dysbiosis further exacerbates portal hypertension. Fructooligosaccharides are prebiotics with potent antioxidant effect. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of fructooligosaccharides in portal hypertension-related vascular dysregulation and gut microbiome. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats received bile duct ligation to induce cirrhosis or sham operation as controls. The rats then randomly received fructooligosaccharides or vehicle for 4 weeks. Experiments were performed on the 29th day after operations. RESULTS: Fructooligosaccharides did not affect portal pressure. Interestingly, fructooligosaccharides significantly attenuated HVR (p = .03). Malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, reduced significantly in the liver in fructooligosaccharides-treated group. In addition, superoxide dismutase and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity increased in the treatment group. On the other hand, vasodilatation-related protein expressions, GTPCH and phospho-eNOS, enhanced significantly. Fructooligosaccharides had no adverse vasodilatation effects on splanchnic vascular system or porto-systemic collateral systems. Locomotor function was not affected by fructooligosaccharides. Faecal microbiota analysis showed that Negativicutes, Selenomonadales and Lactobacillus salivarius reduced in the fructooligosaccharides-treated group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, fructooligosaccharides attenuate hepatic vascular dysfunction in cirrhotic rats via at least partly, ameliorate of dysbiosis and oxidative stress.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Investigating the unexplored territory of lncRNA m6A modification in colorectal cancer (CRC) vasculature, this study focuses on LINC01106 and YTHDF1. METHODS: Clinical assessments reveal upregulated LINC01106 promoting vascular generation via the miR-449b-5p-VEGFA pathway. RESULTS: YTHDF1, elevated in CRC tissues, emerges as an adverse prognostic factor. Functional experiments showcase YTHDF1's inhibitory effects on CRC cell dynamics. Mechanistically, Me-CLIP identifies m6A-modified LINC01106, validated as a YTHDF1 target through Me-RIP. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on the YTHDF1-mediated m6A modification of LINC01106, presenting it as a key player in suppressing CRC vascular generation.