Deep Learning-Based Automatic Endometrium Segmentation and Thickness Measurement for 2D Transvaginal Ultrasound.

Endometrial thickness is closely related to gyneco-logical function and is an important biomarker in transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) examinations for assessing female reproductive health. Manual measurement is time-consuming and subject to high inter- and intra- observer variability. In this paper, we present a fully automated endometrial thickness measurement method using deep learning. Our pipeline consists of: 1) endometrium segmentation using a VGG-based U-Net, and 2) endometrial thickness estimation using medial axis transformation. We conducted experimental studies on 137 2D TVUS cases (74/63 secretory phase/proliferative phase). On a test set of 27 cases/277 images, the segmentation Dice score is 0.83. For thickness measurement, we achieved mean absolute error of 1.23/1.38 mm and root mean squared error of 1.79/1.85 mm on two different test sets. The results are considered well within the clinically acceptable range of ±2 mm. Furthermore, our phase-stratified analysis shows that the measurement variance from the secretory phase is higher than that from the proliferative phase, largely due to the high variability of the endometrium appearance in the secretory phase. Future work will extend our current algorithm toward different clinical outcomes for a broader spectrum of clinical applications.

Can machine learning improve patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy?

RATIONALE: Multiple clinical trials support the effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT); however, optimal patient selection remains challenging due to substantial treatment heterogeneity among patients who meet the clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To apply machine learning to create an algorithm that predicts CRT outcome using electronic health record (EHR) data avaible before the procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS: We applied machine learning and natural language processing to the EHR of 990 patients who received CRT at two academic hospitals between 2004-2015. The primary outcome was reduced CRT benefit, defined as <0% improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 6-18 months post-procedure or death by 18 months. Data regarding demographics, laboratory values, medications, clinical characteristics, and past health services utilization were extracted from the EHR available before the CRT procedure. Bigrams (i.e., two-word sequences) were also extracted from the clinical notes using natural language processing. Patients accrued on average 75 clinical notes (SD, 29) before the procedure including data not captured anywhere else in the EHR. A machine learning model was built using 80% of the patient sample (training and validation dataset), and tested on a held-out 20% patient sample (test dataset). Among 990 patients receiving CRT the mean age was 71.6 (SD, 11.8), 78.1% were male, 87.2% non-Hispanic white, and the mean baseline LVEF was 24.8% (SD, 7.69). Out of 990 patients, 403 (40.7%) were identified as having a reduced benefit from the CRT device (<0% LVEF improvement in 25.2%, death by 18 months in 15.6%). The final model identified 26% of these patients at a positive predictive value of 79% (model performance: Fß (ß = 0.1): 77%; recall 0.26; precision 0.79; accuracy 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: A machine learning model that leveraged readily available EHR data and clinical notes identified a subset of CRT patients who may not benefit from CRT before the procedure.