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IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis that frequently progresses to kidney failure. However, the molecular pathogenesis underlying IgAN remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a galactoside-binding protein in IgAN pathogenesis, and showed that Gal-3 expression by the kidney was significantly enhanced in patients with IgAN. In both TEPC-15 hybridoma-derived IgA-induced, passive, and spontaneous "grouped" ddY IgAN models, Gal-3 expression was clearly increased with disease severity in the glomeruli, peri-glomerular regions, and some kidney tubules. Gal-3 knockout (KO) in the passive IgAN model had significantly improved proteinuria, kidney function and reduced severity of kidney pathology, including neutrophil infiltration and decreased differentiation of Th17 cells from kidney-draining lymph nodes, despite increased percentages of regulatory T cells. Gal-3 KO also inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome, yet it enhanced autophagy and improved kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, administration of 6-de-O-sulfated, N-acetylated low-molecular-weight heparin, a competitive Gal-3 binding inhibitor, restored kidney function and improved kidney lesions in passive IgAN mice. Thus, our results suggest that Gal-3 is critically involved in IgAN pathogenesis by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and promoting Th17 cell differentiation. Hence, targeting Gal-3 action may represent a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of this kidney disease.
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Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, whose biological effects are exerted via binding to glycoconjugates expressed on the surface of cells. Exposure to lectins can lead not only to a change in the structure and properties of cells but also to their death. Here, we studied the biological activity of lectins from the mussels Crenomytilus graynus (CGL) and Mytilus trossulus (MTL) and showed that these proteins can affect the proliferation of human lymphoma cells. Both lectins suppressed the formation of colonies as well as cell cycle progression. The mechanism of action of these lectins was not mediated by reactive oxygen species but included damaging of mitochondria, inhibition of key cell cycle points, and activation of MAPK signaling pathway in tumor cells. Computer modeling suggested that various effects of CGL and MTL on lymphoma cells may be due to the difference in the energy of binding of these lectins to carbohydrate ligands on the cell surface. Thus, molecular recognition of residues of terminal carbohydrates on the surface of tumor cells is a key factor in the manifestation of the biological action of lectins.
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Marine bacteria, which are often described as chemical gold, are considered an exceptional source of new therapeutics. Considerable research interest has been given to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), the main components of the Gram-negative outer membrane. LPS and its lipid A portion from marine bacteria are known to exhibit a tricky chemistry that has been often associated with intriguing properties such as behaving as immune adjuvants or anti-sepsis molecules. In this scenario, we report the structural determination of the lipid A from three marine bacteria within the Cellulophaga genus, which showed to produce an extremely heterogenous blend of tetra- to hexa-acylated lipid A species, mostly carrying one phosphate and one D-mannose on the glucosamine disaccharide backbone. The ability of the three LPSs in activating TLR4 signaling revealed a weaker immunopotential by C. baltica NNO 15840T and C. tyrosinoxydans EM41T , while C. algicola ACAM 630T behaved as a more potent TLR4 activator.
Assuntos
Flavobacteriaceae , Gammaproteobacteria , Lipídeo A/química , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Lipopolissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
The flowers of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva Linn.) have been used as vegetable and medicinal herb for thousands of years in Taiwan and eastern Asia. Daylily flowers have been demonstrated to exert several biomedical properties. In this study, we provided the evidences show that daylily flowers exert anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and improved the sleep quality in vivo. We demonstrated that adult volunteers received water extract of daylily flowers improved sleep quality, sleep efficiency and daytime functioning, while sleep latency was reduced, compared to the adult volunteers received water. In addition, we demonstrated that aqueous and ethanol extracts of daylily flowers inhibited nitric oxide and interleukin-6 production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Furthermore, the quantitative high performance liquid chromatography-based analysis showed the rutin content of the aqueous extract, ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fractions of ethanolic extract, and water fractions of ethanolic extract were 7.27, 23.30, 14.71, and 57.43 ppm, respectively. These results indicate that daylily flowers have the potential to be a nutraceutical for improving inflammatory-related diseases and sleep quality in the future.
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Hemerocallis , Extratos Vegetais , Qualidade do Sono , Humanos , Flores/química , Hemerocallis/química , Interleucina-6 , Macrófagos , Óxido Nítrico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of the CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. When the number of CAG repeats exceeds 36, the translated expanded polyglutamine-containing HTT protein (mutant HTT [mHTT]) interferes with the normal functions of many cellular proteins and subsequently jeopardizes important cellular machineries in major types of brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which comprises NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1, is involved in the activation of IL-1ß and IL-18 and has been implicated in various biological functions. Although the existence of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the brain has been documented, the roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HD remain largely uncharacterized. MCC950 is a highly selective and potent small-molecule inhibitor of NLRP3 that has been used for the treatment of several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, whether MCC950 is also beneficial in HD remains unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that MCC950 exerts beneficial effects in a transgenic mouse model of HD. METHODS: To evaluate the effects of MCC950 in HD, we used the R6/2 (B6CBA-Tg[HDexon1]62Gpb/1J) transgenic mouse model of HD, which expresses exon 1 of the human HTT gene carrying 120 ± 5 CAG repeats. Male transgenic R6/2 mice were treated daily with MCC950 (10 mg/kg of body weight; oral administration) or water for 5 weeks from the age of 7 weeks. We examined neuronal density, neuroinflammation, and mHTT aggregation in the striatum of R6/2 mice vs. their wild-type littermates. We also evaluated the motor function, body weight, and lifespan of R6/2 mice. RESULTS: Systematic administration of MCC950 to R6/2 mice suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome, decreased IL-1ß and reactive oxygen species production, and reduced neuronal toxicity, as assessed based on increased neuronal density and upregulation of the NeuN and PSD-95 proteins. Most importantly, oral administration of MCC950 increased neuronal survival, reduced neuroinflammation, extended lifespan, and improved motor dysfunction in R6/2 mice. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our findings indicate that MCC950 exerts beneficial effects in a transgenic mouse model of HD and has therapeutic potential for treatment of this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Doença de Huntington , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Doença de Huntington/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Huntington/genética , Doença de Huntington/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , NeuroproteçãoRESUMO
In the present study, acute onset of severe lupus nephritis was successfully treated in mice using a new, benzamide-linked, small molecule that targets immune modulation and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Specifically, 6-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione (Cf-02) (a) reduced serum levels of IgG anti-dsDNA, IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α, (b) inhibited activation of dendritic cells and differentially regulated T cell functions, and (c) suppressed the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis, targeting priming and activating signals of the inflammasome. Moreover, treatment with Cf-02 significantly inhibited secretion of IL-1ß in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, but this effect was abolished by autophagy induction. These results recommend Cf-02 as a promising drug candidate for the serious renal conditions associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Future investigations should examine whether Cf-02 may also be therapeutic in other types of chronic kidney disease involving NLRP3 inflammasome-driven signaling.
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Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Nefrite Lúpica/tratamento farmacológico , NF-kappa B/imunologia , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/imunologia , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Células Cultivadas , Células Dendríticas , Feminino , Humanos , Macrófagos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Síndrome de SjogrenRESUMO
IgA nephropathy (IgAN), an immune complex-mediated process and the most common primary glomerulonephritis, can progress to end-stage renal disease in up to 40% of patients. Accordingly, a therapeutic strategy targeting a specific molecular pathway is urgently warranted. Aided by structure characterisation and target identification, we predicted that a novel ring-fused 6-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione (LCC18) targets the NLRP3 inflammasome, which participates in IgAN pathogenesis. We further developed biomarkers for the disease. We used two complementary IgAN models in C57BL/6 mice, involving TEPC-15 hybridoma-derived IgA, and in gddY mice. Moreover, we created specific cell models to validate therapeutic effects of LCC18 on IgAN and to explain its underlying mechanisms. IgAN mice benefited significantly from treatment with LCC18, showing dramatically improved renal function, including greatly reduced proteinuria and renal pathology. Mechanistic studies showed that the mode of action specifically involved: (1) blocking of the MAPKs/COX-2 axis-mediated priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome; (2) inhibition of ASC oligomerisation and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by inhibiting NLRP3 binding to PKR, NEK7 and ASC; and (3) activation of autophagy. LCC18 exerts therapeutic effects on murine IgAN by differentially regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophagy induction, suggesting this new compound as a promising drug candidate to treat IgAN. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Benzamidas/farmacologia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/patologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Inflamassomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzamidas/química , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Fatores Imunológicos/química , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismoRESUMO
Tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (Tris DBA), a small-molecule palladium complex, has been shown to inhibit cell growth and proliferation in pancreatic cancer, lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma. In the current study, we examined the therapeutic effects of Tris DBA on glomerular cell proliferation, renal inflammation, and immune cells. Treatment of accelerated and severe lupus nephritis (ASLN) mice with Tris DBA resulted in improved renal function, albuminuria, and pathology, including measurements of glomerular cell proliferation, cellular crescents, neutrophils, fibrinoid necrosis, and tubulointerstitial inflammation in the kidneys as well as scoring for glomerulonephritis activity. The treated ASLN mice also showed significantly decreased glomerular IgG, IgM, and C3 deposits. Furthermore, the compound was able to 1) inhibit bone marrow-derived dendritic cell-mediated T cell functions and reduce serum anti-dsDNA autoantibody levels; 2) differentially regulate autophagy and both the priming and activation signals of the NLRP3 inflammasome; and 3) suppress the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Tris DBA improved ASLN in mice through immunoregulation by blunting the MAPK (ERK, JNK)-mediated priming signal of the NLRP3 inflammasome and by regulating the autophagy/NLRP3 inflammasome axis. These results suggest that the pure compound may be a drug candidate for treating the accelerated and deteriorated type of lupus nephritis.
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Inflamassomos/antagonistas & inibidores , Nefrite Lúpica/tratamento farmacológico , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organometálicos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Comunicação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Comunicação Celular/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamassomos/imunologia , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Glomérulos Renais/imunologia , Glomérulos Renais/metabolismo , Glomérulos Renais/patologia , Nefrite Lúpica/diagnóstico , Nefrite Lúpica/imunologia , Nefrite Lúpica/patologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/imunologia , Camundongos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/imunologia , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Linfócitos T Reguladores/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common primary glomerular disorder, has a relatively poor prognosis yet lacks a pathogenesis-based treatment. Compound K (CK) is a major absorbable intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides, which are bioactive components of ginseng. The present study revealed promising therapeutic effects of CK in two complementary IgAN models: a passively induced one developed by repeated injections of IgA immune complexes and a spontaneously occurring model of spontaneous grouped ddY mice. The potential mechanism for CK includes 1) inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in renal tissues, macrophages and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, 2) enhancing the induction of autophagy through increased SIRT1 expression, and 3) eliciting autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. The results support CK as a drug candidate for IgAN.
Assuntos
Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Ginsenosídeos/farmacologia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamassomos/antagonistas & inibidores , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Animais , Autofagia/imunologia , Linhagem Celular , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ginsenosídeos/uso terapêutico , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/imunologia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/patologia , Humanos , Inflamassomos/imunologia , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Glomérulos Renais/efeitos dos fármacos , Glomérulos Renais/imunologia , Glomérulos Renais/patologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Cultura Primária de Células , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/imunologiaRESUMO
Most proteins have the ability to self-associate into homooligomeric protein complexes, which consist of two or more identical subunits. Today, modern methods of molecular modeling are an integral part of the study of many biologically active molecules. In silico methods are widely used in structure establishing and function and activity prediction of lectins - carbohydrate-binding proteins. Here, we described by computer simulation the spatial organization of lectin isolated from the mantle of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (MTL). It was shown that the dimerization of MTL gives a total of six ligand binding sites that may be important for the manifestation its biological properties. The ability of MTL to form a dimeric and oligomeric structure was confirmed by dynamic light scattering and SDS-PAGE methods.
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Mytilus , Animais , Mytilus/metabolismo , Lectinas/química , Simulação por Computador , Sítios de LigaçãoRESUMO
The edible fungus Tremella fuciformis was shown to have a high molecular weight (1.87 × 103 kDa) bioactive polysaccharide, denoted as TFP-F1. Monosaccharide composition and NMR analysis of the polysaccharide and its derivatives indicated it contained fucose (Fucp), xylose (Xylp), mannose (Manp), and glucuronic acid (GlcAp) in a ratio of 0.9:1.0:3.2:1.2. Using IR, NMR, and GC-MS spectroscopic data, the structure of TFP-F1 was elucidated as {â3)-[ß-D-GlcAp-(1â2)]-α-D-Manp-(1â3)-α-D-Manp-(1â3)-[α-L-Fucp-(1â2)-ß-D-Xylp-(1â2)]-α-D-Manp-(1â}n, with partial acetylation of C6-OH in mannoses. Furthermore, at a concentration of 1 µg/mL, TFP-F1 was found to stimulate the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in J774A.1 macrophage cells in vitro via interaction with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The removal of O-acetyl groups led to the loss of immunomodulatory activities, demonstrating that O-acetyl groups play an essential role in enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Acetilação , Basidiomycota , Citocinas , Carboidratos da Dieta , Fucose , Ácido Glucurônico , Imunomodulação , Interleucina-6 , Manose , Monossacarídeos , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , XiloseRESUMO
Using honokiol (HNK), a major anti-inflammatory bioactive compound in Magnolia officinalis, we show a potent therapeutic outcome against an accelerated, severe form of lupus nephritis (ASLN). The latter may follow infectious insults that act as environmental triggers in the patients. In the current study, an ASLN model in NZB/W F1 mice was treated with HNK by daily gavage after onset of the disease. We show that HNK ameliorated the ASLN by improving renal function, albuminuria, and renal pathology, especially reducing cellular crescents, neutrophil influx, fibrinoid necrosis in glomeruli, and glomerulonephritis activity scores. Meanwhile, HNK differentially regulated T cell functions, reduced serum anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the mice. The latter involved: (a) suppressed production of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB activation-mediated priming signal of the inflammasome, (b) reduced mitochondrial damage, and (c) enhanced sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/autophagy axis activation. In conclusion, HNK represents a new drug candidate for acute, severe episodes of LN capable of alleviating renal lesions in ASLN mice by negatively regulating T cell functions and by enhancing SIRT1/autophagy axis-lessened NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Autofagia , Compostos de Bifenilo/uso terapêutico , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Lignanas/uso terapêutico , Nefrite Lúpica/tratamento farmacológico , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Inflamassomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Nefrite Lúpica/metabolismo , Camundongos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Macrophages are essential for host defense as they control foreign pathogens and induce acquired immune responses. Activated macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory reactive substances causing local cell and tissue inflammatory response, which helps an organism resist the invasion of foreign pathogens. Excessive or chronic inflammation can cause several diseases. Previous studies have reported that vinegar treatment decreases the levels of several inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO). However, the benefits of wood vinegar produced from Griffith's ash (Fraxinus formosana Hayata) in reducing inflammation have not been investigated yet. Thus, assuming that wood vinegar exerts anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages, in this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of the wood vinegar from Griffith's ash using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response model in RAW264.7 macrophages. We showed that the wood vinegar inhibited the production of iNOS, NO, and interleukin 6. In addition, we found that the wood vinegar reduced the phosphorylation levels of p38 and protein kinase C-α/δ in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Based on these results, we suggest that the produced wood vinegar can reduce inflammation in LPS-activated macrophages.
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Ácido Acético , Anti-Inflamatórios , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Acético/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2 , Fraxinus , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Mediadores da Inflamação , Lipopolissacarídeos , Metanol , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
Post-weaning diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common disease of piglets and causes great economic loss for the swine industry. Over the past few decades, decreasing effectiveness of conventional antibiotics has caused serious problems because of the growing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Various studies have indicated that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have potential to serve as an alternative to antibiotics owing to rapid killing action and highly selective toxicity. Our previous studies have shown that AMP GW-Q4 and its derivatives possess effective antibacterial activities against the Gram-negative bacteria. Hence, in the current study, we evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of GW-Q4 and its derivatives against MDR ETEC and their minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values were determined to be around 2~32 µg/mL. Among them, AMP Q4-15a-1 with the second lowest MIC (4 µg/mL) and the highest minimal hemolysis concentration (MHC, 256 µg/mL), thus showing the greatest selectivity (MHC/MIC = 64) was selected for further investigations. Moreover, Q4-15a-1 showed dose-dependent bactericidal activity against MDR ETEC in time-kill curve assays. According to the cellular localization and membrane integrity analyses using confocal microscopy, Q4-15a-1 can rapidly interact with the bacterial surface, disrupt the membrane and enter cytosol in less than 30 min. Minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of Q4-15a-1 is 4× MIC (16 µg/mL), indicating that Q4-15a-1 is effective against MDR ETEC biofilm. Besides, we established an MDR ETEC infection model with intestinal porcine epithelial cell-1 (IPEC-1). In this infection model, 32 µg/mL Q4-15a-1 can completely inhibit ETEC adhesion onto IPEC-1. Overall, these results suggested that Q4-15a-1 may be a promising antibacterial candidate for treatment of weaned piglets infected by MDR ETEC.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/farmacologia , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/patogenicidade , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/patologiaRESUMO
Tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (Tris DBA), a small-molecule palladium complex, can inhibit cell growth and proliferation in pancreatic cancer, lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma. Given that this compound is particularly active against B-cell malignancies, we have been suggested that it can alleviate immune complexes (ICs)-mediated conditions, especially IgA nephropathy (IgAN). The therapeutic effects of Tris DBA on glomerular cell proliferation and renal inflammation and mechanism of action were examined in a mouse model of IgAN. Treatment of IgAN mice with Tris DBA resulted in markedly improved renal function, albuminuria and renal pathology, including glomerular cell proliferation, neutrophil infiltration, sclerosis and periglomerular inflammation in the renal interstitium, together with (Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011, 6, 1301-1307) reduced mitochondrial ROS generation; (Am J Physiol-Renal Physiol. 2011. 301, F1218-F1230) differentially regulated autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome; (Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012, 7, 427-436) inhibited phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38 MAPK signalling pathways, and priming signal of the NLRP3 inflammasome; and (Free Radic Biol Med. 2013, 61, 285-297) blunted NLRP3 inflammasome activation through SIRT1- and SIRT3-mediated autophagy induction, in renal tissues or cultured macrophages. In conclusion, Tris DBA effectively ameliorated the mouse IgAN model and targeted signalling pathways downstream of ICs-mediated interaction, which is a novel immunomodulatory strategy. Further development of Tris DBA as a therapeutic candidate for IgAN is warranted.
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Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Compostos Organometálicos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Sirtuína 3/metabolismo , Animais , Autofagia/genética , Biomarcadores , Biópsia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/diagnóstico , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/tratamento farmacológico , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/etiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Testes de Função Renal , Ativação de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patologia , Modelos Biológicos , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sirtuína 1/genética , Sirtuína 3/genética , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/patologiaRESUMO
Xenon, an inert anesthetic gas, is increasingly recognized to possess desirable properties including cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Here we evaluated the effects of xenon on the progression of lupus nephritis (LN) in a mouse model. A two hour exposure of either 70% xenon or 70% nitrogen balanced with oxygen was administered daily for five weeks to female NZB/W F1 mice that had been induced to develop accelerated and severe LN. Xenon treatment improved kidney function and renal histology, and decreased the renal expression of neutrophil chemoattractants, thereby attenuating glomerular neutrophil infiltration. The effects of xenon were mediated primarily by deceasing serum levels of anti-double stranded DNA autoantibody, inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome activation, ICAM-1 expression, glomerular deposition of IgG and C3 and apoptosis, in the kidney; and enhancing renal hypoxia inducible factor 1-α expression. Proteomic analysis revealed that the treatment with xenon downregulated renal NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated cellular signaling. Similarly, xenon was effective in improving renal pathology and function in a spontaneous LN model in female NZB/W F1 mice. Thus, xenon may have a therapeutic role in treating LN but further studies are warranted to determine applicability to patients.
Assuntos
Nefrite Lúpica , Animais , Feminino , Inflamassomos , Rim , Nefrite Lúpica/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NZB , NF-kappa B , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Proteômica , XenônioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Renal tubulointerstitial lesions (TILs), a key pathological hallmark for chronic kidney disease to progress to end-stage renal disease, feature renal tubular atrophy, interstitial mononuclear leukocyte infiltration and fibrosis in the kidney. Our study tested the renoprotective and therapeutic effects of compound K (CK), as described in our US patent (US7932057B2), on renal TILs using a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. METHODS: Renal pathology was performed and renal draining lymph nodes were subjected to flow cytometry analysis. Mechanism-based experiments included the analysis of mitochondrial dysfunction, a model of tubular epithelial cells (TECs) under mechanically induced constant pressure (MICP) and tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomics analysis. RESULTS: Administration of CK ameliorated renal TILs by reducing urine levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and preventing mononuclear leukocyte infiltration and fibrosis in the kidney. The beneficial effects clearly correlated with its inhibition of: (i) NF-κB-associated priming and the mitochondria-associated activating signals of the NLRP3 inflammasome; (ii) STAT3 signalling, which in part prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation; and (iii) the TGF-ß-dependent Smad2/Smad3 fibrotic pathway, in renal tissues, renal TECs under MICP and/or activated macrophages, the latter as a major inflammatory player contributing to renal TILs. Meanwhile, TMT-based proteomics analysis revealed downregulated renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation-associated signalling pathways in CK-treated UUO mice. CONCLUSIONS: The present study, for the first time, presents the potent renoprotective and therapeutic effects of CK on renal TILs by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and STAT3 signalling.
Assuntos
Ginsenosídeos/farmacologia , Inflamassomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Nefrite Intersticial/tratamento farmacológico , Obstrução Ureteral/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Rim/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Nefrite Intersticial/metabolismo , Nefrite Intersticial/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Obstrução Ureteral/metabolismo , Obstrução Ureteral/patologiaRESUMO
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 5.8% of all malignancies in Taiwan, and the incidence of OSCC is on the rise. OSCC is also a common malignancy worldwide, and the five-year survival rate remains poor. Therefore, new and effective treatments are needed to control OSCC. In the present study, we prepared ginsenoside M1 (20-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), a major deglycosylated metabolite of ginsenoside, through the biotransformation of Panax notoginseng leaves by the fungus SP-LSL-002. We investigated the anti-OSCC activity and associated mechanisms of ginsenoside M1 in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 dose-dependently inhibited the viability of human OSCC SAS and OEC-M1 cells. To gain further insight into the mode of action of ginsenoside M1, we demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 increased the expression levels of Bak, Bad, and p53 and induced apoptotic DNA breaks, G1 phase arrest, PI/Annexin V double-positive staining, and caspase-3/9 activation. In addition, we demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 dose-dependently inhibited the colony formation and migration ability of SAS and OEC-M1 cells and reduced the expression of metastasis-related protein vimentin. Furthermore, oral administration or subcutaneous injection of ginsenoside M1 significantly reduced tumor growth in SAS xenograft mice. These results indicate that ginsenoside M1 can be translated into a potential therapeutic against OSCC.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Movimento Celular , Ginsenosídeos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Bucais/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Neoplasias Bucais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Dysregulation of NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including gouty arthritis. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome requires priming and activation signals: the priming signal controls the expression of NLRP3 and interleukin (IL)-1ß precursor (proIL-1ß), while the activation signal leads to the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome and to caspase-1 activation. Here, we reported the effects of the alcoholic extract of Taiwanese green propolis (TGP) on the NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro and in vivo. TGP inhibited proIL-1ß expression by reducing nuclear factor kappa B activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Additionally, TGP also suppressed the activation signal by reducing mitochondrial damage, ROS production, lysosomal rupture, c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 phosphorylation and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein oligomerization. Furthermore, we found that TGP inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome partially via autophagy induction. In the in vivo mouse model of uric acid crystal-induced peritonitis, TGP attenuated the peritoneal recruitment of neutrophils, and the levels of IL-1ß, active caspase-1, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in lavage ï¬uids. As a proof of principle, in this study, we purified a known compound, propolin G, from TGP and identified this compound as a potential inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Our results indicated that TGP might be useful for ameliorating gouty inflammation via inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Artrite Gotosa/prevenção & controle , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/antagonistas & inibidores , Peritonite/prevenção & controle , Própole/farmacologia , Animais , Artrite Gotosa/imunologia , Artrite Gotosa/metabolismo , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peritonite/imunologia , Peritonite/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Células THP-1RESUMO
A GalNAc/Gal-specific lectins named CGL and MTL were isolated and characterized from the edible mussels Crenomytilus grayanus and Mytilus trossulus. Amino acid sequence analysis of these lectins showed that they, together with another lectin MytiLec-1, formed a novel lectin family, adopting ß-trefoil fold. In this mini review we discuss the structure, oligomerization, and carbohydrate-binding properties of a novel lectin family. We describe also the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiproliferative activities of these lectins and report about dependence of activities on molecular properties. Summarizing, CGL, MTL, and MytiLec-1 could be involved in the immunity in mollusks and may become a basis for the elaboration of new diagnostic tools or treatments for a variety of cancers.