Brain-wide correspondence of neuronal epigenomics and distant projections.

Single-cell analyses parse the brain's billions of neurons into thousands of 'cell-type' clusters residing in different brain structures1. Many cell types mediate their functions through targeted long-distance projections allowing interactions between specific cell types. Here we used epi-retro-seq2 to link single-cell epigenomes and cell types to long-distance projections for 33,034 neurons dissected from 32 different regions projecting to 24 different targets (225 source-to-target combinations) across the whole mouse brain. We highlight uses of these data for interrogating principles relating projection types to transcriptomics and epigenomics, and for addressing hypotheses about cell types and connections related to genetics. We provide an overall synthesis with 926 statistical comparisons of discriminability of neurons projecting to each target for every source. We integrate this dataset into the larger BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network atlas, composed of millions of neurons, to link projection cell types to consensus clusters. Integration with spatial transcriptomics further assigns projection-enriched clusters to smaller source regions than the original dissections. We exemplify this by presenting in-depth analyses of projection neurons from the hypothalamus, thalamus, hindbrain, amygdala and midbrain to provide insights into properties of those cell types, including differentially expressed genes, their associated cis-regulatory elements and transcription-factor-binding motifs, and neurotransmitter use.

Monoclonal antibodies lock down SARS-CoV-2 spike.

SARS-CoV-2 rapidly accumulated mutations in its immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD), rendering all clinically authorized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ineffective. Liu et al. unveil potent human mAbs that neutralize all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants by locking the Spike protein RBD in a downward conformation, thus inhibiting receptor engagement.

Structural basis of water-mediated cis Watson-Crick/Hoogsteen base-pair formation in non-CpG methylation.

Non-CpG methylation is associated with several cellular processes, especially neuronal development and cancer, while its effect on DNA structure remains unclear. We have determined the crystal structures of DNA duplexes containing -CGCCG- regions as CCG repeat motifs that comprise a non-CpG site with or without cytosine methylation. Crystal structure analyses have revealed that the mC:G base-pair can simultaneously form two alternative conformations arising from non-CpG methylation, including a unique water-mediated cis Watson-Crick/Hoogsteen, (w)cWH, and Watson-Crick (WC) geometries, with partial occupancies of 0.1 and 0.9, respectively. NMR studies showed that an alternative conformation of methylated mC:G base-pair at non-CpG step exhibits characteristics of cWH with a syn-guanosine conformation in solution. DNA duplexes complexed with the DNA binding drug echinomycin result in increased occupancy of the (w)cWH geometry in the methylated base-pair (from 0.1 to 0.3). Our structural results demonstrated that cytosine methylation at a non-CpG step leads to an anti→syntransition of its complementary guanosine residue toward the (w)cWH geometry as a partial population of WC, in both drug-bound and naked mC:G base pairs. This particular geometry is specific to non-CpG methylated dinucleotide sites in B-form DNA. Overall, the current study provides new insights into DNA conformation during epigenetic regulation.

Loss of Lamin A leads to the nuclear translocation of AGO2 and compromised RNA interference.

In mammals, RNA interference (RNAi) was historically studied as a cytoplasmic event; however, in the last decade, a growing number of reports convincingly show the nuclear localization of the Argonaute (AGO) proteins. Nevertheless, the extent of nuclear RNAi and its implication in biological mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We found that reduced Lamin A levels significantly induce nuclear influx of AGO2 in SHSY5Y neuroblastoma and A375 melanoma cancer cell lines, which normally have no nuclear AGO2. Lamin A KO manifested a more pronounced effect in SHSY5Y cells compared to A375 cells, evident by changes in cell morphology, increased cell proliferation, and oncogenic miRNA expression. Moreover, AGO fPAR-CLIP in Lamin A KO SHSY5Y cells revealed significantly reduced RNAi activity. Further exploration of the nuclear AGO interactome by mass spectrometry identified FAM120A, an RNA-binding protein and known interactor of AGO2. Subsequent FAM120A fPAR-CLIP, revealed that FAM120A co-binds AGO targets and that this competition reduces the RNAi activity. Therefore, loss of Lamin A triggers nuclear AGO2 translocation, FAM120A mediated RNAi impairment, and upregulation of oncogenic miRNAs, facilitating cancer cell proliferation.

Neuronal splicing regulator RBFOX3 mediates seizures via regulating Vamp1 expression preferentially in NPY-expressing GABAergic neurons.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, which has been linked to mutations or deletions of RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (Caenorhabditis elegans) 3 (RBFOX3)/NeuN, a neuronal splicing regulator. However, the mechanism of seizure mediation by RBFOX3 remains unknown. Here, we show that mice with deletion of Rbfox3 in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic neurons exhibit spontaneous seizures and high premature mortality due to increased presynaptic release, postsynaptic potential, neuronal excitability, and synaptic transmission in hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs). Attenuating early excitatory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) action by administering bumetanide, an inhibitor of early GABA depolarization, rescued premature mortality. Rbfox3 deletion reduced hippocampal expression of vesicle-associated membrane protein 1 (VAMP1), a GABAergic neuron-specific presynaptic protein. Postnatal restoration of VAMP1 rescued premature mortality and neuronal excitability in DGGCs. Furthermore, Rbfox3 deletion in GABAergic neurons showed fewer neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing GABAergic neurons. In addition, deletion of Rbfox3 in NPY-expressing GABAergic neurons lowered intrinsic excitability and increased seizure susceptibility. Our results establish RBFOX3 as a critical regulator and possible treatment path for epilepsy.

MAOB expression correlates with a favourable prognosis in prostate cancer, and its genetic variants are associated with the metastasis of the disease.

Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), a neurotransmitter-degrading enzyme, was reported to reveal conflicting roles in various cancers. However, the functional role of MAOB and impacts of its genetic variants on prostate cancer (PCa) is unknown. Herein, we genotyped four loci of MAOB single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs1799836 (A/G), rs3027452 (G/A), rs6651806 (A/C) and rs6324 (G/A) in 702 PCa Taiwanese patients. We discovered that PCa patients carrying the MAOB rs6324 A-allele exhibited an increased risk of having a high initial prostate-specific antigen (iPSA) level (>10 ng/mL). Additionally, patients with the rs3027452 A-allele had a higher risk of developing distal metastasis, particularly in the subpopulation with high iPSA levels. In a subpopulation without postoperative biochemical recurrence, patients carrying the rs1799836 G-allele had a higher risk of developing lymph node metastasis and recurrence compared to those carrying the A-allele. Furthermore, genotype screening in PCa cell lines revealed that cells carrying the rs1799836 G-allele expressed lower MAOB levels than those carrying the A-allele. Functionally, overexpression and knockdown of MAOB in PCa cells respectively suppressed and enhanced cell motility and proliferation. In clinical observations, correlations of lower MAOB expression levels with higher Gleason scores, advanced clinical T stages, tumour metastasis, and poorer prognosis in PCa patients were noted. Our findings suggest that MAOB may act as a suppressor of PCa progression, and the rs3027452 and rs1799836 genetic variants of MAOB are linked to PCa metastasis within the Taiwanese population.

RTL1/PEG11 imprinted in human and mouse brain mediates anxiety-like and social behaviors and regulates neuronal excitability in the locus coeruleus.

RTL1/PEG11, which has been associated with anxiety disorders, is a retrotransposon-derived imprinted gene in the placenta. However, imprinting patterns and functions of RTL1 in the brain have not been well-investigated. We found Rtl1 was paternally, but not maternally, expressed in brain stem, thalamus, and hypothalamus of mice, and imprinting status of RTL1 was maintained in human brain. Paternal Rtl1 knockout (Rtl1m+/p-) mice had higher neonatal death rates due to impaired suckling, and low body weights beginning on embryonic day 16.5. High paternal expression of Rtl1 was detected in the locus coeruleus (LC) and Rtl1m+/p- mice showed an increased delay in time of onset for action potentials and inward currents with decreased neuronal excitability of LC neurons. Importantly, Rtl1m+/p- mice exhibited behaviors associated with anxiety, depression, fear-related learning and memory, social dominance, and low locomotor activity. Taken together, our findings demonstrate RTL1 is imprinted in brain, mediates emotional and social behaviors, and regulates excitability in LC neurons.

Distinct Effects of Major Affective Disorder Diagnoses and Suicidal Symptom Severity on Inhibitory Control Function and Proinflammatory Cytokines: Single-Site Analysis of 800 Adolescents and Adults.

BACKGROUND: Inhibitory control function and proinflammatory cytokines play a role in the pathomechanisms underlying major affective disorders and suicidal behavior. However, the distinct or interactive effects of major affective disorders and suicidal symptom severity on inhibitory control function and proinflammatory cytokines remain unclear. METHODS: This study included 287 patients with bipolar disorder, 344 with major depressive disorder, and 169 healthy controls. We categorized the participants into 3 groups based on Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) item 10 (suicidal symptoms) score: 0, 2 or 3, and ≥4. The participants completed the go/no-go task and the measurements for C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. RESULTS: Errors in the go/no-go task were associated with suicidality (P = .040), regardless of the severity of suicidal symptoms and diagnosis. An elevated CRP level was especially associated with a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale item 10 score ≥4 (P = .001). An increased TNF-α level could distinguish bipolar disorder from major depressive disorder (P < .001). DISCUSSION: Our study indicated the distinct effects of major affective disorder diagnosis and suicide symptom severity on inhibitory control function and CRP and TNF-α levels. Importantly, individuals with the poorest inhibitory control function and highest CRP levels had more severe suicidal symptoms.

Longitudinal study on all-cause and suicide mortality among individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has linked attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, primarily owing to unnatural causes such as accidents and suicides. This increase may be attributable to the co-occurrence of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), anxiety disorders, substance use disorders (SUDs), and personality disorders (PDs). This study examined the all-cause and specific-cause mortality rates in individuals with ADHD and the influence of psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2017, 1.17 million individuals were enrolled in the study, of which 233,886 received a diagnosis of ADHD from the Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. A 1:4 sex- and birth year-matched control group without ADHD was also included. Hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality rates were estimated between groups after adjusting for demographic data. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 781 individuals with ADHD died. The HR for all-cause mortality was 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-1.61), largely owing to unnatural causes, particularly suicide. Suicide rates were particularly high in individuals with ADHD and psychiatric comorbidities: the HRs for suicide were 47.06 in ADHD with SUDs (95% CI: 6.12-361.99), 32.02 in ADHD with SCZ (7.99-128.29), 23.60 in ADHD with PDs (7.27-76.66), 10.11 in ADHD with anxiety disorders (5.74-17.82), 9.30 in ADHD with BD (4.48-19.33), 8.36 in ADHD with MDD (5.66-12.35), and 6.42 in ADHD with ASD (1.83-22.53) relative to ADHD only. DISCUSSION: ADHD was associated with increased mortality rates, primarily owing to suicide. The presence of major psychiatric comorbidities was associated with a further increase in suicide mortality risk.

Caregivers' Perceptions of Ride-On Cars and Behavioral Changes for Young Children With Motor Delays.

PURPOSE: To investigate caregivers' perceptions of using a ride-on car (ROC) and observe behavioral changes in their children following ROC training and conventional therapy. METHODS: The study included 37 toddlers with motor delays and their caregivers, divided into an ROC training group (27 participants) and a conventional therapy group (10 participants). A binary, multiple-choice, and open-ended questionnaire was administered before and after a 3-month intervention period. RESULTS: Over 70% of caregivers had no experience using mobility devices before the intervention. Before the intervention, children's ability and age were key barriers to using mobility devices. After the intervention, caregivers in the ROC group were more inclined than those in the control group to allocate a larger budget for these devices. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the importance of pediatric physical and occupational therapists working collaboratively with caregivers during such interventions and raising awareness about government subsidies and resources available for mobility devices.

Genetic variants of dipeptidyl peptidase IV are linked to the clinicopathologic development of prostate cancer.

CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) is a multifunctional cell-surface glycoprotein widely found in many cell types, and a soluble form is present in body fluids. There is longstanding evidence indicating a tumour-promoting or -suppressive role of DPP4 in different cancer types. However, studies focusing on the impacts of genetic variants of DPP4 on cancers are very rare. Herein, we conducted a case-control study to evaluate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DPP4 were associated with the risk or clinicopathologic development of prostate cancer (PCa). We genotyped four loci of DPP4 SNPs, including rs7608798 (A/G), rs3788979 (C/T), rs2268889 (T/C) and rs6741949 (G/C), using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay in 704 PCa patients and 704 healthy controls. Our results showed that PCa patients with the DPP4 rs7608798 AG+GG genotype or rs2268889 TC+CC genotype had a higher risk of developing an advanced clinical primary tumour (cT) stage (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.680, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.062-2.659, p = 0.025; AOR: 1.693, 95% CI: 1.092-2.624, p = 0.018). Additionally, in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we observed that lower DPP4 expression levels were correlated with higher Gleason scores, advanced cT and pathological stages, tumour metastasis, and shorter progression-free survival rates in PCa patients. Furthermore, overexpression of DPP4 suppressed migration/invasion of metastatic PC3 PCa cells. Our findings suggest that DPP4 levels may affect the progression of PCa, and the DPP4 rs7608798 and rs2268889 SNPs are associated with the clinicopathologic development of PCa in a Taiwanese population.

Prediction of clinically significant prostate cancer through urine metabolomic signatures: A large-scale validated study.

PURPOSE: Currently, there are no accurate markers for predicting potentially lethal prostate cancer (PC) before biopsy. This study aimed to develop urine tests to predict clinically significant PC (sPC) in men at risk. METHODS: Urine samples from 928 men, namely, 660 PC patients and 268 benign subjects, were analyzed by gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrophotometry (GC/Q-TOF MS) metabolomic profiling to construct four predictive models. Model I discriminated between PC and benign cases. Models II, III, and GS, respectively, predicted sPC in those classified as having favorable intermediate risk or higher, unfavorable intermediate risk or higher (according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk groupings), and a Gleason sum (GS) of ≥ 7. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). RESULTS: In Models I, II, III, and GS, the best AUCs (0.94, 0.85, 0.82, and 0.80, respectively; training cohort, N = 603) involved 26, 24, 26, and 22 metabolites, respectively. The addition of five clinical risk factors (serum prostate-specific antigen, patient age, previous negative biopsy, digital rectal examination, and family history) significantly improved the AUCs of the models (0.95, 0.92, 0.92, and 0.87, respectively). At 90% sensitivity, 48%, 47%, 50%, and 36% of unnecessary biopsies could be avoided. These models were successfully validated against an independent validation cohort (N = 325). Decision curve analysis showed a significant clinical net benefit with each combined model at low threshold probabilities. Models II and III were more robust and clinically relevant than Model GS. CONCLUSION: This urine test, which combines urine metabolic markers and clinical factors, may be used to predict sPC and thereby inform the necessity of biopsy in men with an elevated PC risk.

Upregulation of PD-L1 by SARS-CoV-2 promotes immune evasion.

Patients with severe COVID-19 often suffer from lymphopenia, which is linked to T-cell sequestration, cytokine storm, and mortality. However, it remains largely unknown how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces lymphopenia. Here, we studied the transcriptomic profile and epigenomic alterations involved in cytokine production by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. We adopted a reverse time-order gene coexpression network approach to analyze time-series RNA-sequencing data, revealing epigenetic modifications at the late stage of viral egress. Furthermore, we identified SARS-CoV-2-activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) pathways contributing to viral infection and COVID-19 severity through epigenetic analysis of H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing. Cross-referencing our transcriptomic and epigenomic data sets revealed that coupling NF-κB and IRF1 pathways mediate programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) immunosuppressive programs. Interestingly, we observed higher PD-L1 expression in Omicron-infected cells than SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Blocking PD-L1 at an early stage of virally-infected AAV-hACE2 mice significantly recovered lymphocyte counts and lowered inflammatory cytokine levels. Our findings indicate that targeting the SARS-CoV-2-mediated NF-κB and IRF1-PD-L1 axis may represent an alternative strategy to reduce COVID-19 severity.

Overexpressing plant ferredoxin-like protein enhances photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrates accumulation in Phalaenopsis.

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is one of three major models of carbon dioxide assimilation pathway with better water-use efficiency and slower photosynthetic efficiency in photosynthesis. Previous studies indicated that the gene of sweet pepper plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) shows high homology to the ferredoxin-1(Fd-1) family that belongs to photosynthetic type Fd and involves in photosystem I. It is speculated that overexpressing pflp in the transgenic plant may enhance photosynthetic efficiency through the electron transport chain (ETC). To reveal the function of PFLP in photosynthetic efficiency, pflp transgenic Phalaenopsis, a CAM plant, was generated to analyze photosynthetic markers. Transgenic plants exhibited 1.2-folds of electron transport rate than that of wild type (WT), and higher CO2 assimilation rates up to 1.6 and 1.5-folds samples at 4 pm and 10 pm respectively. Enzyme activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was increased to 5.9-folds in Phase III, and NAD+-linked malic enzyme (NAD+-ME) activity increased 1.4-folds in Phase IV in transgenic plants. The photosynthesis products were analyzed between transgenic plants and WT. Soluble sugars contents such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose were found to significantly increase to 1.2, 1.8, and 1.3-folds higher in transgenic plants. The starch grains were also accumulated up to 1.4-folds in transgenic plants than that of WT. These results indicated that overexpressing pflp in transgenic plants increases carbohydrates accumulation by enhancing electron transport flow during photosynthesis. This is the first evidence for the PFLP function in CAM plants. Taken altogether, we suggest that pflp is an applicable gene for agriculture application that enhances electron transport chain efficiency during photosynthesis.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by gold nanoparticle characterizes dermal thickening by collagen in bleomycin-treated skin ex vivo.

PURPOSE: Current skin imaging modalities, including optical, electron, and confocal microscopy, mostly require tissue fixations that could damage proteins and biological molecules. Live tissue or cell imaging such as ultrasonography and optical coherent microscope may not adequately measure the dynamic spectroscopical changes. Raman spectroscopy has been adopted for skin imaging in vivo, mostly for skin cancer imaging. However, whether the epidermal and dermal thickening in skin could be measured and distinguished by conventional Ramen spectroscopy or the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), a rapid and label-free method for noninvasive measurement remains unknown. METHODS: Human skin sections from patients of atopic dermatitis and keloid, which represent epidermal and dermal thickening, respectively, were measured by conventional Ramen spectroscopy. In mice, skin sections from imiquimod (IMQ)- and bleomycin (BLE)-treated mice, which reflect the epidermal and dermal thickening, respectively, were measured by SERS, that incorporates gold nanoparticles to generate surface plasma and enhance Raman signals. RESULTS: Conventional Ramen spectroscopy failed to consistently show the Raman shift in human samples among the different groups. SERS successfully revealed a prominent peak around 1300 cm-1 in the IMQ-treated skin; and two significant peaks around 1100 and 1300 cm-1 in BLE-treated group. Further quantitative analysis showed 1100 cm-1 peak was significantly accentuated in the BLE-treated skin than that in control skin. SERS identified in vitro a similar 1100 cm-1 peak in solutions of collagen, the major dermal biological molecules. CONCLUSION: SERS distinguishes the epidermal or dermal thickening in mouse skin with rapid and label-free measures. A prominent 1100 cm-1 SERS peak in the BLE-treated skin may result from collagen. SERS might help precision diagnosis in the future.

Effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on abdominal muscle mass in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is a common finding in patients with decompensated cirrhosis without effective therapy. We aimed to examine whether a transjugular portosystemic shunt (TIPS) could improve the abdominal muscle mass assessed by cross-sectional images in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and to investigate the association of imaging-defined sarcopenia with the prognosis of such patients. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we enrolled 25 Decompensated cirrhosis patients aged >20 who received TIPS for the control of variceal bleeding or refractory ascites between April 2008 and April 2021. All of them underwent preoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, which was used to determine psoas muscle (PM) and paraspinal muscle (PS) indices at the third lumbar vertebra. First, we compared baseline muscle mass with muscle mass at 6 and 12 months after TIPS placement and analyzed PM- and PS-defined sarcopenia to predict mortality. RESULTS: Among 25 patients, 20 (80.0%) and 12 (48.0%) had PM- and PS-defined sarcopenia, respectively, at baseline. In total, 16 and 8 patients were followed up for 6 and 12 months, respectively. All imaging-based muscle measurements performed 12 months after TIPS placement were significantly greater than the baseline measurements (all p < 0.05). Unlike patients with PS-defined sarcopenia (p = 0.529), patients with PM-defined sarcopenia had poorer survival than did patients without (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: PM mass in patients with decompensated cirrhosis may increase by 6 or 12 months after TIPS placement and imply a better prognosis. Patients with preoperative PM-defined sarcopenia may suggest poorer survival.

Effects of aromatherapy on agitation in patients with dementia in the community: A quasi-experimental study.

The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are experienced by up to 90% of patients with dementia throughout dementia. This study aims to investigate the effect of aromatherapy on agitation in patients with dementia in the community. This prospective cohort study was conducted at a single day-care center for patients with dementia located in northern Taiwan with 2-week and 4-week follow-ups, comparing the severity of agitation between 3 measure points as the primary outcome. The aromatherapy was performed over 5 consecutive days for 4 weeks. Throughout the four-week observation were analyzed by GEE. Significant differences were found in the Chinese version of Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CCMAI) total agitation score (ß=-3.622, p=0.037) and physically non-aggressive behavior subscale (ß=-4.005, p=0.004) between aromatherapy group and control group. The severity of dementia-related agitation, especially the severity of physically non-aggressive behavior in demented patients, could be significantly reduced by a four-week intervention of aromatherapy.

Assessing hand hygiene knowledge, attitude, behavior and adherence among nursing assistants: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored hand hygiene knowledge, attitude, behaviors and adherence amongst nursing assistants. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with structured questionnaires and direct observation. Nursing assistants were recruited from two long-term care facilities in eastern Taiwan from July to September, 2021. RESULTS: The nursing assistants had high levels of hand hygiene knowledge, attitude, and behavior, however, the direct observational revealed hand hygiene adherence at 58.6% with 17.99 seconds duration on average. Comparing with alcohol-based hand rub, the nursing assistants performed very low adherence rate with soap and water wash, and the use of paper towel was the least followed skill applying to soap and water wash. CONCLUSIONS: The study finds that hand wash with soap and water has lower adherence than the alcohol-based hand rub. Future innovations in hand hygiene, such as accessible and easy-to-use hand washing agents and easy-to-remember hand cleansing techniques will be valuable.

Outcome of Later-Onset Pompe Disease Identified Through Newborn Screening.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes of patients with later-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) identified through newborn screening (NBS). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted from the initiation of Pompe disease NBS by following subjects every 3-12 months for motor development and biochemical markers. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2018, 39 of 994 975 newborns evaluated were classified as having LOPD based on low acid α-glucosidase (GAA) activity but no cardiac involvement at the time of screening. As of December 2020, 8 of these 39 infants (21%) were treated with enzyme replacement therapy owing to persistent elevation of creatine kinase (CK), cardiac involvement, or developmental delay. All subjects' physical performance and endurance improved after treatment. Subjects carrying c.[752C>T;761C>T] and c.[546+5G>T; 1726G>A] presented a phenotype of nonprogressive hypotonia, muscle weakness, and impairment in physical fitness tests, but they have not received treatment. CONCLUSIONS: One-fifth of subjects identified through NBS as having LOPD developed symptoms after a follow-up of up to 15 years. NBS was found to facilitate the early detection and early treatment of those subjects. GAA variants c.[752C>T;761C>T] and c.[546+5G>T; 1726G>A] might not cause Pompe disease but still may affect skeletal muscle function.

Evaluation of conventional and point-of-care real-time RT-PCR tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 through a pooled testing strategy.

BACKGROUND: The rapid identification and isolation of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 are fundamental countermeasures for the efficient control of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has affected millions of people around the world. Real-time RT-PCR is one of the most commonly applied reference methods for virus detection, and the use of pooled testing has been proposed as an effective way to increase the throughput of routine diagnostic tests. However, the clinical applicability of different types of real-time RT-PCR tests in a given group size remains inconclusive due to inconsistent regional disease prevalence and test demands. METHODS: In this study, the performance of one dual-target conventional and two point-of-care real-time RT-PCR tests in a 5-specimen pooled testing strategy for the detection of SARS-COV-2 was evaluated. RESULTS: We demonstrated the proof of concept that all of these real-time RT-PCR tests could feasibly detect SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens that contain viral RNA loads in the range of 3.48 × 105 to 3.42 × 102 copies/ml through pooled testing in a group size of 5 with overall positive percent agreement (pooling vs. individual testing) ranging from 100% to 93.75%. Furthermore, the two POC real-time RT-PCR tests exhibited comparable sensitivity to that of the dual-target conventional one when clinical specimens were tested individually. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the feasibility of using real-time RT-PCR tests developed as a variety of platforms in routine laboratory detection of suspected COVID-19 cases through a pooled testing strategy that is beneficial to increasing the daily diagnostic capacity.