ILK inhibition reduces osteophyte formation through suppression of osteogenesis in BMSCs via Akt/GSK-3ß/ß-catenin pathway.

BACKGROUND: Osteophyte development is a common characteristic of inflammatory skeletal diseases. Elevated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) participates in pathological osteogenesis. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) positively regulates the osteoblastic differentiation of osteoprogenitors, but whether the ILK blockage prevents osteophytes and its potential mechanism is still unknown. Furthermore, the low-dose tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promotes osteogenic differentiation, but a lack of study reports on the relationship between this cytokine and ILK. OSU-T315 is a small ILK inhibitor, which was used to determine the effect of ILK inhibition on osteogenesis and osteophyte formation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The osteogenesis of BMSCs was evaluated using Alizarin red S staining, alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I alpha 2 chain, and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein. The expression and phosphorylation of protein were assessed through western blot. Immunofluorescence was employed to display the distribution of ß-catenin. microCT, hematoxylin-eosin, and safranin O/fast green staining were utilized to observe the osteophyte formation in collagen antibody-induced arthritis mice. We found that ILK blockage significantly declined calcium deposition and osteoblastic markers in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, it lowered osteogenesis in the TNF-α-induced inflammatory microenvironment by diminishing the effect of ILK and inactivating the Akt/ GSK-3ß/ ß-catenin pathway. Nuclear ß-catenin was descended by OSU-T315 as well. Finally, the ILK suppression restrained osteophyte formation but not inflammation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: ILK inhibition lowered osteogenesis in TNF-α-related inflammatory conditions by deactivating the Akt/ GSK-3ß/ ß-catenin pathway. This may be a potential strategy to alleviate osteophyte development in addition to anti-inflammatory treatment.

Diagnostic values and relevant factors of lumbar posterior lesions in axial spondyloarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the lumbar posterior lesions between axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and lumbar disc herniation (LDH) patients, then their diagnostic value and related factors were evaluated. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included axSpA patients from January 2020 to September 2023. They were classified as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA) individuals. Canada-Denmark (CANDEN) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring system was used to assess the defects of the lumbar spine. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was utilized to determine the value of distinguishing nr-axSpA. Linear regression analyses were adopted to find the relevant factors for lumbar posterior lesions. RESULTS: Ninety-six AS, 98 nr-axSpA, and 108 LDH patients were included. The CANDEN scores were greater in axSpA patients, AS in particular. Furthermore, lumbar posterior lesions can distinguish AS, nr-axSpA, and LDH. Besides, lumbar posterior lesions were positively related to the similar MRI changes in their adjacent structures, but were inversely associated with the other abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Lumbar posterior lesions were more serious in axSpA patients. These alterations had value in distinguishing axSpA. Lumbar posterior defects were related to their adjacent components, and they may not fully follow the MRI changing pattern of vertebral bodies and sacroiliac joints.

Removal of heavy metals in water-extracted solution through adsorption by palygorskite and stabilization by comilling.

Removing water-soluble chlorides (WSCs) through water extraction is a common pretreatment technology for recycling municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash (FA). However, the extracted solution often contains heavy metals, the concentrations of which exceed standards for effluent. This study aims to investigate the adsorption of heavy metals by palygorskite in water-extracted solution and explore the feasibility of stabilizing heavy metals through comilling palygorskite-adsorbed heavy metals (PAHMs) with water-extracted fly ash (WFA). The experimental parameters include: two-stage water extraction with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5, adding 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 g of palygorskite to 100 mL of water-extracted solution, and comilling the mixture of PAHMs and WFA for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 or 96 hours. The experimental results revealed that 3 g of palygorskite in 100 mL of extracted solution could absorb Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn, meeting the effluent standards. The total amount of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn removal rate reached 99.7%. Moreover, 98.44% of the WSCs were not adsorbed, the water extraction process for removing WSCs was not compromised. After the comilling of PAHMs and WFA, the distribution of the heavy metals in the milled blended powder was greater than 99.44%; moreover, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure concentrations were determined to conform to regulatory standards, and the sequential extraction procedure revealed that the heavy metals tended to be in stable fractions. This achieves the goal of preventing secondary pollution from heavy metals during the MSWI FA recycling process.

AKR1B1 Represses Glioma Cell Proliferation through p38 MAPK-Mediated Bcl-2/BAX/Caspase-3 Apoptotic Signaling Pathways.

This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 (AKR1B1) in glioma cell proliferation through p38 MAPK activation to control Bcl-2/BAX/caspase-3 apoptosis signaling. AKR1B1 expression was quantified in normal human astrocytes, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, and normal tissues by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of AKR1B1 overexpression or knockdown and those of AKR1B1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) on glioma cell proliferation were determined using an MTT assay and Western blot, respectively. Furthermore, the AKR1B1 effect on BAX and Bcl-2 expression was examined in real-time by Western blot. A luminescence detection reagent was also utilized to identify the effect of AKR1B1 on caspase-3/7 activity. The early and late stages of AKR1B1-induced apoptosis were assessed by performing Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining assays. AKR1B1 expression was significantly downregulated in glioma tissues and GBM cell lines (T98G and 8401). Glioma cell proliferation was inhibited by AKR1B1 overexpression but was slightly increased by AKR1B1 knockdown. Additionally, AKR1B1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and SB203580 reversed AKR1B1's inhibitory effect on glioma cell proliferation. AKR1B1 overexpression also inhibited Bcl-2 expression but increased BAX expression, whereas treatment with SB203580 reversed this phenomenon. Furthermore, AKR1B1 induced caspase-3/7 activity. The induction of early and late apoptosis by AKR1B1 was confirmed using an Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining assay. In conclusion, AKR1B1 regulated glioma cell proliferation through the involvement of p38 MAPK-induced BAX/Bcl-2/caspase-3 apoptosis signaling. Therefore, AKR1B1 may serve as a new therapeutic target for glioma therapy development.

Influence of Lithium Diffusion into Copper Current Collectors on Lithium Electrodeposition in Anode-Free Lithium-Metal Batteries.

The development of "anode-free" lithium-metal batteries with high energy densities is, at present, mainly limited by the poor control of the nucleation of lithium directly on the copper current collector, especially in conventional carbonate electrolytes. It is therefore essential to improve the understanding of the lithium nucleation process and its interactions with the copper substrate. In this study, it is shown that diffusion of lithium into the copper substrate, most likely via the grain boundaries, can significantly influence the nucleation process. Such diffusion makes it more difficult to obtain a great number of homogeneously distributed lithium nuclei on the copper surface and thus leads to inhomogeneous electrodeposition. It is, however, demonstrated that the nucleation of lithium on copper is significantly improved if an initial chemical prelithiation of the copper surface is performed. This prelithiation saturates the copper surface with lithium and hence decreases the influence of lithium diffusion via the grain boundaries. In this way, the lithium nucleation can be made to take place more homogenously, especially when a short potentiostatic nucleation pulse that can generate a large number of nuclei on the surface of the copper substrate is applied.

Advances in mRNA vaccines for viral diseases.

Since the onset of the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated outstanding performance. mRNA vaccines offer significant advantages over conventional vaccines in production speed and cost-effectiveness, making them an attractive option against other viral diseases. This article reviewed recent advances in viral mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems to provide references and guidance for developing mRNA vaccines for new viral diseases.

Revolutionizing viral disease vaccination: the promising clinical advancements of non-replicating mRNA vaccines.

The mRNA vaccine technology was developed rapidly during the global pandemic of COVID-19. The crucial role of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in preventing viral infection also have been beneficial to the exploration and application of other viral mRNA vaccines, especially for non-replication structure mRNA vaccines of viral disease with outstanding research results. Therefore, this review pays attention to the existing mRNA vaccines, which are of great value for candidates for clinical applications in viral diseases. We provide an overview of the optimization of the mRNA vaccine development process as well as the good immune efficacy and safety shown in clinical studies. In addition, we also provide a brief description of the important role of mRNA immunomodulators in the treatment of viral diseases. After that, it will provide a good reference or strategy for research on mRNA vaccines used in clinical medicine with more stable structures, higher translation efficiency, better immune efficacy and safety, shorter production time, and lower production costs than conditional vaccines to be used as preventive or therapeutic strategy for the control of viral diseases in the future.

Nordalbergin Exerts Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects by Attenuating MAPK Signaling Pathway, NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and ROS Production in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglia.

Microglia-associated neuroinflammation is recognized as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases; however, there is no effective treatment for the blockage of neurodegenerative disease progression. In this study, the effect of nordalbergin, a coumarin isolated from the wood bark of Dalbergia sissoo, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses was investigated using murine microglial BV2 cells. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, whereas nitric oxide (NO) production was analyzed using the Griess reagent. Secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) was detected by the ELISA. The expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins was assessed by Western blot. The production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular ROS was detected using flow cytometry. Our experimental results indicated that nordalbergin ≤20 µM suppressed NO, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß production; decreased iNOS and COX-2 expression; inhibited MAPKs activation; attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation; and reduced both intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production by LPS-stimulated BV2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that nordalbergin exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities through inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and ROS production, suggesting that nordalbergin might have the potential to inhibit neurodegenerative disease progression.

Superoxide Release by Macrophages through NADPH Oxidase Activation Dominating Chemistry by Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosols and Quinones to Cause Oxidative Damage on Membranes.

Oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key process for adverse aerosol health effects. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) account for a major fraction of fine particulate matter, and their inhalation and deposition into the respiratory tract causes the formation of ROS by chemical and cellular processes, but their relative contributions are hardly quantified and their link to oxidative stress remains uncertain. Here, we quantified cellular and chemical superoxide generation by 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQN) and isoprene SOA using a chemiluminescence assay combined with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as kinetic modeling. We also applied cellular imaging techniques to study the cellular mechanism of superoxide release and oxidative damage on cell membranes. We show that PQN and isoprene SOA activate NADPH oxidase in macrophages to release massive amounts of superoxide, overwhelming the superoxide formation by aqueous chemical reactions in the epithelial lining fluid. The activation dose for PQN is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of isoprene SOA, suggesting that quinones are more toxic. While higher exposures trigger cellular antioxidant response elements, the released ROS induce oxidative damage to the cell membrane through lipid peroxidation. Such mechanistic and quantitative understandings provide a basis for further elucidation of adverse health effects and oxidative stress by fine particulate matter.

Breaking the Concentration Limit in Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy with Camera-Based Detection.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is an extremely versatile tool that has been widely used to measure chemical reaction rates, protein binding, nanoparticle-protein interactions, and biomolecular dynamics in vitro and in vivo. As an inherently micro-sized approach, FCS is compatible with high-throughput screening applications, as demanded for drug design, but typically limited to nanomolar concentrations, which restricts possible applications. Here, we show how massively parallel camera-based detection with side illumination can extend the usable concentration range of FCS more than 100-fold to measure low affinity processes. Our line illumination (LIM) approach is robust, fast (1 s acquisition times), and does not require any reference measurements to characterize the observation volume size.

The Role of Aldose Reductase in Beta-Amyloid-Induced Microglia Activation.

The occurrence of Alzheimer's disease has been associated with the accumulation of beta-amyloid (ß-amyloid) plaques. These plaques activate microglia to secrete inflammatory molecules, which damage neurons in the brain. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanism of microglia activation can provide a therapeutic strategy for alleviating microglia-induced neuroinflammation. The aldose reductase (AR) enzyme catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway. In addition to mediating diabetic complications in hyperglycemic environments, AR also helps regulate inflammation in microglia. However, little is known about the role of AR in ß-amyloid-induced inflammation in microglia and subsequent neuronal death. In this study, we confirmed that AR inhibition attenuates increased ß-amyloid-induced reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor α secretion by suppressing ERK signaling in BV2 cells. In addition, we are the first to report that AR inhibition reduced the phagocytotic capability and cell migration of BV2 cells in response to ß-amyloid. To further investigate the protective role of the AR inhibitor sorbinil in neurons, we co-cultured ß-amyloid-induced microglia with stem cell-induced neurons. sorbinil ameliorated neuronal damage in both cells in the co-culture system. In summary, our findings reveal AR regulation of microglia activation as a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.

The relationship between platelet to albumin ratio and disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES: The study aims to investigate the clinical significance of platelet to albumin ratio (PAR), neutrophil to albumin ratio (NAR), and monocyte to albumin ratio (MAR) in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS: Two hundred and ninety-seven axSpA patients and 71 healthy volunteers were recruited. AxSpA patients were divided into inactive group and active group. Spearman's correlation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Albumin was lower in axSpA group, while neutrophil, platelet, monocyte, NAR, PAR, and MAR were higher (p < .05). Albumin was negatively correlated with BASDAI and BASFI (p < .05). Platelet, NAR, PAR, MAR, ESR, and CRP were all positively correlated with BASDAI and BASFI (p < .05). Albumin was lower in axSpA of active group, while platelet, NAR, PAR, MAR, ESR, and CRP were higher (p < .05). ROC curve indicated that the AUC of PAR for axSpA of active group was higher than that of other variables. The optimal cut-off value of PAR was 6.354, with Youden index of 0.337, specificity of 55.4%, and sensitivity of 78.4%. Logistic regression analysis result suggested that PAR was an independent indicator for axSpA disease activity. CONCLUSIONS: PAR had a high diagnostic value for axSpA of active group. PAR was a novel and reliable indicator for axSpA disease activity.

An Overview of ADAM9: Structure, Activation, and Regulation in Human Diseases.

ADAM9 (A disintegrin and a metalloprotease 9) is a membrane-anchored protein that participates in a variety of physiological functions, primarily through the disintegrin domain for adhesion and the metalloprotease domain for ectodomain shedding of a wide variety of cell surface proteins. ADAM9 influences the developmental process, inflammation, and degenerative diseases. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that ADAM9 plays an important role in tumor biology. Overexpression of ADAM9 has been found in several cancer types and is correlated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In addition, through either proteolytic or non-proteolytic pathways, ADAM9 promotes tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis of cancers. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the mechanism of ADAM9 is crucial for the development of therapeutic anti-cancer strategies. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ADAM9 in biological function, pathophysiological diseases, and various cancers. Recent advances in therapeutic strategies using ADAM9-related pathways are presented as well.

Bibliometric analysis of cardiometabolic disorders studies involving NO2, PM2.5 and noise exposure.

BACKGROUND: This study uses bibliometric analysis to describe the state of research about the association of NO2, PM2.5 and noise exposures - three traffic-related pollutants - with cardiometabolic disorders. METHODS: We retrieved references published 1994-2017 from Scopus and classified references with respect to exposure, health outcome and study design using index keywords. Temporal trend, top cited references, used index keywords and the number of hypothesis testing and non-hypothesis testing study design for each group were identified. RESULTS: Results show PM2.5 is the most frequently studied exposure (47%), followed by both NO2 and PM2.5 exposure (29%). Only 3% of references considered multiple exposures between NO2 and/or PM2.5 and noise, and these were published after 2008. While we observed a growing trend in studies with NO2 and/or PM2.5 and noise and diabetes in the last decade, there is a diminishing trend in studies with noise and diabetes. Different patterns of study designs were found through H/NH ratio, the number of references classified as having a hypothesis (H)-testing design relative to the number of references classified as having a non-hypothesis (NH)-testing design. Studies with NO2 and/or PM2.5 exposure are more likely to have a H-testing design, while those with noise exposure are more likely to have a NH-testing design, such as cross-sectional study design. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude with three themes about research trends. First, the study of simultaneous exposures to multiple pollutants is a current trend, and likely to continue. Second, the association between traffic-related pollutants and diabetes and metabolic symptoms is an area for growth in research. Third, the transition to the use of H-testing study designs to explore associations between noise and cardiometabolic outcomes may be supported by improved understanding of the mechanism of action, and/or improvements to the accuracy and precision of air pollution and noise exposure assessments for environmental health research.

Risk factors of respiratory syncytial virus infection among pediatric influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections in Suzhou, China.

The characteristics and risk factors of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among children has not yet been fully understood. To address the characteristics of RSV-associated illness and risk factors of RSV infection among children under 5 years of age in Suzhou, China. From April 2011 to March 2014, we conducted a prospective surveillance among children in Suzhou, China. Nasal or throat swabs were collected from outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and inpatients with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI). RSV was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and direct fluorescent antibody assay for children with ILI and SARI, respectively. Multivariable logistic-regression models were constructed to explore risk factors and symptoms of RSV infection. Of 3267 ILI and 1838 SARI children enrolled in the study, 192 (5.9%) and 287 (15.6%) tested positive for RSV, respectively. Among ILI patients, children with RSV infections visited clinics more often (P = 0.005) and had longer duration of fever (P = 0.032) than those without RSV infection. All RSV-positive children had an increased risk of having cough (OR = 2.9), rhinorrhea (OR = 1.6), breathing difficulty (OR = 3.4), wheezing (OR = 3.3), and irritability (OR = 2.7). Children aged <2 years, had history of prematurity (OR = 2.0) and recent respiratory infections (OR = 1.3) were more likely to get infected by RSV. Children with SARI had higher positive rate of RSV than those with ILI. Cough, rhinorrhea, and wheezing were the most common symptoms in RSV infection. Children aged <2 years, had history of prematurity and recent respiratory infections were the potential risk factors for RSV infection.

Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Might Reduce the Risk of Dementia in Patients with Osteoarthritis: A Nation-Wide, Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: This population-based cohort study investigates the association between osteoarthritis (OA) and dementia as well as the connection between NSAIDs and dementia. METHODS: We chose the samples from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database and then divided them into two groups, which were then matched 1: 1 by propensity score. The first group was the OA group that contained patients with newly diagnosed OA and the second group was the non-OA group. We used the χ2 test, Student t test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazard model for different purposes. RESULTS: The prevalence of dementia in the OA group was higher than that in the non-OA group. The adjusted hazard ratio of the former was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.30-1.54). We also found that etoricoxib and diclofenac might reduce the incidence of dementia. CONCLUSION: Patients with OA might have a higher risk of dementia. Both etoricoxib and diclofenac might lower the risk of dementia in patients with OA.

Unusual location of developmental venous anomaly within fourth ventricle causing obstructive hydrocephalus - A case report.

Developmental venous anomaly (DVA) is now considered common and benign disease within the field of cerebral vascular malformation. Though symptomatic DVA is uncommon, further management is necessary to alleviate the symptoms and signs induced by symptomatic DVA, such as parenchymal hemorrhage, venous infarction, brain edema, obstructive hydrocephalus, and nerve root compression. From the viewpoint of obstructive hydrocephalus, mostly resulted from obstruction of aqueduct of Sylvius. Herein, we reported a case with presentation of obstructive hydrocephalus caused by DVA induced fourth ventricle outlet obstruction.

The influence of season and living environment on children's urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

BACKGROUND: Heating indoor living environments elevates air pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the influence of season and living environment on children's urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. METHODS: Our study subjects were 320 children aged 11-15 years living in gers, brick houses and apartments, in ger and non-ger areas of Ulaanbaatar. Spot urine samples and questionnaires were collected three times from each subject in three seasons, September (warm) and December (cold) in 2011 and March (moderate) in 2012. Urinary 1-OHP was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection (HPLC/FLD). Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were applied to estimate the seasonal and residential effects on 1-OHP levels, adjusting for demographic and environmental factors. RESULTS: Children's urinary 1-OHP levels showed significant seasonal differences with 0.30 ± 0.57 µmol/mol creatinine in cold season, 0.14 ± 0.12 µmol/mol creatinine in moderate season, and 0.14 ± 0.21 µmol/mol creatinine in warm season. After controlling confounding factors, the GEE model showed that season, living area, and housing type had significant influence on children's urinary 1-OHP levels. Urinary 1-OHP levels in the cold and moderate seasons were, respectively 2.13 and 1.37 times higher than the warm season. Urinary 1-OHP levels for children living in ger areas were 1.27 times higher than those living in non-ger areas. Children who lived in gers or brick houses had 1.58 and 1.34 times higher 1-OHP levels, respectively, compared with those living in apartments. Children's urinary 1-OHP levels were associated with either estimated NO2 or SO2 concentrations at their home addresses in Ulaanbaatar. CONCLUSION: Mongolian children's urinary 1-OHP levels were significantly elevated during the cold season, and for those living in ger areas, gers, or brick houses in Ulaanbaatar. Children's urinary 1-OHP levels were associated PAH co-pollutants SO2 and NO2, suggesting elevated 1-OHP levels may be attributable to PAH emissions from coal burning and traffic respectively, with indoor emissions from stoves further contributing to elevated 1-OHP in some children.

A Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Interface for EIM Based on IF-Sampling and Pseudo 2-Path SC Bandpass ΔΣ ADC.

This paper presents a low-noise bioimpedance (bio-Z) spectroscopy interface for electrical impedance myography (EIM) over the 1 kHz to 2 MHz frequency range. The proposed interface employs a sinusoidal signal generator based on direct-digital-synthesis (DDS) to improve the accuracy of the bio-Z reading, and a quadrature low-intermediate frequency (IF) readout to achieve a good noise-to-power efficiency and the required data throughput to detect muscle contractions. The readout is able to measure baseline and time-varying bio-Z by employing robust and power-efficient low-gain IAs and sixth-order single-bit bandpass (BP) ΔΣ ADCs. The proposed bio-Z spectroscopy interface is implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process, consumes 344.3 - 479.3 µW, and occupies 5.4 mm2 area. Measurement results show 0.7 m Ω/√{Hz} sensitivity at 15.625 kHz, 105.8 dB SNR within 4 Hz bandwidth, and a 146.5 dB figure-of-merit. Additionally, recording of EIM in time and frequency domain during contractions of the bicep brachii muscle demonstrates the potential of the proposed bio-Z interface for wearable EIM systems.