Quality of vision and tear film osmolarity.

SIGNIFICANCE: We evaluate the relationship between tear film osmolarity measurements and quality of vision in patients presenting for routine eye clinic appointments. We found that the hyperosmolar group (>316 mOsm/L) had a worse quality-of-vision score than the normal osmolarity group, with glare being the most problematic symptom. PURPOSE: Quality of vision is a perception and measure of real-world vision, which is not measured routinely in a clinical setting. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between tear film osmolarity measurements and quality of vision in patients presenting for routine eye clinic appointments. METHODS: This was an observational nonrandomized study. The participants were placed in groups based on tear film osmolarity (normal, ≤316 mOsm/L; hyperosmolar, >316 mOsm/L; or a difference of >8 mOsm/L between each eye). Thirty-three participants were enrolled in the study, of whom 22 were deemed to have a hyperosmolar tear film. A 30-item questionnaire including 10 symptoms rated on scales of frequency, severity, and bothersomeness was administered to participants in both groups. The quality-of-vision score ranged from 25 to 100 points, with lower scores indicating better quality of vision. RESULTS: The hyperosmolar group had a significantly worse quality-of-vision score than the normal osmolarity group across all three scales; mean differences for frequency, severity, and bothersomeness were 12.66 ± 9.75 (p=0.003), 9.44 ± 7.45 (p=0.003), and 11.90 ± 11.14 (p=0.008), respectively. Of the 10 symptoms that were included in the questionnaire, glare was the most problematic in the hyperosmolar group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrated a significant relationship between tear film hyperosmolarity and quality of vision, as patients with hyperosmolar tear films had worse quality of vision.

Posterior vitreous detachment rates post-uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: It is commonly accepted that phacoemulsification surgery is a risk factor for the development of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and may accelerate the process. This is an important consideration particularly in cases involving young patients who pre-operatively have no PVD, given the increased risk of retinal tears and detachments. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify studies reporting incidence of PVD post-uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement was used for search strategy. Of 3071 titles, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria; The outcomes measured were PVD occurrence by (1) time, (2) type, (3) age, (4) gender and (5) axial length, with all statistical analysis performed using Review Manager. RESULTS: A total of 2034 eyes were included for analysis with a mean follow-up time of 28.3 months. 33.3% of patients developed a PVD, either partial or complete, with rates increasing in a time dependent manner. No significant difference was noted in sub-group analysis by age, gender or axial length. CONCLUSIONS: The results from our systematic review show that uncomplicated phacoemulsification accelerates the physiological process of PVD development. Pre-operative evaluation of the vitreoretinal interface should be performed with careful post-operative follow-up advised in those without a pre-existing PVD.

Long-term outcomes of the arthroscopic Bankart repair: a systematic review of studies at 10-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the evidence in the literature to ascertain the functional outcomes and recurrences rates, as well as subsequent revision rates, following arthroscopic Bankart repair at a minimum of 10 years' follow-up. METHODS: Two independent reviewers performed a literature search based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, using the Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases. Studies were included if they were clinical studies on arthroscopic Bankart repair with a minimum of 10 years' follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Our review found 9 studies including 822 shoulders meeting our inclusion criteria. The majority of patients were male patients (75.5%), the average age was 28.0 years (range, 15-73 years), and the mean follow-up period was 149.4 months. The most commonly used functional outcome score was the Rowe score, with a weighted mean of 87.0. Overall, 77.6% of athletes were able to return to sports postoperatively. The overall rate of recurrent instability was 31.2%, with 16.0% of patients having recurrent dislocations, and the overall revision rate was 17.0%. Evidence of instability arthropathy was found in 59.4% of patients, with 10.5% of patients having moderate to severe arthropathy. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic Bankart repair for anterior shoulder instability has been shown to result in excellent long-term functional outcomes despite a relatively high rate of recurrent instability necessitating revision surgery. In addition, the high rate of instability arthropathy is a concern following arthroscopic Bankart repair in the long term.

Percutaneous image-guided treatment of mucoid degeneration of the ACL in advanced knee osteoarthritis-Preliminary observations.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the percutaneous image-guided treatment of mucoid degeneration of the ACL causing deep knee pain on flexion in patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Five patients with mucoid degeneration of the ACL complicating knee osteoarthritis underwent percutaneous image-guided steroid bupivacaine ACL sleeve injections over a 3-year period. RESULTS: There were four males and one female of mean age 54 (range 48-59 years). Each patient had Kellgren and Lawrence grade 4 medial compartment knee osteoarthritis with coexistent mucoid degeneration of the ACL sleeve. Each patient complained of deep knee pain on flexion as a dominant symptom. Each patient underwent image-guided (CT or ultrasound) steroid bupivacaine injection of the ACL sleeve resulting in symptom resolution and improved mobility for a mean duration of 8 months, (range 6-15 months.) CONCLUSION: Mucoid degeneration of the ACL should be sought in patients with osteoarthritis presenting with deep knee pain on flexion. Image-guided ACL sleeve injection in affected patients may result in symptom resolution and potential deferral of planned knee replacement surgery. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Emphasises Image guided percutaneous treatment of Mucoid degeneration of ACL in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine-Induced Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: Case Reports and Literature Review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to report 2 cases of levamisole-adulterated cocaine-induced mucous membrane pemphigoid. METHODS: This study is a review of case reports and literature. RESULTS: Two patients presented with bilateral severe purulent conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, and rapidly progressive forniceal shortening. Both patients were active cocaine users. A complete blood analysis showed a positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody immunofluorescence with a mixed perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody and cytoplasmic-staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody pattern. Direct immunofluorescence examination of conjunctival tissue showed linear deposition of component 3 and immunoglobulins at the basal membrane. A diagnosis of levamisole-adulterated cocaine-induced mucous membrane pemphigoid was made. In case 1, this suspicion was confirmed by investigating remnants of cocaine on the patient's debit card using mass spectrometry, which contained traces of levamisole. In both cases, aggressive immunosuppressive therapy combining systemic corticosteroids and rituximab was able to control the disease. However, by the time these therapies were initiated, significant corneal injury had occurred requiring corneal grafts in both patients. CONCLUSIONS: Given the rising abuse of cocaine, it is important that ophthalmologists are made aware of its association with severe atypical cicatricial conjunctivitis. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first case proving the causal relationship between levamisole and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.

Virtual triaging in an eye emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIM: The aim of this audit was to assess the effect of new guidelines on virtual triage referrals to an Irish eye emergency department (EED) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A retrospective phone triage referral and clinical note audit was performed to assess outcomes of phone triaging in October. Guidelines for phone triage were formulated with particular regard to what conditions should be seen in EED, treated over the phone or sent straight to outpatients clinic or minor procedures. A prospective phone triage referral and case note audit was then done to assess outcomes after introduction of the guidelines in November. RESULTS: A total of 1700 patients were referred to the eye emergency department, 861 in October and 839 in November. A total of 577 patients were triaged for in-person EED review in November, compared to 692 prior to implementation of guidelines (p < 0.05). The number of patients referred straight to outpatients (p < 0.05) and treated over the phone (p < 0.05) was also significantly increased. Ultimately, the number of conditions unnecessarily triaged to EED, as per the guidelines implemented, was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This audit addressed the need to reduce footfall during the COVID-19 pandemic, identified suitable avenues of referrals for certain conditions, and demonstrated that these guidelines significantly reduced the number of patients presenting to EED with conditions amenable to phone review or clinic follow-up.

Ultrathin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (UT-DSAEK) versus Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK)-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Endothelial keratoplasty (EK) is a commonly performed transplant procedure used in the treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the differences in visual acuity outcomes, endothelial cell density (ECD) and complications between two forms of EK, ultrathin Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (UT-DSAEK) and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). METHODS: A literature search of MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library was conducted to identify studies reporting comparative results of UT-DSAEK versus DMEK. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was used for search strategy. Of 141 titles, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria; best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (LogMAR), ECD (cells/mm2), and complications were compared, with all statistical analysis performed using Review Manager. RESULTS: A total of 362 eyes were included for analysis. DMEK resulted in significantly better BCVA at 3 months (0.14 vs 0.22, p = 0.003), 6 months (0.08 vs 0.18, p = 0.005) and 1 year post-op (0.07 vs 0.14, p = 0.0005). UT-DSAEK resulted in significantly lower total complications (25.2% vs 57.3%, p = 0.0001) and rates of re-bubbling (11.0% vs 33.7%, p = 0.004). No differences were found in ECD between the two procedures (1541 vs 1605, p = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: DMEK results in superior visual acuity rates with quicker recovery. However, UT-DSAEK has a more favourable complication profile, particularly regarding lower rates of re-bubbling. Both are valuable options in the treatment of corneal endothelial disease and choice of procedure may depend on surgical expertise.

Examining the efficacy of verteporfin photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) at different dose & fluence levels.

OBJECTIVES: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a vaso-occlusive treatment for a number of chorioretinal vascular pathologies. We aimed to retrospectively analyse efficiency and safety of PDT for different conditions (central serous retinopathy (CSR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), macular telangiectasia type 2 and choroidal hemangioma) and with different verteporfin parameters. METHODS: Clinical parameters were ascertained from the medical records of patients undergoing PDT over a 6-year period. This included indications for PDT, dosing regimens of verteporfin PDT (which includes treatment dose of verteporfin and fluence). Response to treatment was measured by best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) on ocular coherence tomography. Complications and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: 67.4 % (31/46) of PDT treatments performed over the last six years were for CSR. In the CSR cohort, there were significant improvements in BCVA (0.47 ± 0.24 to 0.29 ± 0.27, p < 0.05) and CFT (350.2µm ± 66.9 µm to 286.1µm ± 60.6 µm. In the AMD cohort, there was no change in BCVA (1.08 ± 0.52 to 1.07 ± 0.53, p = 0.96) but significant improvement in CFT (488.2µm ± 164.6 µm to 348.7µm ± 65.7 µm, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in BCVA or CFT for macular telangiectasia type 2 and choroidal hemangioma. CONCLUSIONS: PDT continues to have a role in the management of medical retina conditions. Our results show PDT is most effective in improving and stabilizing visual acuity in CSR, with earlier intervention resulting in better outcomes.

Isolated Ocular Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Caused by Lymecycline in a Patient with Underlying Ulcerative Colitis.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and the more severe variant, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), are a spectrum of mucocutaneous reactions with potentially devastating ocular consequences. Ocular complications occur in about 70% of patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and 35% continue with chronic disease. We report an unusual presentation of isolated ocular Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a patient with recently diagnosed ulcerative colitis being treated with Infliximab. The case had an insidious and atypical onset and represented a diagnostic dilemma. The diagnosis was more difficult, due to the fact that the inciting agent had long been stopped. Severe bacterial conjunctivitis such as that caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis, Corynebacterium diphtheria, and Neisseria Gonorrhea can cause forniceal shortening and symblepharon; this diagnosis was ruled out with microbiological swabs. A conjunctival biopsy was the key to diagnosis. Treatment involved high-dose IV steroids and dual immunosuppression with Infliximab and mycophenolate mofetil. We sought to employ interventions with the greatest impacts on our patient's condition. Our experience contributes to the growing evidence supporting intensive ophthalmic management of SJS to prevent long-term vision loss.

MRI findings in atraumatic shoulder pain-patterns of disease correlated with age and gender.

BACKGROUND: The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons which support the shoulder joint. Rotator cuff disease is a frequent cause of morbidity in adulthood. AIMS: The aims of his study are to determine the prevalence and patterns of rotator cuff derangement in symptomatic patients using MRI and to attempt to correlate identified patterns of disease with age and gender METHODS: Five hundred ninety-seven patients attending for MRI of the shoulder with atraumatic shoulder pain were included for study. Patients' age and gender was recorded. Record was made of the presence or absence of rotator cuff derangement and of degenerative change in the AC and glenohumeral joints. Correlation was made between age and gender. RESULTS: There were 358 males (60%) and 239 females (40%) with a mean age of 49.4 ± 17.1 years. Subacromial bursitis was identified in 517 patients. A normal supraspinatus tendon was identified in 219 patients and supraspinatus full thickness tearing was identified in 102 patients. A normal AC joint was identified in 267 patients while degenerative AC joint changes were identified in 370 patients. A significant correlation was identified between age and rotator cuff derangement (p < .001) and between age and AC joint derangement (p < .001). No significant difference was identified between gender and patterns of cuff derangement CONCLUSION: The extent of rotator cuff and AC joint derangement increases with ageing. Impingement appears to trigger a cascade of events in sequence, from isolated subacromial bursitis through to supraspinatus tendon tearing. Patterns of rotator cuff derangement are similar in men and women.

Presentations to eye emergency departments with flashes and floaters differ dependent on incident solar radiation.

AIM: The aim of this retrospective review was to analyse the frequency of patients presenting with flashes and/or floaters (F/F) on bright versus dark days to the eye emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital (the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital) over a 3-year period. The diagnostic and clinical outcomes of F/F presentations were also analysed. METHODS: This retrospective study assessed eye casualty attendances between January 2018 and December 2020. Solar irradiation (j/cm2) at ground level was retrieved from the records of Met Eireann (Irish National Meteorological Service) via their open access records. A review of electronic patient medical records using the in-house database patient centre was carried out of all patients who attended EED of during the study timeline on the 5 'brightest' and 5 'darkest' days of each year. RESULTS: Seven hundred forty patient presentations were analysed in total. Overall, 16% (n = 119) of all patients that attended EED during the timeframe of the study presented with F/F. One hundred six patients (89%) presented with floaters, 40 patients (34%) presented with flashing lights/photopsia, and 35 patients (29%) presented with both F/F. More patients presented to EED with F/F on bright days when compared with dark days (74 vs 45, p < 0.05). Eighty-nine percent of all patients with F/F presented with monocular floaters. There were more floater presentations during bright when compared with dark days (70 vs 36, p < 0.05). More patients were diagnosed with PVD on bright days when compared with those diagnosed with PVD on dark days (43vs 15, p < 0.05). More RDs were diagnosed on dark days compared with bright days (7 vs 3, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study established that F/F presentations were more likely to present during bright days when compared with dark days. The diagnosis of PVD was more common during bright days, and RDs were diagnosed significantly more frequently on dark days. Although incident solar radiation was correlated with greater floaters/PVD presentation, causation is unlikely, and the duration of PVD may have been longer in patients presenting on bright days (i.e. pseudo-sudden symptoms).

Spontaneous postpartum lateral rectus haemorrhage.

A postpartum woman presented with sudden-onset left eyelid swelling and severe pain. Clinical examination revealed left exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia with marked resistance to retropulsion of the left globe. The patient was not able to perceive light in the affected left eye and a relative afferent pupillary defect was present. CT orbits showed an enhancing lesion in the left retrobulbar space, suggestive of a lateral rectus haemorrhage. An emergency left lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis was performed. A day later, an MRI showed expansion of the left lateral rectus with significant mass effect on the globe. As the visual acuity remained reduced at counting fingers and there was a persistent relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), an exploratory orbitotomy and haematoma evacuation was performed. Three days postoperatively, the visual acuity had returned to 6/6. Eye movements normalised within 2 weeks and follow-up imaging revealed near complete resolution of the haematoma.

The Intertwined Roles of Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Glaucoma.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and the burden of the disease continues to grow as the global population ages. Currently, the only treatment option is to lower intraocular pressure. A better understanding of glaucoma pathogenesis will help us to develop novel therapeutic options. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance in redox homeostasis, with reactive oxygen species producing processes overcoming anti-oxidant defensive processes. Oxidative stress works in a synergistic fashion with endoplasmic reticulum stress, to drive glaucomatous damage to trabecular meshwork, retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve head. We discuss the oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways and their connections including their key intermediary, calcium. We highlight therapeutic options aimed at disrupting these pathways and discuss their potential role in glaucoma treatment.

Complications of Single-Incision Versus Dual-Incision Distal Biceps Repair A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to systematically review and analyze the current evidence in the literature to determine the relative complication rates of the singleincision versus dual-incision approach to distal biceps tendon repair. METHODS: The literature search was performed based on the PRISMA guidelines. Cohort studies comparing the single-incision or dual-incision approach to biceps tendon repair alone were included. Clinical outcomes were compared, with all statistical analysis performed using Review Manager Version 5.3. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: Twelve clinical studies with varying levels of evidence (LOE I: 1, LOE II: 1, LOE III: 10) with 2,429 patients were included. Overall, there was a significantly lower rate of total complications with the dual-incision approach (16.1% vs. 23.1%, p < 0.01) and a lower rate of neurological injuries (9.1% vs. 24.1%, p < 0.01). There was a lower rate of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve injuries with the dual-incision approach (5.2% vs. 19.5%, p < 0.01), and superficial radial nerve injuries (2.5% vs. 4.8%, p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in the rate of posterior interosseous nerve injuries (2.2% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.20). There was a significantly lower rate of heterotopic bone formation with the single-incision approach (1.3% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The dual-incision approach decreases the risk of total, overall postoperative complications and sensory nerve injuries following distal biceps repair. However, it has a higher risk of heterotopic bone formation.

Osteochondral Lesions of the Tibial Plafond and Ankle Instability With Ankle Cartilage Lesions: Proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle.

BACKGROUND: An international consensus group of experts was convened to collaboratively advance toward consensus opinions based on the best available evidence on key topics within cartilage repair of the ankle. The purpose of this article is to present the consensus statements on osteochondral lesions of the tibial plafond (OLTP) and on ankle instability with ankle cartilage lesions developed at the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. METHODS: Forty-three experts in cartilage repair of the ankle were convened and participated in a process based on the Delphi method of achieving consensus. Questions and statements were drafted within 4 working groups focusing on specific topics within cartilage repair of the ankle, after which a comprehensive literature review was performed and the available evidence for each statement was graded. Discussion and debate occurred in cases where statements were not agreed on in unanimous fashion within the working groups. A final vote was then held. RESULTS: A total of 11 statements on OLTP reached consensus. Four achieved unanimous support and 7 reached strong consensus (greater than 75% agreement). A total of 8 statements on ankle instability with ankle cartilage lesions reached consensus during the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. One achieved unanimous support, and seven reached strong consensus (greater than 75% agreement). CONCLUSION: These consensus statements may assist clinicians in the management of these difficult clinical pathologies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, mechanism-based reasoning.

Paediatric ankle cartilage lesions: Proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle.

BACKGROUND: The evidence supporting best practice guidelines in the field of cartilage repair of the ankle are based on both low quality and low levels of evidence. Therefore, an international consensus group of experts was convened to collaboratively advance toward consensus opinions based on the best available evidence on key topics within cartilage repair of the ankle. The purpose of this article is to report the consensus statements on "Pediatric Ankle Cartilage Lesions" developed at the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. METHODS: Forty-three international experts in cartilage repair of the ankle representing 20 countries convened to participate in a process based on the Delphi method of achieving consensus. Questions and statements were drafted within four working groups focusing on specific topics within cartilage repair of the ankle, after which a comprehensive literature review was performed and the available evidence for each statement was graded. Discussion and debate occurred in cases where statements were not agreed upon in unanimous fashion within the working groups. A final vote was then held, and the strength of consensus was characterised as follows: consensus: 51-74%; strong consensus: 75-99%; unanimous: 100%. RESULTS: A total of 12 statements on paediatric ankle cartilage lesions reached consensus during the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. Five achieved unanimous support, and seven reached strong consensus (>75% agreement). All statements reached at least 84% agreement. CONCLUSIONS: This international consensus derived from leaders in the field will assist clinicians with the management of paediatric ankle cartilage lesions.

Terminology for osteochondral lesions of the ankle: proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle.

BACKGROUND: The evidence supporting best practice guidelines in the field of cartilage repair of the ankle is based on both low quality and low levels of evidence. Therefore, an international consensus group of experts was convened to collaboratively advance toward consensus opinions based on the best available evidence on key topics within cartilage repair of the ankle. The purpose of this article is to report the consensus statements on "terminology for osteochondral lesions of the ankle" developed at the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. METHODS: Forty-three international experts in cartilage repair of the ankle representing 20 countries were convened and participated in a process based on the Delphi method of achieving consensus. Questions and statements were drafted within four working groups focusing on specific topics within cartilage repair of the ankle, after which a comprehensive literature review was performed, and the available evidence for each statement was graded. Discussion and debate occurred in cases where statements were not agreed on in unanimous fashion within the working groups. A final vote was then held, and the strength of consensus was characterised as follows: consensus, 51%-74%; strong consensus, 75%-99%; unanimous, 100%. RESULTS: A total of 11 statements on terminology and classification reached consensus during the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. Definitions are provided for osseous, chondral and osteochondral lesions, as well as bone marrow stimulation and injury chronicity, among others. An osteochondral lesion of the talus can be abbreviated as OLT. CONCLUSIONS: This international consensus derived from leaders in the field will assist clinicians with the appropriate terminology for osteochondral lesions of the ankle.

Metformin and Glaucoma-Review of Anti-Fibrotic Processes and Bioenergetics.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. With an aging population, disease incidence will rise with an enormous societal and economic burden. The treatment strategy revolves around targeting intraocular pressure, the principle modifiable risk factor, to slow progression of disease. However, there is a clear unmet clinical need to find a novel therapeutic approach that targets and halts the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration that occurs with fibrosis. RGCs are highly sensitive to metabolic fluctuations as a result of multiple stressors and thus their viability depends on healthy mitochondrial functioning. Metformin, known for its use in type 2 diabetes, has come to the forefront of medical research in multiple organ systems. Its use was recently associated with a 25% reduced risk of glaucoma in a large population study. Here, we discuss its application to glaucoma therapy, highlighting its effect on fibrotic signalling pathways, mitochondrial bioenergetics and NAD oxidation.

Magnetic Resonance Arthrography in Rugby Players Undergoing Shoulder Stabilization for Glenohumeral Instability: Professionals Have Higher Frequencies of More Pathologies.

PURPOSE: To quantify the magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) findings in rugby players during preoperative workup for anterior surgical stabilization for glenohumeral instability. METHODS: All patients who underwent glenohumeral instability surgery in our institution between 2008 and 2018 were considered for inclusion. Rugby players were identified using the patient's medical notes, with subsequent identification of all professional players. All rugby player's preoperative MRA findings were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 267 rugby players were included, 261 of whom were male (97.8%), with a mean age of 22.7 years (range 13-55 years). There were 58 professional rugby players (21.7%). The mean number of pathologies in nonprofessional rugby players was 5.0 pathologies versus 6.2 pathologies in the professional rugby players, with a significant difference in nonprofessional rugby players with up to 3 pathologies versus professional rugby players (26.3% vs 10.3%, P = .01). Professional rugby players had a statistically significant increased incidence of bicipital tendon lesions (25.9% vs 13.9%, P = .009), acromioclavicular joint degeneration (60.3% vs 42.1%, P = .016), glenohumeral bone loss (87.9% vs 69.9%, P = .006), and degenerative changes (67.2% vs 44.0%, P = .002) on their MRAs. CONCLUSIONS: Rugby players undergoing surgical stabilization for glenohumeral instability often have a significant number of pathologies identified on MRA at the time of surgery. Professional rugby players showed concerningly greater frequencies of early degenerative changes when compared with nonprofessional rugby players. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III; Retrospective Cohort Study.

Open Compared with Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Biceps tenodesis can be performed via an open or arthroscopic approach, and there is currently no consensus over which method is superior. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the cohort studies available in the literature to ascertain if open or arthroscopic techniques for biceps tenodesis result in superior clinical outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search of articles in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Cohort studies comparing the open and arthroscopic techniques for biceps tenodesis were included. RESULTS: Seven clinical trials were identified with 598 patients. The mean follow-up was 23.6 months. In all of the included studies, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in any of the functional outcome scoring systems used, including, most commonly, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score and the Constant score. Similarly, no study found a significant difference (p > 0.05) in either patient satisfaction or return to sport. However, 2 studies found a slightly higher rate of complications with the arthroscopic technique due to an increased rate of fixation failure in 1 study and stiffness in the other study. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that both open tenodesis and arthroscopic tenodesis result in excellent clinical outcomes, with no significant differences between either method. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.