What is the economic benefit of annual COVID-19 vaccination from the adult individual perspective?

BACKGROUND: With COVID-19 vaccination no longer mandated by many businesses/organizations, it is now up to individuals to decide whether to get any new boosters/updated vaccines going forward. METHODS: We developed a Markov model representing the potential clinical/economic outcomes from an individual perspective in the United States of getting versus not getting an annual COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS: For an 18-49-year-old, getting vaccinated at its current price ($60) can save the individual on average $30-$603 if the individual is uninsured and $4-$437 if the individual has private insurance, as long as the starting vaccine efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is ≥50% and the weekly risk of getting infected is ≥0.2%, corresponding to an individual interacting with 9 other people in a day under Winter 2023-2024 Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant conditions with an average infection prevalence of 10%. For a 50-64-year-old, these cost-savings increase to $111-$1,278 and $119-$1,706, for someone without and with insurance, respectively. The risk threshold increases to ≥0.4% (interacting with 19 people/day), when the individual has 13.4% pre-existing protection against infection (e.g., vaccinated 9 months earlier). CONCLUSION: There is both clinical and economic incentive for the individual to continue to get vaccinated against COVID-19 each year.

A Price Too High: Injury and Assault among Delivery Gig Workers in New York City.

The occupational health burden and mechanisms that link gig work to health are understudied. We described injury and assault prevalence among food delivery gig workers in New York City (NYC) and assessed the effect of job dependence on injury and assault through work-related mechanisms and across transportation modes (electric bike and moped versus car). Data were collected through a 2022 survey commissioned by the NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection among delivery gig workers between October and December 2021 in NYC. We used modified Poisson regression models to estimate the adjusted prevalence rate ratio associations between job dependence and injury and assault. Of 1650 respondents, 66.9% reported that food delivery gig work was their main or only job (i.e., fully dependent). About 21.9% and 20.8% of respondents reported being injured and assaulted, respectively. Injury and assault were more than twice as prevalent among two-wheeled drivers, in comparison to car users. Fully dependent respondents had a 1.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20, 2.16) and a 1.36 (95% CI 1.03, 1.80) times greater prevalence of injury and assault, respectively, than partially dependent respondents after adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, language, employment length, transportation mode, and weekly work hours. These findings suggest that fully dependent food delivery gig workers, especially two-wheeled riders, are highly vulnerable to the negative consequences of working conditions under algorithmic management by the platforms. Improvements to food delivery gig worker health and safety are urgently needed, and company narratives surrounding worker autonomy and flexibility need to be revisited.

RESULTS OF PREVENTIVE METHODS OF OCCURRENCE CERVICAL ANASTOMOTIC COMPLICATIONS IN ESOPHAGOPLASTY.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: The aim of the study was to improve the results of surgical treatment in patients with corrosive esophageal strictures using the designed comprehensive surgical management program in esophagoplasty to decrease cervical anastomotic complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The results of surgical treatment of 116 patients with esophageal strictures were studied. 45 patients had post-burn corrosive strictures, 17 - postoperative corrosive strictures, 10 - peptic strictures due to reflux esophagitis and 44 patients - esophageal cancer. All patients were divided into two groups: the control group, consisting of 55 patients who underwent conventional surgical treatment of corrosive esophageal strictures during 2005-2011, and experimental group involving 61 patients operated on during 2012- 2020, in whom an individual approach to the choice of surgical method was applied using diagnostic and treatment algorithm as well as the designed surgical management program. RESULTS: Results: In early postoperative period the proportion of specific and non-specific complications was significantly lower in experimental group as compared to the control group: cervical anastomotic leak - 16.36 % versus 4.392 %; strictures of cervical anastomosis - 20.0% versus 6.56 % (p<0.05). There were six postoperative deaths - four in the control group and two in experimental group. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: To prevent the development of cervical anastomotic complications and mortality in esophagoplasty proper therapeutic approach with consideration of all prognostic criteria and risk factors should be chosen and designed surgical management program should be applied.

Perinatal Depressive Symptoms, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Suppression, and the Underlying Role of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence: A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis in the IMPAACT P1025 Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Women with HIV have higher risk of depressive symptoms in the perinatal period. Evidence on how perinatal depressive symptoms affect viral suppression (VS) and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains limited. METHODS: Perinatal depressive symptoms were assessed using 6 items from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Quality of Life questionnaire. VS (viral load <400 copies/mL) was the outcome. Adherence was defined as no missed dose in the past 1-4 weeks using the ACTG Adherence Questionnaire. Generalized mixed-effects structural equation models estimated the association of depressive symptoms on VS and the mediating role of ART adherence among women enrolled in the IMPAACT P1025 Perinatal Core Protocol (2002-2013). RESULTS: Among 1869 participants, 47.6% were 21-29 years, 57.6% non-Hispanic Black. In the third trimester, the mean depressive symptoms score was 14.0 (±5.2), 68.0% had consistent adherence, and 77.3% achieved VS. At 6 months postpartum, depressive symptoms declined while adherence and VS fell to 59.8% and 53.0%, respectively. In the fully adjusted model, a 1-SD increase in depressive symptoms was associated with a 3.8-percentage-point (95% CI: -5.7, -1.9) decline in VS. This effect is the sum of the indirect effect of depressive symptoms on VS via ART adherence (-0.4; 95% CI: -.7, -.2) and the direct effect through other pathways (-3.4; -5.2, -1.5). The decline in adherence driven by depressive symptoms accounted for ≥11% of the total negative effect of depressive symptoms on VS. CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal depressive symptoms were associated with decreased adherence and VS, highlighting the need to screen for, diagnose, and treat perinatal depression to optimize maternal outcomes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00028145.

Clinical impact of routine esophagram after peroral endoscopic myotomy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is unclear whether the common practice of postoperative day (POD) 1 esophagram impacts clinical care or reliably identifies significant adverse events (AEs) related to peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Therefore, we aimed to correlate the most clinically relevant esophagram findings with postoperative outcomes after POEM. METHODS: Patients were retrospectively reviewed and included if they underwent POEM at 1 of the 3 study institutions between 2014 and 2018. Patient outcomes were assessed in relation to relevant POD 1 esophagram findings such as esophageal dissection or leak. RESULTS: One hundred seventy post-POEM contrast esophagrams (139 fluoroscopy-based vs 31 CT-based) performed on POD 1 were included. Most esophagrams (n = 98) contained abnormal findings but only 5 showed esophageal leak or dissection. Confirmed postoperative AEs of leak or dissection occurred in 4 patients. In 2 patients, POD 1 esophagram appropriately identified the leak or dissection, but in the other 2 patients the initial esophagram was negative, and the AEs were not recognized before clinical deterioration. One patient had a false-positive leak and dissection noted on esophagram leading to an unremarkable endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the low AE rate after POEM, follow-up esophagram on POD 1 frequently shows expected, unremarkable postprocedural findings and occasionally fails to diagnose serious AEs. This results in pitfalls in accuracy regarding agreement between esophagram versus clinical and endoscopic findings. Relying exclusively on esophagram for post-POEM clinical decision-making can lead to unnecessary additional testing or missed AEs.

Emergency department and inpatient utilization among U.S. older adults with multiple chronic conditions: a post-reform update.

BACKGROUND: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted to enhance access to care primarily among nonelderly and low-income populations; however, several provisions addressed key determinants of emergency department (ED) and inpatient visits among Medicare beneficiaries over age 65 years. We take stock of the overall changes in these visits among older Medicare beneficiaries, focusing on those with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs), and provide a nationally representative post-reform update. METHODS: We analyzed a sample of 32,919 older adults (65+) on Medicare from the 2006-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Using a survey-weighted two-part model, we examined changes in ED visits, inpatient visits, and length of stay (LOS) by MCC status, before (2006-2010), during (2011-2013), and after the ACA (2014-2015). RESULTS: Prior to the ACA, 18.1% of Medicare older adults had ≥1 ED visit, whereas 17.1% had ≥1 inpatient visits, with an average of 5.1 nights/visit. Following ACA reforms, among those with 2+ chronic conditions, the rate of ever having an ED visit increased by 4.3 percentage points [95% confidence intervals [CI]: 2.5, 6.1, p < 0.01], whereas the rate of inpatient visits decreased by 1.4 percentage points [95%CI: - 2.9, 0.2, p < 0.1], after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: We found sizable increases in ED visits and nontrivial decreases in inpatient visits among older Medicare beneficiaries with MCCs, underscoring the continuing need for improving access to and quality of care among older adults with MCCs to decrease reliance on the ED and reduce preventable hospitalizations.

MODERN METHODS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF CERVICAL ESOPHAGO-ORGAN ANASTOMOSIS AT ESOPHAGOPLASTY.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To improve the results of operative treatment of esophageal strictures by decreasing the rate of failure and stricture of cervical esophago-organ anastomoses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: There were 45 patients with post-burn corrosive gullet strictures, 17 patients with postoperative corrosive strictures, 10 patients with peptic strictures secondary to reflux-esophagitis, 42 patients with esophageal cancer strictures. The patients were divided into two groups: the comparison group - 55 persons and the main group - 59 persons. Patients of comparison group underwent surgical treatment of esophageal strictures according to classic protocols and standards. In the main group of patients we applied proposed diagnostic algorithm with prediction of complication risk and the designed method of esophago-organ anastomosis formation. RESULTS: Results: The results of operative treatment in patients with esophageal strictures showed the development of early postoperative complications in 59 individuals (51.75 %). In the postoperative period six patients died: four - in the comparison group and two - in the main group. Failure of cervical esophago-organ anastomosis and esophageal strictures occurred in 7 patients (11.86 %) of main group and 20 patients (36.36 %) of the comparison group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Application of method predicting the risk of complications of cervical anastomosis, treatment program and instrumental method of formation anastomosis resulted in reduced incidence of failure and strictures of esophago-organ anastomosis from 36.36 % to 11.86 % (p<0.05); decreased time of hospitalization - from 28.2 ± 1.1 to 21.5 ± 0.5 bed-days (p<0.001), postoperative period - from 20.5 ± 1.1 to 16.1 ± 0.7 bed-days (p<0.01); decreased postoperative mortality - from 7.27 % to 3.39 %.

Durability of pneumatic dilation monotherapy in treatment-naive achalasia patients.

BACKGROUND: Pneumatic dilation (PD) is often billed as a "short term" treatment for achalasia but anecdotally can last years. This study sought to explore how long a single pneumatic dilation may induce symptom remission in a treatment-naïve achalasia patient. METHODS: A single center, retrospective chart review of patients with an ICD-9 or - 10 code of achalasia between 2005 and 2017 was performed. Treatment naïve patients with manometric diagnosis of primary achalasia were included. Outcomes (success or failure); single vs multiple PD; age; and estimated duration of effect were evaluated. Each patient underwent a single PD unless re-intervention was required for relapse. RESULTS: 83 patients (52% female, median 51.6 ± 3.6 years) were included. 43% underwent 2 PD and 13% underwent 3 PD. There was no significant relation between age, gender, and number of PDs. After 1 PD, 87.5% of patients reported > 1 year of symptom remission. 80.5% of relapsed patients reported success after a 2nd dilation. 1 PD was more likely to result in success than multiple PDs (p < 0.001). The measured median duration of remission after 1 PD was 4.23 years, and for 2 PDs, 3.71 years. The median estimated remission time after 1 PD was 8.5 years (CI 7.3-9.7, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: PD is a safe, durable treatment for achalasia. A single PD is likely to last years. A second PD, if required, also has a high likelihood of success.

Unequal Exposure or Unequal Vulnerability? Contributions of Neighborhood Conditions and Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Socioeconomic Inequality in Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Risk factors can drive socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) through differential exposure and differential vulnerability. In this paper, we show how econometric decomposition directly enables simultaneous, policy-oriented assessment of these 2 mechanisms. We specifically estimate contributions of neighborhood environment and proximal risk factors to socioeconomic inequality in CVD incidence via these mechanisms. We followed 5,608 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2000-2012) to their first CVD event (median length of follow-up, 12.2 years). We used a summary measure of baseline socioeconomic position (SEP). Covariates included baseline demographics, neighborhood characteristics, and psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical risk factors. Using Poisson models, we decomposed the difference (inequality) in incidence rates between low- and high-SEP groups into contributions of 1) differences in covariate means (differential exposure) and 2) differences in CVD risk associated with covariates (differential vulnerability). Notwithstanding large uncertainty in neighborhood estimates, our analysis suggested that differential exposure to poorer neighborhood socioeconomic conditions, adverse social environment, diabetes, and hypertension accounted for most of the inequality. Psychosocial and behavioral contributions were negligible. Further, neighborhood SEP, female sex, and white race were more strongly associated with CVD among low-SEP (vs. high-SEP) participants. These differentials in vulnerability also accounted for nontrivial portions of the inequality and could have important implications for intervention.

Symptom Index or Symptom Association Probability?: A Closer Look at Symptom Association in Suspected GERD Patients.

BACKGROUND: Symptom index (SI) and symptom association probability (SAP) are popular methods used to measure symptom association in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). AIM: To investigate whether these 2 methods yield similar results in analysis of both typical and atypical GERD symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Combined impedance-pH reflux studies of 1471 patients tested for possible GERD symptoms from January 2010 to May 2015 were reviewed. SI and SAP were analyzed for typical and atypical GERD symptoms including heartburn, regurgitation, indigestion, chest pain, cough, and throat clearing (TC). Patients who reported <3 symptom events during the 24-hour monitoring period were excluded. ON and OFF proton pump inhibitor (PPI) groups were reviewed. Kappa coefficient (κ) rather than simple percentage was used to measure the agreement rate. Simple percentage agreement is a less reliable method compared with κ. RESULTS: On PPI therapy, there was a good κ between SI and SAP for regurgitation (0.68) and indigestion (0.64), moderate for heartburn (0.48) and chest pain (0.51), and poor for cough (0.33) and TC (0.29). There was a lower κ OFF PPI therapy for heartburn (0.36), regurgitation (0.44), and indigestion (0.50). But there was no difference in κ for chest pain (0.61), cough (0.29), and TC (0.33). CONCLUSIONS: SI and SAP showed better agreement for patients with typical GERD symptoms and even better when tested ON PPI. A better symptom association method is needed for patients with atypical GERD symptoms.

Throat Clearing, Frequently Reported, But is it GERD Related?

GOALS: To identify the association of throat clearing (TC) with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) during objective reflux monitoring in a large number of patients studied in our esophageal testing laboratory. BACKGROUND: TC is frequently reported and considered to be an atypical symptom of GERD. Atypical GERD symptoms have been widely investigated and empirically treated with proton pump inhibitors. STUDY: We reviewed ambulatory impedance-pH studies of 186 patients referred for evaluation of possible GERD from January 2011 to December 2015 to evaluate the symptom association (SA) of TC with both an abnormal number of reflux episodes and also abnormal esophageal acid exposure (EAE). Patients were divided into 2 groups; group 1: TC is the only reported symptom, group 2: TC is one of the symptoms. All patients were studied off proton pump inhibitors therapy. RESULTS: Group 1 where TC was the only symptom in 27/186 (14.5%) patients. There was no significant difference in positive SA between this group (6/27; 22%) and group 2 (43/159; 27%) (Z score P=0.59). There was also no significant association between SA and abnormal EAE whether TC was the only presenting symptom (χ, P=0.7) or one of the reported symptoms (χ, P=0.10). None of the 6/27 had abnormal EAE. CONCLUSION: Although TC is often considered a possible GERD-related symptom, we found a low probability of objective association. TC is not likely to be the only presenting symptom, and if it happens, it is unlikely to be associated with GERD. Perhaps, TC should not be considered as a GERD symptom, even as an atypical one.

Characteristics of Consecutive Esophageal Motility Diagnoses After a Decade of Change.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal manometry (MII-EM) measures concomitantly bolus transit and pressure changes allowing determination of the functional impact of esophageal motility abnormalities. Ten years ago our laboratory reported MII-EM results in 350 consecutive patients. Since then high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) became available and the definitions of ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) and nutcracker esophagus were revised. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of these developments on esophageal function testing. METHODS: From August 2012 through May 2013, HRIM was performed in 350 patients referred for esophageal function testing. Each patient received 10 liquid and 10 viscous swallows. While taking advantage of the new technology and revised criteria, HRIM findings were classified according to the conventional criteria to allow more appropriate comparison with our earlier analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the study performed 10 years ago, the prevalence of normal manometry (36% vs. 35%), achalasia (7% vs. 8%), scleroderma (1% vs. 1%), hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (7% vs. 7%), and hypotensive LES (1% vs. 2%) remained the same, whereas the prevalence of distal esophageal spasm (9% vs. 3%), nutcracker esophagus (9% vs. 3%), and poorly relaxing LES (10% vs. 3%) decreased and the prevalence of IEM increased (20% vs. 31%) significantly. Compared with the early study, normal liquid bolus transit was significantly different in patients with hypertensive LES (96% vs. 57%) and poorly relaxing LES (55% vs. 100%). CONCLUSIONS: This study brings to light the increase in prevalence of IEM. In addition, it suggests that the hypertensive LES and poorly relaxing LES may each affect bolus transit in about half of these patients.

Cough and Throat Clearing: Atypical GERD Symptoms or Not GERD at All?

GOALS: To investigate the frequency of throat clearing (TC) and cough and how often each is associated with a positive symptom index (SI) for reflux. BACKGROUND: Many patients referred to our esophageal laboratory for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) evaluation have "atypical" or "extraesophageal" symptoms. STUDY: We reviewed ambulatory impedance-pH studies of 267 patients referred for evaluation of possible GERD symptoms from January 2012 to December 2013 to evaluate the frequency of cough, TC, and their association with an abnormal number of reflux episodes. Patients with <3 symptom events/24 hours were excluded. Additional analysis was done for those with ≥24 (excessive) symptoms of TC or cough/24 hours. Eighty percent of patients were tested on proton pump inhibitor therapy. SI for either or both symptoms was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 112 of 267 patients (42%) reported both TC and cough on study day, 76/267 (28%) cough without TC and 79/267 (30%) TC without cough. Only 9/112 (8%) had a positive SI, versus 20/76 (26%) and 17/79 (22%) for cough (P=0.0006) and TC (P=0.007), respectively.A total of 136 of 267 patients (51%) reported 3 to 23 TC events/24 hours; 27/136 (20%) had a positive SI. Fifty-five of 267 (27%) had "excessive" TC. Only 7/55 (13%) had a positive SI (P=0.24).A total of 142 of 267 patients (53%) reported 3 to 23 cough events/24 hours; 43/142 (30%) had a positive SI. Forty-six of 267 (17%) had "excessive" cough. Only 6/46 (13%) had a positive SI (P=0.02).Analyses based on ON/OFF therapy, also showed same low rate of positive test and significantly higher number of reflux episodes in those with positive SI. CONCLUSIONS: Although cough and TC are often considered possible GERD symptoms, there is a low probability of objective association. This is even less likely if both symptoms are present. Those patients who reported "excessive" cough are less likely to have a positive SI.

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Primary Health Care: Usual Points of Access and Temporal Trends in a Major US Urban Area.

Neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), an overall marker of neighborhood conditions, may determine residents' access to health care, independently of their own individual characteristics. It remains unclear, however, how the distinct settings where individuals seek care vary by neighborhood SES, particularly in US urban areas. With existing literature being relatively old, revealing how these associations might have changed in recent years is also timely in this US health care reform era. Using data on the Philadelphia region from 2002 to 2012, we performed multilevel analysis to examine the associations of neighborhood SES (measured as census tract median household income) with access to usual sources of primary care (physician offices, community health centers, and hospital outpatient clinics). We found no evidence that residence in a low-income (versus high-income) neighborhood was associated with poorer overall access. However, low-income neighborhood residence was associated with less reliance on physician offices [-4.40 percentage points; 95 % confidence intervals (CI) -5.80, -3.00] and greater reliance on the safety net provided by health centers [2.08; 95 % CI 1.42, 2.75] and outpatient clinics [1.61; 95 % CI 0.97, 2.26]. These patterns largely persisted over the 10 years investigated. These findings suggest that safety-net providers have continued to play an important role in ensuring access to primary care in urban, low-income communities, further underscoring the importance of supporting a strong safety net to ensure equitable access to care regardless of place of residence.

Economic fluctuations and educational inequalities in premature ischemic heart disease mortality in Argentina.

Although mortality from ischemic heart disease has declined over the past decades in Argentina, ischemic heart disease remains one of the most frequent causes of death. This study aimed to describe the role of individual and contextual factors on premature ischemic heart disease mortality and to analyze how educational differentials in premature ischemic heart disease mortality changed during economic fluctuations in two provinces of Argentina from 1990 to 2018. To test the relationship between individual (age, sex, and educational level) and contextual (urbanization, poverty, and macroeconomic variations) factors, a multilevel Poisson model was estimated. When controlling for the level of poverty at the departmental level, we observed inequalities in premature ischemic heart disease mortality according to the educational level of individuals, affecting population of low educational level. Moreover, economic expansion was related to an increase in ischemic heart disease mortality, however, expansion years were not associated with increasing educational inequalities in ischemic heart disease mortality. At the departmental level, we found no contextual association beween area-related socioeconomic level and the risk of ischemic heart disease mortality. Despite the continuing decline in ischemic heart disease mortality in Argentina, this study highlighted that social inequalities in mortality risk increased over time. Therefore, prevention policies should be more focused on populations of lower socioeconomic status in Argentina.

Workers' Health under Algorithmic Management: Emerging Findings and Urgent Research Questions.

Algorithms are increasingly used instead of humans to perform core management functions, yet public health research on the implications of this phenomenon for worker health and well-being has not kept pace with these changing work arrangements. Algorithmic management has the potential to influence several dimensions of job quality with known links to worker health, including workload, income security, task significance, schedule stability, socioemotional rewards, interpersonal relations, decision authority, and organizational trust. To describe the ways algorithmic management may influence workers' health, this review summarizes available literature from public health, sociology, management science, and human-computer interaction studies, highlighting the dimensions of job quality associated with work stress and occupational safety. We focus on the example of work for platform-based food and grocery delivery companies; these businesses are growing rapidly worldwide and their effects on workers and policies to address those effects have received significant attention. We conclude with a discussion of research challenges and needs, with the goal of understanding and addressing the effects of this increasingly used technology on worker health and health equity.

Expanding research on the impact of financial hardship on emotional well-being: guidance of diverse stakeholders to the Emotional Well-Being and Economic Burden of Disease (EMOT-ECON) Research Network.

The Emotional Well-Being and Economic Burden (EMOT-ECON) Research Network is one of six research networks funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to advance research about emotional well-being (EWB), and the only one that focuses on addressing how economic burden due to disease or illness affects EWB. The network convened researchers, patients, patient advocates, health care providers and other stakeholders from across the US to discuss the significance of addressing the impact of the economic burden of disease on EWB, the complexity of this prevalent problem for patients and families, and the research gaps that still need to be studied to ultimately develop strategies to reduce the impact of economic burden of disease on EWB and health. Participants identified some important future areas of research as those investigating: (i) prevalent and relevant emotions for patients experiencing economic burden of disease and financial hardship, and how their broader outlook on life is impacted; (ii) constructs and contexts that influence whether the economic burden is stressful; (iii) strategies to deal and cope and their positive or negative effects on EWB and health; and (iv) multi-level and multi-stakeholder interventions to address economic factors (e.g., costs, ability to pay), administrative burdens, education and training, and especially patients' emotional as well as financial status.

Assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor levels in amniotic fluid.

OBJECTIVE: To measure amniotic fluid levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 and to characterize their levels with respect to advancing gestational age and pregnancy-related complications. STUDY DESIGN: Amniotic fluid was collected from a total of 37 patients, 2 of whom had twin pregnancies. Twenty-seven specimens were collected in the second trimester and 10 specimens were collected in the third trimester. VEGF, bFGF and TGF-beta2 were isolated from centrifuged amniotic fluid and quantified using commercially available ELISA kits. Concentrations of growth factors were expressed in pg/mL. RESULTS: The growth factors under investigation were present in most but not all amniotic fluid specimens throughout pregnancy. The levels of VEGF, bFGF and TGF-beta2 were inconsistent and did not show a statistically significant association with gestational age, number of fetuses, or the presence of hypertension and/or diabetes. One significant finding emerged from the data: smokers had significantly higher amniotic fluid levels of VEGF compared to nonsmokers (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: VEGF, bFGF and TGF-beta2 are detectable in second and third trimester amniotic fluid. Smoking appears to correlate with increased amniotic fluid VEGF during pregnancy. VEGF may represent a molecular marker of hypoxia and is an interesting focus for future investigation.

Retrenchment of Wisconsin's Well Woman Program and changes in insurance coverage around the Affordable Care Act.

Since before the Affordable Care Act (ACA), states have partnered with the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) to support access to cancer screening and treatment for uninsured/underinsured women. The Wisconsin Well Woman Program (WWWP) was one such program, supporting low-income women across the state. With ACA introduction, Wisconsin substantially downsized/restructured the WWWP, expecting the reduction in services to be offset by the rise in ACA-provided insurance coverage. This study assesses whether retrenchment in the WWWP following the ACA indeed prompted a differential rise in insurance coverage among the program's target population. We use a difference-in-differences (DID) design to contrast changes in county-level, target-population insurance rates, over 2008-2018, in Wisconsin counties previously most served by the WWWP vs those least served, adjusting for systematic differences across counties, including pre-policy trends. Pre-ACA (2011-2013), most-served counties had lower insurance rates by 2.5 percentage points (pp) than least-served counties; WWWP services likely compensated for some of that gap. In 2014-2015, along with WWWP's steep contraction, insurance rates rose sharply across all counties. Our primary DID analysis and event study suggest that WWWP contraction might have differentially driven more insurance take-up in most-served counties, by 1.88 pp [95 % Confidence Interval: 0.23,3.54], thus narrowing the pre-ACA gap. Sensitivity analyses suggest much smaller gains. Notwithstanding such potential insurance gains following program contraction, continued support for care navigation and coordination remain necessary to truly meet the needs of the vulnerable women previously served by the WWWP and similar programs across states.