Bioremoval of tannins and heavy metals using immobilized tannase and biomass of Aspergillus glaucus.

BACKGROUND: The presence of inorganic pollutants and heavy metals in industrial effluents has become a serious threat and environmental issues. Fungi have a remarkable ability to exclude heavy metals from wastewater through biosorption in eco-friendly way. Tannase plays an important role in bioconversion of tannin, a major constituent of tannery effluent, to gallic acid which has great pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to exploit the potential of tannase from Aspergillus glaucus and fungal biomass waste for the bioremediation of heavy metals and tannin. RESULTS: Tannase from A. glaucus was partially purified 4.8-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation (80%). The enzyme was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 40 °C and stable at this temperature for 1 h. Tannase showed high stability at different physiological conditions, displayed about 50% of its activity at 60 °C and pH range 5.0-6.0. Immobilization of tannase was carried out using methods such. as entrapment in Na-alginate and covalent binding to chitosan. The effects of Na-alginate concentrations on the beads formation and enzyme immobilization revealed that maximum immobilization efficiency (75%) was obtained with 3% Na-alginate. A potential reusability of the immobilized enzyme was showed through keeping 70% of its relative activity up to the fourth cycle. The best bioconversion efficiency of tannic acid to gallic acid by immobilized tannase was at 40 °C with tannic acid concentration up to 50 g/l. Moreover, bioremediation of heavy metal (Cr3+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+) from aqueous solution using A. glaucus biomass waste was achieved with uptake percentage of (37.20, 60.30, 55.27, 79.03 and 21.13 respectively). The biomass was successfully used repeatedly for removing Cr3+ after using desorbing agent (0.1 N HCl) for three cycles. CONCLUSION: These results shed the light on the potential use of tannase from locally isolated A. glaucus in the bioremediation of industrial tanneries contained heavy metals and tannin.

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on response to anti-tuberculosis therapy in patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentrations in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients and to evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on their treatment course. METHODS: Serum 25(OH)D3concentrations were measured in 47 newly diagnosed EPTB patients and 42 controls. Vitamin D-deficient EPTB patients were randomly assigned to receive 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) orally once a week for 6 weeks (total 300,000 IU), followed by maintenance doses of 1000 IU a day besides anti-TB drugs or the first line anti-TB treatment only. Follow up serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were measured after 3 months of starting vitamin D3 supplementation. Both groups were evaluated for clinical, laboratory, and radiological outcomes after treatment. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were significantly lower among TB cases (17.1 ± 5.5 nmol/L) compared to healthy controls (51.8 ± 27.3 nmol/L), and vitamin D deficiency was observed in all EPTB patients (n = 47). Patients in VD3 supplementation group had significantly higher weight gain and serum albumin level at 2 months and end of treatment, higher hemoglobin concentration at the end of treatment, significantly lower CRP and ESR at 2 months and at the end of treatment. In cases with TB pleurisy, a significant higher rate of full resolution of pleural fluid after 6 months of anti-TB treatment and shorter treatment duration were noted compared to the other group. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in EPTB patients, in whom, vitamin D supplementation is a useful adjunctive therapy to anti-TB drugs and improves treatment course.

Accuracy of Ultrasound in the Prediction of the FIGO Classification of Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of greyscale ultrasound (US) and colour Doppler detecting placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) based on the newly recommended International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (FIGO) grading system. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted on women diagnosed with placenta previa or low-lying placenta involving the anterior uterine wall and associated with PAS as identified by the US. Transabdominal and transvaginal greyscale US was performed on admission between 34 and 36 weeks of gestation and compared to clinical grading and histopathological examination after cesarean hysterectomy. RESULTS: In total, 36 pregnant females who underwent a cesarean hysterectomy due to placenta previa complicated by PAS were included in this study. All patients had a history of previous cesarean deliveries, ranging from 1 to 5 deliveries. The US has an overall sensitivity of 33%, 55%, and 84.62%, and specificity of 100%, 75%, and 60% in detecting the 3 degrees of PAS, respectively. US cannot differentiate between the different subtypes of PAS grade 3 (a, b, and c). CONCLUSION: The overall US evaluation was highly significant in predicting the FIGO diagnosis of PAS; however, all ultrasonographic signs were equally relevant in diagnosing grade 1 and/or 2 PAS and were inaccurate in differing the subtypes of PAS grade 3.

Induction of Long-Lasting Regulatory B Lymphocytes by Modified Immune Cells in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: We recently demonstrated that donor-derived modified immune cells (MICs)-PBMCs that acquire immunosuppressive properties after a brief treatment-induced specific immunosuppression against the allogeneic donor when administered before kidney transplantation. We found up to a 68-fold increase in CD19 + CD24 hi CD38 hi transitional B lymphocytes compared with transplanted controls. METHODS: Ten patients from a phase 1 clinical trial who had received MIC infusions before kidney transplantation were followed to post-transplant day 1080. RESULTS: Patients treated with MICs had a favorable clinical course, showing no donor-specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies or acute rejections. The four patients who had received the highest dose of MICs 7 days before surgery and were on reduced immunosuppressive therapy showed an absence of in vitro lymphocyte reactivity against stimulatory donor blood cells, whereas reactivity against third party cells was preserved. In these patients, numbers of transitional B lymphocytes were 75-fold and seven-fold higher than in 12 long-term survivors on minimal immunosuppression and four operationally tolerant patients, respectively ( P <0.001 for both). In addition, we found significantly higher numbers of other regulatory B lymphocyte subsets and a gene expression signature suggestive of operational tolerance in three of four patients. In MIC-treated patients, in vitro lymphocyte reactivity against donor blood cells was restored after B lymphocyte depletion, suggesting a direct pathophysiologic role of regulatory B lymphocytes in donor-specific unresponsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that donor-specific immunosuppression after MIC infusion is long-lasting and associated with a striking increase in regulatory B lymphocytes. Donor-derived MICs appear to be an immunoregulatory cell population that when administered to recipients before transplantation, may exert a beneficial effect on kidney transplants. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER: MIC Cell Therapy for Individualized Immunosuppression in Living Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients (TOL-1), NCT02560220.

Molecular characterization of tetracycline and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from healthy dogs in Egypt: a public health threat.

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are among the most common causative pathogens for nosocomial infections worldwide. Moreover, strains of VRE have been isolated from several domestic livestock in Egypt. METHODS: This study examined if healthy dogs are a potential source of VRE infection by isolating and characterizing Enterococcus faecium strains from stool samples on a morphological basis and biochemical activities. Subsequently, it was confirmed by genotypic characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by the detection of antibiotic resistance genes, virulence determinants, and genes contributing to enterocin production by PCR. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships among vanB and tetL genes were analyzed. RESULTS: All ten fecal samples were identified as E. faecium and confirmed by PCR. In addition, 90% of the isolates tested were positive for the virulence genes gelE and esp, and all the isolates tested were positive for the antibiotic resistance genes tetL and vanB. Only three of the five enterocin genes examined were detected. Ent As-48, bacteriocin 31, and Ent L50 were identified in 100%, 80%, and 60% of the samples, respectively. CONCLUSION: Dogs should be regarded as a reservoir of E. faecium that carries vancomycin resistance and virulence determinants that may affect public health in Egypt, considering a "One Health" task force approach to restrict their spread.

Can fluorescence-guided surgery improve optimal surgical treatment for ovarian cancer? A systematic scoping review of clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: The predicament of achieving optimal surgical intervention faced by surgeons in treating ovarian cancer has driven research into improving intra-operative detection of cancer using fluorescent materials. OBJECTIVE: To provide a literature overview on the clinical use of intra-operative fluorescence-guided surgery for ovarian cancer, either for cytoreductive surgery or sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. METHODS: The systematic review included studies from June 2002 until October 2021 from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus as well as those from a search of related literature. Studies were included if they investigated the use of fluorescence-guided surgery in patients with a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Authors charted variables related to study characteristics, patient demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, fluorescence-guided surgery material, and treatment details, and surgical, oncological, and survival outcome variables. After screening 2817 potential studies, 24 studies were included. RESULTS: Studies investigating the role of fluorescence-guided surgery to visualize tumor deposits or SLN biopsy included the data of 410 and 118 patients, respectively. Six studies used indocyanine green tracer with a mean SLN detection rate of 92.3% with a pelvic and para-aortic detection rate of 94.8% and 96.7%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for micrometastases detection of OTL38 and 5-aminolevulinc acid at time of cytoreduction were 92.2% vs 79.8%, 67.3% vs 94.8%, and 55.8% vs 95.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Fluorescence -guided surgery is a technique that may improve the detection rate of micrometastases and SLN identification in ovarian cancer. Further research is needed to establish whether this will lead to improved patient outcomes.

Implementation strategies, facilitators, and barriers to scaling up and sustaining post pregnancy family planning, a mixed-methods systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Post pregnancy family planning includes both postpartum and post-abortion periods. Post pregnancy women remain one of the most vulnerable groups with high unmet need for family planning. This review aimed to describe and assess the quality of the evidence on implementation strategies, facilitators, and barriers to scaling up and sustaining post pregnancy family planning. METHODS: Electronic bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Global Index Medicus) were searched from inception to October 2022 for primary quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method reports on scaling up post pregnancy family planning. Abstracts, titles, and full-text papers were assessed according to the inclusion criteria to select studies regardless of country, language, publication status, or methodological limitations. Data were extracted and methodological quality assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The convergent integrated approach and a deductive thematic synthesis were used to identify themes and sub-themes of strategies to scale up post pregnancy family planning. The health system building blocks were used to summarize barriers and facilitators. GRADE-CERQual was used to assess our confidence in the findings. RESULTS: Twenty-nine reports (published 2005-2022) were included: 19 quantitative, 7 qualitative, and 3 mixed methods. Seven were from high-income countries, and twenty-two from LMIC settings. Sixty percent of studies had an unclear risk of bias. The included reports used either separate or bundled strategies for scaling-up post pregnancy family planning. These included strategies for healthcare infrastructure, policy and regulation, financing, human resource, and people at the point of care. Strategies that target the point of care (women and / or their partners) contributed to 89.66% (26/29) of the reports either independently or as part of a bundle. Point of care strategies increase adoption and coverage of post pregnancy contraceptive methods. CONCLUSION: Post pregnancy family planning scaling up strategies, representing a range of styles and settings, were associated with improved post pregnancy contraceptive use. Factors that influence the success of implementing these strategies include issues related to counselling, integration in postnatal or post-abortion care, and religious and social norms. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Center for Open Science, OSF.IO/EDAKM.

Family planning could prevent one third of maternal deaths by allowing women to delay motherhood, avoid unintended pregnancies and subsequent abortions. Post pregnancy family planning includes both postpartum and post-abortion periods. Post pregnancy women remain one of the most vulnerable groups with high unmet need for family planning. Scaling up post pregnancy family planning is essential for achieving universal access to reproductive health-care services. Reports of strategies to scale up post pregnancy family planning were systematically reviewed and summarized. These included strategies for healthcare infrastructure, policy and regulation, financing, human resource, and people at the point of care. Strategies that target the point of care (women and/or their partners) contributed to 89.66% (26/29) of the reports either independently or as part of a bundle. Point of care strategies increase adoption and coverage of post pregnancy contraceptive methods. Certain factors influence the success of implementing these strategies, including issues related to counselling, integration in postnatal or post-abortion care, and religious and social norms.

Predictors of pulmonary hypertension in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

BACKGROUND: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immunologically induced inflammation of the lung parenchyma that occurs in susceptible individuals in response to a variety of antigens. Repeated exposures to the causative antigens lead to chronic HP. The condition could be complicated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODOLOGY: 60 patients with established diagnosis of HP were included, clinical examination, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of chest, arterial blood gases, six minute walking test (6MWT), desaturation index, spirometry, echocardiography were performed to all patients and right heart catheter was done for patients with high echo probability of PH. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 41.67 ± 13.4 years with female predominance 83.3% of patients had history of raising birds. 71.7% of cases suffered from resting hypoxia with oxygen saturation 89 ± 11% with desaturation index 9% ± 8%, Echo probability of PH ranged from low to high 71.67, 21.67 and 6.67% respectively, mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 63.65 (18.48) mmHg. PH was diagnosed in 17 (28.33%) patients. HP with PH patients were significantly more symptomatic with predominant fibrotic pattern in HRCT chest P < 0.001, 82% of them had hypoxia P < 0.001 with significant desaturation after 6MWT P = 0.001. Predictors of PH in study group were fibrotic pattern in HRCT chest and hypoxia OR = 62.22, P < 0.001; 49.2, P < 0.001 respectively. CONCLUSION: PH was prevalent in 28.33% of patients with HP, predictors of development of PH were fibrotic pattern in HRCT chest and hypoxia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered, registration number is NCT05458635, date of registration 07/12/2022.

Retention of zirconia crowns to titanium bases with straight versus angled screw access channels: an invitro study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of abutments with angled screw access channel on the retention of zirconia crowns. METHODS: Seven implant replicas were inserted in epoxy resin blocks. Fourteen zirconia crowns for central incisor tooth were digitally fabricated and cemented to titanium bases (Ti-bases) with resin cement. Titanium bases were categorized into 2 groups (n = 7). Control group (Group STA) included straight screw access channel abutments. Study group (Group ASC) included angled screw access channel abutments. Following aging (5 °C-55 °C, 60 s; 250,000 cycles, 100 N, 1.67 Hz), the pull-off forces (N) were recorded by using retention test (1 mm/min). Types of failure were defined as (Type 1; Adhesive failure when luting agent predominantly remained on the Ti-base surface (> 90%); Type 2; Cohesive failure when luting agent remained on both Ti-base and crown surfaces; and Type 3; Adhesive failure when luting agent predominantly remained on the crown (> 90%). Statistical analysis was conducted by using (IBM SPSS version 28). Normality was checked by using Shapiro Wilk test and Q-Q plots. Independent t-test was then used to analogize the groups. RESULTS: Mean ± standard deviation of retention force records ranged from 1731.57 (63.68) N (group STA) to 1032.29 (89.82) N (group ASC), and there was a statistically significant variation between the 2 groups (P < .05). Failure modes were Type 2 for group STA and Type 3 for group ASC. CONCLUSIONS: The retention of zirconia crowns to abutments with a straight screw access channel is significantly higher than abutments with angled screw access channel.

Prevalence, severity, and characteristics of medical device related pressure injuries in adult intensive care patients: A prospective observational study.

This study was intended to determine the characteristics of Medical Related Pressure Injury (MDRPI) in adult intensive care patients. MDRIs are recognized as significant and complex health problems among hospitalized patients. Underestimated true scale of the problem is evident because the systematic clinical evaluation of MDRPI occurrence is not part of routine skin assessment among intensive care patients. A prospective approach was used to obtain data of MDRPIs with two weeks follow up to monitor the prevention and treatment strategies. Participants were 329 adult patients from three large referral and teaching centres in Jordan. Data were collected using a screening form that included demographic and clinical characteristics, and a list of medical devices. The primary outcome for this study was MDRPI and defined as a pressure injury (PI) found on the skin or mucous membrane with a medical device in use at the location of the injury (EPUAP, 2019). The patients with MDRPI were followed up for 2 weeks for prevention and treatment strategies. Prevalence of MDRPI was 5.01% (15/299) with 41 injuries, 27/41 (65.8%) were skin injuries and 14/41(34.2%) were mucosal. Most mucous membrane MDRPIs were at mouth/lips and caused by ET tube and meatal orifice caused by foley catheter. Skin MDRPIs were at the nose and caused by NG tube and hands by peripheral intravenous line and arms caused by blood pressure cuff. Inadequate prevention was provided on daily care as only 177 prevention and treatment interventions were provided over 2 weeks for 15 patients. As a growing problem among Jordanian adults in intensive care, MDRPI required the need for effective prevention. About one-thirds of MDRPIs were mucosal, a finding not previously reported, indicating the need to include mucous membrane assessment with skin assessment when a medical device such as NG and ET tubes or foley catheters are in use. Prevention and treatment interventions provided to patients with MDRPIs were not systematic and based on routine care with no clear guidelines. A consensus has yet to be reached suggesting the need to establish effective prevention strategies for medical device-related pressure injuries. Future research is recommended to follow up MDRPI prevention and treatment strategies among patients in ICU. We suggest to continue studying the prevalence of MDRPIs and monitoring the location, prevention and treatment of both skin and mucosal MDRPIs.

Assessment of compliance and relapse in patients with schizophrenia before and after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and correlates of relapse among patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This retrospective study included 90 adults who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia. The participants were evaluated using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Compliance Rating Scale (CRS) and World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) before and after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: The mean score of CRS was decreased after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic compared to before COVID 19 ( p < 0.001). The mean total score of PANSS scale and the mean positive subscale (P) score had increased after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic compared to before COVID 19 ( p < 0.001). Following up the news about COVID-19 regularly and decreased level of family support after the pandemic onset were associated with lower CRS scores and higher PANSS scores. In addition, the presence of infection or death with COVID-19 among family members and lower CRS scores were associated with higher scores on PANSS positive subscale. CONCLUSIONS: The relapse rate had increased among patients with schizophrenia during COVID-19 pandemic. Non-compliance with medications and lack of family support were the main correlates of relapse in schizophrenia.Key PointsPatients with schizophrenia are at high risk for relapse during Covid-19 pandemic.Non-compliance with medications, lack of family support, COVID-19-related illness or death of family members and following the news of the pandemic are correlates of relapse in patients with schizophrenia.Psychoeducation, availability of medications and mental health services and family support may help to prevent relapse in patients with schizophrenia during pandemics.Prospective studies are needed to confirm the findings of this study.

Body Mass Index As A Prognostic Factor In HER-2 Positive Early Breast Cancer Patients And Its Effect On Duration Of Treatment With Trastuzumab: A Retrospective Study.

Objectives: To evaluate prognostic value of body mass index in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive early breast cancer, and to evaluate the duration of trastuzumab administration. Method: The retrospective study was conducted from March 2020 to December 2021 at Kafrelsheikh University Hospital and Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt, and comprised data of women diagnosed between 2015 and 2017 with stage III human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positivebreast cancer, who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab for a year. Body massindex had been calculated at the time of diagnosis, and data was divided into 3 groups: average weight group A, overweight group B and obese group C. Disease-free survival, distant disease-free survival and overall survival were estimated for all the three groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. RESULTS: The mean age of 160 cases was 44.99±11.35 years(range: 25-66 years). There were 93(58.1) postmenopausal women, 60(37.5%) had positive family history and 128 (80%) underwent modified radical mastectomy. There were 60(37.5%) patients in group A, 49(30.6%) in group B and 51(31.9%) in group C. There was significant association of body mass index with disease-free survival and distant disease-free survival (p<0.05), but not with overall survival (p>0.05). Significant difference was noted between body mass index and duration of trastuzumab (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Body massindex wasfound to be an independent prognostic factor for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positiveearly breast cancer.

Imbalance of Follicular Helper and Follicular Regulatory T Cells in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps.

OBJECTIVE: Data regarding the imbalance in follicular helper T (Tfh) and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cell responses in patients having chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is so far limited. Thus, we aimed to assess the changes in circulating Tfh and Tfr in CRSwNP patients. METHODS: This case-control study included 21 patients having CRSwNP and 20 age and sex-matched healthy blood donors as a control group. Lund-Mackay staging system was used for radiologic scoring of chronic rhinosinusitis. Two milliliters of peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants into EDTA-containing vacutainer tubes to assess the levels of Tfh and Tfr cells using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Patients having CRSwNP did not show significant differences in the percentages of CD4+ T cells and total CD4+CXCR5+ T cells from healthy controls. Meanwhile, levels of both activated circulating Tfh and Tfr showed a marked rise in patients than controls. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between the levels of both activated Tfh and Tfr cells. CONCLUSION: An imbalance in circulating Tfh/Tfr levels was detected in patients having CRSwNP. A significant rise in the levels of Tfh and Tfr was detected in patients proposing a possible role of this imbalance in disease pathogenesis.

Biotyping, virulotyping and biofilm formation ability of ESBL-Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from nosocomial infections.

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, molecular characterization, virulence genes, resistance genes and antimicrobial profile of nosocomial extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Klebsiella species. A total of 22 (12.2%) K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 180 clinical samples collected from hospitalized patients in Egypt. K. pneumoniae biotypes were B1 (72.8%), B3 (13.6%) and B4 (13.6%). The isolates were classified for the capsular serotypes, 86.4% (20/22) were of K1 serotype, while only two isolates (13.64%) were of K2 serotype. Hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae isolates accounted for 68.2%. Biofilm formation ability of K. pneumoniae was determined by microtitre plate method. The majority of the isolates (40.9%) were moderate biofilm producers, while 27.3% were strong biofilm producers. All K. pneumoniae strains were positive for fimH and traT genes, while magA was identified in only 63.6% of the isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates (n = 22) was determined by the disc diffusion technique using 23 different antibiotics. Streptomycin and imipenem are the most effective antibiotics against 22 tested K. pneumoniae isolates with sensitivity rates of 63.64% and 54.54% respectively. All tested K. pneumoniae isolates showed high resistance to amoxicillin∕clavulanate (100%), cefuroxime (100%) and ceftazidime (95.45%). Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) production and the presence of ESBL-related genes were tested in the isolates. All the isolates tested positive for blaVIM, NDM1 and blaTEM, while only 81.8 %tested positive for the blaSHV gene. Increasing antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae causing nosocomial infections limits the use of antimicrobial agents for treatment. Furthermore, the spread of biofilm, multiple drug resistant and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates is a public threat for hospitalized patients.

Vanillin attenuates thioacetamide-induced renal assault by direct and indirect mediation of the TGFß, ERK and Smad signalling pathways in rats.

Inflammation and fibrosis are two pathological features of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal fibrosis is considered to be one of the most important conditions, as it may be the result of excessive extracellular matrix protein production and deposition, or prolonged exposure to nephrotoxic substances or drugs. Unfortunately, no suitable therapies or medications are currently available to prevent renal fibrosis. We conducted this study for the evaluation of the protective potential of vanillin by reversing TAA (250 mg/kg TAA for 6 weeks) induced renal injury in rats. The concentrations of the proteins tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) in kidney tissues were assessed using ELISA. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) and mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 2, 3 (SMAD 2, 3) expressions were evaluated using real time PCR. We also estimated the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) using immunohistochemistry. Treatment with vanillin (100 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated kidney Injury and improved the kidney function. Vanillin treatment also significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and elevated glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities in kidney tissues. Vanillin also reduced α-SMA renal expression and TNFα, IL-6, TGF-ß1, and Erk1/2 renal levels. Vanillin significantly decreased the expression of the genes encoding KIM-1 and SMAD 2, 3 and ameliorated histological abnormalities in kidney architecture. Our molecular docking findings showed that vanillin has a good binding mode inside TGF-ß type I receptors (ALK5) biding site.

Public knowledge, attitude, and acceptance toward COVID-19 vaccines in Palestine: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health in addition to the global economy are huge. Vaccination is a pivotal measure to decrease COVID-19 morbidity and mortality and to help bring the pandemic under control. Yet, success of the vaccination process depends on the population's willingness to be vaccinated which may be determined by their level of knowledge about and trust in currently available COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, this study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of Palestinians towards COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS: A national cross-sectional study was distributed in different Palestinian regions to assess the knowledge and attitude of Palestinians toward COVID-19 vaccines using an online questionnaire, it included three sections; sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge assessment questions, and attitude assessment questions. RESULTS: A total of 6226 participants completed the questionnaire; among them, 41.36% believed that vaccines are safe, 69.02% agreed that vaccines are vital to protect from COVID-19; in addition, 55.1% approve administering the vaccine once available, and 37.86% do not believe their benefits outweigh the risks. The Source of information for 22.07% of participants in social media, while 11.92% rely on health care providers. Participants' attitudes and knowledge were significantly affected by gender, governorate, age, education level, and marital status (P <0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that there is good knowledge and attitude toward the vaccination process against COVID-19 in Palestine, although low acceptance was detected. Awareness campaigns are required to spread reliable knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines.

Higher CD19+CD25+ Bregs are independently associated with better graft function in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: The Identification of B cell subsets with regulatory functions might open the way to new therapeutic strategies in the field of transplantation, which aim to reduce the dose of immunosuppressive drugs and prolong the graft survival. CD25 was proposed as a marker of a B-cell subset with an immunosuppressive action termed Bregs. The effect of CD19 + CD25 + Bregs on graft function in renal transplant recipients has not yet been elucidated. We investigated a potential impact of CD19 + CD25 + Bregs on renal graft function as well as a possible interaction of CD19 + CD25 + Bregs with peripheral Tregs in healthy controls, end-stage kidney disease patients (ESKD), and renal transplant recipients. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the association of CD19 + CD25 + Bregs with serum IL-10, TGF-ß1, and IFN-γ in the same study groups. METHOD: Thirty-one healthy controls, ninety renal transplant recipients, and eighteen ESKD patients were enrolled. We evaluated the CD19 + CD25 + Bregs and Treg absolute counts. Next, we investigated CD19 + CD25 + Bregs as predictors of good graft function in multiple regression and ROC analyses. Finally, we evaluated the association between CD19 + CD25+ Bregs and serum IL-10, TGF-ß, and IFN-γ. RESULTS: ESKD patients and renal transplant recipients showed lower counts of CD19 + CD25+ Bregs compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). Higher CD19 + CD25+ Breg counts were independently associated with a better GFR in renal transplant recipients (unstandardized B coefficient = 9, p = 0.02). In these patients, higher CD19 + CD25+ Bregs were independently associated with higher Treg counts (unstandardized B = 2.8, p = 0.004). In ROC analysis, cut-offs for CD19 + CD25 + Breg counts and serum TGF-ß1 of 0.12 cell/µl and 19,635.4 pg/ml, respectively, were shown to provide a good sensitivity and specificity in identifying GFR ≥ 30 ml/min (AUC = 0.67, sensitivity 77%, specificity 43%; AUC = 0.65, sensitivity 81%, specificity 50%, respectively). Finally, a significant positive association between CD19 + CD25+ Bregs and TGF-ß1 was shown in renal transplant recipients (r = 0.255, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that higher counts of CD19 + CD25+ Bregs are independently associated with better renal function and higher absolute Treg counts in renal transplant recipients.

PDL-1 expression in lung carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathological and prognostic characteristics.

Lung cancers have high incidence and high mortality rates. The immune checkpoints as programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1) can suppress the tumor immune reaction. So, their blocking seems to be a way to treat tumors. This study assesses PDL-1 immunohistochemical expression in lung cancer, and its correlation with prognosis. It included 62 specimens of lung cancer in Hospitals of Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Egypt. Seventy-one percent of cases showed positive PDL-1 and about 59.1% of them showed high expression. PDL-1 expression in NSCLC was significantly higher than in SCLC (P = 0.019). There were no significant associations between PDL-1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters. A significant mild positive correlation between PDL-1 and EGFR marker was found (P = 0.006). The mean overall survival in cases with positive PDL-1 was lower than negative cases (P = 0.37). Also, progression-free survival was lower among PDL-1 positive cases compared to negative cases (P = 0.5). This study reports that immune checkpoint, PDL-1 is overexpressed in lung cancer especially NSCLC. It is correlated with EGFR overexpression. PDL-1 could have potential to be an effective immune target for lung cancer immunotherapy. But the presence of PD-L1-negative tumors highlights the importance of searching for alternative or combination treatment strategies.Abbreviations: AC: Adenocarcinoma; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; IHC: Immunohistochemical; NSCLC: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; OS: Overall Survival; PD1: Programmed Death 1; PDL-1: Programmed Death ligand 1; PFS: Progression Free Survival; SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma; SCLC: Small Cell Lung Cancer; SD: Standard Deviation; TCR: T-cell receptor; TPS: Tumor Proportion Score.

Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Supported by Crude Bioactive Metabolites of Bionanofactories Isolated from Lake Mariout.

Lake Mariout is one of the polluted coastal marine ecosystems in Egypt which is considered to be a reservoir of serious effluents from different anthropogenic activities. Such selective pressure enforces indigenous microbial populations to acquire new advantageous themes. Thus, in this study, two Streptomyces strains were screened, from Lake Mariout's sediment for bioreduction of 5 mM AgNO3. Both strains were identified molecularly; their biochemical and physiological characterization revealed their ability to secrete bioactive metabolites with antagonistic activity. The cultural and incubation conditions influencing AgNPs productivity were evaluated. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the biofabricated AgNPs were pursued. UV-Vis spectroscopy detected surface plasmon resonance at range 458-422 nm. XRD indicated crystalline, pure, face-centered cubic AgNPs; EDX demonstrated strong silver signal at 3.5 keV. Besides, FT-IR and TGA analysis unveiled self-stabilization and functionalization of AgNPs by bioorganic molecules. However, electron microscopy micrographs depicted numerous uniform spherical AgNPs (1.17-13.3 nm). Potent bactericidal and fungicide activity were recorded by zone of inhibition assay at 50 µg/mL. Further, the antibiofilm activity was exerted in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the conjugation of AgNPs with the crude bioactive metabolites of both bionanofactories ameliorated the antimicrobial potency, reflecting a synergistic efficiency versus examined pathogens (free-living and biofilm).

Assessment of laser-assisted delivery vs intralesional injection of botulinum toxin A in treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids.

Keloids and hypertrophic scars could impair the psychological, physical, and cosmetic aspects of the patient's quality of life. Unfortunately, there is no curative treatment available till now. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intralesional vs topical botulinum toxin A combined with Fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Twenty patients with Keloids and hypertrophic scars were enrolled in the study. Each scar was divided into two halves, one subjected to intralesional injection of botulinum toxin type A once a month for 4 months and the other was subjected to four sessions of CO2 laser therapy at 1 month interval followed by topical application of botulinum toxin A. Significant improvement was noted in Vancouver Scar Scale in hypertrophic scars in laser group than intralesional botulinum toxin A. In keloid cases, the improvement was significantly higher with intralesional botulinum toxin A. Clinical improvement showed significant negative correlation with scar duration and size. Botulinum toxin A is a promising treatment for hypertrophic scars and keloids. The use of fractional CO2 laser as a mode of delivery enhanced the efficacy of botox in hypertrophic scars.