Kidney Transplantation in Abernethy Malformation: A Case Report.

Abernethy malformation is a rare disorder defined by congenital portosystemic shunt. Advances in clinical imaging have led to increased identification of this anomaly, which has proven to be more common and more clinically diverse than previously assumed. Late presentations are not uncommon. We present a 35-year-old patient with type Ia Abernethy malformation and biopsy-confirmed mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis who was referred for deceased donor kidney transplantation. After the diagnosis was confirmed, the patient remained stable and asymptomatic on a supervised low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet. The patient received the kidney transplant from a brain-dead donor with standard characteristics. The procedure was uneventful; no vascular or vesical abnormalities could be identified at the surgical site. Recovery was uneventful with excellent graft function. Unique issues with immunosuppression were identified. Pharmacologic adjustments accounting for congenital complete portosystemic shunting affecting liver first pass effect as well as multiple drug interactions were necessary and sufficient. Abernethy malformation may follow indolent course into adulthood and may be an unrelated finding in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Kidney transplantation proved to be feasible and safe in this young male with apparently efficient compensatory mechanisms.

Cooperation in Treatment as an Indicator of Adaptation of Kidney Transplant Patients to Chronic Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Cooperation between patients and physicians in chronic treatment is an important factor in the patients' adaptation to difficult circumstances. The search is ongoing for factors important to the physician-patient relationship, with the goal of identifying deficits and psychological resources of the patients and medical soft skills of the physicians that can affect the quality of cooperation. The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological mechanisms of patient cooperation with physicians in the area of treatment after kidney transplantation. METHODS: The study group consisted of 105 patients (62 male patients and 43 female patients) aged 25 to 82 years (mean age, 50.91 years) after kidney transplantation who remained in the follow-up protocol of the Outpatient Transplant Clinic. A questionnaire was used to examine the compatibility of ratings as expressed by the patients and their physicians in 10 areas of cooperation in treatment. The tests for a sense of self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale), optimism (Life Orientation Test-Revised), and the control of emotions (Courtauld Emotional Control Scale) in Juczynski's adaptation were used in the study of psychological factors. RESULTS: Only 1 case reached total congruity by the patients and their physicians in all 10 areas of cooperation. In 3 areas, compliance was achieved in 70%, 72%, and 76%, respectively; in 6 areas, 50% to 66%; and in 1 sphere, 37%. We found no significant impact of psychological factors on patient compliance. A comparison was made of 2 groups of patients (1 of which was characterized by a high compatibility between the physician and patient assessments, and the second which was characterized by the lack of conformity). Moreover, assessment of the functioning of the transplanted kidneys was rated higher in those patients who achieved a high compliance with the opinions of medical cooperation in the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of cooperation measured by using compliance assessments of the patients and physicians in health behaviors is satisfactory. This finding translated into a favorable assessment of the functioning of the transplanted kidney expressed by the patients. Qualitative information provides guidance for targeted increasing collaboration.

Psychological Predictors of Cooperation in the Chronic Treatment of Kidney Transplantation Patients.

INTRODUCTION: A patient who complies with doctor recommendations is an indicator of proper cooperation in treatment. It is affected by environmental factors, soft competences of the doctors, and properties of the human personality. We investigated the psychological characteristics of patients that may facilitate human contact and promote healthy behaviors. The aim of the study was to analyze the importance of psychological factors for the occurrence of health-related behaviors necessary for cooperation in treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in a group of 105 patients (62 males and 43 females) aged from 25 years to 82 years old (mean, 50.4 years) after kidney transplantation who remained in follow-up at the Outpatient Transplant Clinic. We used two questionnaires: one for the patients and one for their doctors, including an assessment of healthy behaviors listed in 10 categories. The patients also completed the tests exploring the sense of self-efficacy (generalized self-efficacy scale), optimism (life orientation test - revised) and the control of emotions (Courtauld emotional control scale) in a Polish adaptation by Zygfryd Juczynski. In the statistical analysis, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and the Kanonicza analysis were used, adopting the significance level of P < .05. RESULTS: We found significant correlations between psychological factors and behaviors of the patients. The patients controlling the expression of anxiety often concentrated on cleanliness and hygiene (P = .013). The patients controlling the expression of anger (P = .008) and anxiety (P = .049) were less likely to perform self-observation, being of the opinion that the role of the physicians was to evaluate the development of the disease and advances in treatment. The patients with higher levels of optimism were perceived by the physicians as better cooperating in conducting self-observation (P = .024) and adherence to hygiene (P = .047); they were also less frequently struggling with ophthalmic problems (P = .004). The relationship between the factors associated with the disease and treatment (pressure, the efficiency of the transplanted kidney, and duration of treatment) and psychological factors (optimism, emotional control, and self-efficacy) has been confirmed. The emerged factors significantly affected each other, which indicated the matching of the model (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the results shows that psychological and somatic functioning of patients has a strong relationship with certain pro-health behaviors that determine the collaboration in treatment. This can serve as a basis for modifying the rules of managing the patients.

Prognostic Value of Proinflammatory Markers in Patients After Kidney Transplantation in Relation to the Presence of Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Patients who are receiving immunosuppressive treatment after kidney transplantation are at greater risk of developing new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). New biochemical markers that may contribute to a better assessment of the prognosis of renal failure for patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) are needed. The aim of this study was to assess selected proinflammatory markers in patients after kidney transplantation depending on the prevalence of DM and to evaluate the predictive value of these cytokines. METHODS: A total of 82 patients were divided into 3 groups after kidney transplantation and were included in the analysis: group I, no DM; group II, DM diagnosed before transplantation; and group III, NODAT. Selected marker levels (platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor ß1, tumor necrosis factor receptor II [TNF-RII], and high-sensitivity interleukin-6 [IL-6 HS]) were assessed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. For summary endpoint, a return to dialysis treatment and/or death of the patient was adopted. RESULTS: Patients with NODAT were characterized by higher levels of IL-6 HS and body mass index. There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of other assessed markers among the 3 analyzed groups. The summary endpoint was observed in 16 cases (19.5%). Patients with summary endpoint during the observation time at baseline had higher levels of TNF-RII (7180 vs 4632 pg/mL; P = .0002) and IL-6 HS (4.58 vs 2.72 pg/mL; P = .033). CONCLUSIONS: Levels of inflammatory markers in patients after kidney transplantation did not differ between groups with and without DM. In the study population, DM was not a significant risk factor for graft loss or death. Patients who experienced these complications at baseline were characterized by higher values of TNF-RII and IL-6 HS.

Effects of Immunosuppressive Drugs on Serum Fatty Acids of Phospholipids Fraction in Renal Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressive medications often cause posttransplant hyperlipidemia. The effects of cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac) on lipid profile is well-known; however, there are very few studies related to the effect of these immunosuppressants on fatty acids (FA) of phosholipids fraction (PL) in renal transplant recipients (RTR). We sought to analyze the FA profile in PL fraction of RTR treated with Tac or CsA. METHODS: The study included 65 renal transplant patients on CsA (n = 24, group I) or Tac (n = 41, group II), and 14 healthy controls. Individual serum FA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. Chemstation software was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: No differences between studied groups and controls were noted for monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated n-3 FA (PUFA n-3), PUFA n-6, or the ratio of PUFA n-6 to PUFA n-3. The following mean values of FA were significantly higher in the CsA-RTR and Tac-RTR as compared with controls: total FA (P < .01 in both cases), saturated FA (SFA; P < .02 in both cases), C12 (P < .003 in both cases), C18 (P < .003 in both cases), and C18:2 (P < .01 for CsA RTR; P < .02 for Tac RTR). No differences between the measurements in patients on CsA and in patients on Tac were noticed. Significant correlation between SFA and eGFR was observed only in the CsA RTR group (P < .05). A negative relationship between PUFA n-6 and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was seen, but the correlation was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Immunosuppressive drugs may affect FA metabolism, but the FA profile does not depend on the type of immunosuppressive drug administered.

[Occurrence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in patients on long-term hemodialysis]. / Wystepowanie przeciwcial przeciw wirusowi C zapalenia watroby (anty-HCV) u chorych przewlekle dializowanych.

The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies, HBs antigenemia and transaminase level were examined in the 136 patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis, treated in dialytic centers of South Poland. In this group anti-HBs and anti-HBc antibodies were also investigated in 60 and 42 patients respectively. Anti-HCV antibodies were present in 16.7-60.0% (mean = 44.1%) of patients depending on the center. These values considerably exceed the percentage of antigen HBs positive patients but they are lower that the percentage of anti-HBs and anti-HBc positive patients.

[Urological complications in patient after kidney transplantation. Correction of ureter stenosis with consequent proper renal graft function]. / Pacjentka po przeszczepieniu nerki z powiklaniem urologicznym. Skuteczna korekta zwezonego moczowodu z nastepowa dobra funkcja przeszczepu.

Urological complications constitute significant problem following renal transplantation. Incidence ranges from 4 to 14% in graft recipients. The most important aspects concerning these complications are early diagnosis and prompt treatment, any delay in diagnosis and management may lead to deterioration of renal graft function or graft loss. The following case report discusses management of hydronephrosis in renal graft caused by ureter stenosis due to scarring and fibrosis of its distal end after remote kidney transplantation. The patient was a 33-year-old woman with previous history of end stage renal failure in the course of chronic glomerulonephritis. A triple drug immunosuppressive regimen consisting of Azathioprine (AZT), Cyclosporine A and Encorton (AZT + CsA + Encorton) was administered during a period of three years after kidney transplantation. At this time AZT administration was discontinued due to chronic viral hepatitis type B. Episodes of expansion sensation (discomfort) and graft pain were reported by the patient which after 3 days were followed by a period of oliguria and then anuria. The patient was admitted to the Department of Nephrology CMUJ, where ultrasound imaging revealed graft hydronephrosis. In the presence of such clinical and biochemical indications due to acute graft failure, one hemodialysis session, was performed. The patient was transferred to the Urological Department CMUJ where ureter exploration was attempted, but was unsuccessful. Subsequently percutaneous nephrostomy was performed which lead to immediate diuresis. Next, distal ureter stenosis (located by the urinary bladder) was surgically removed and reimplantation of the ureter was carried out. Due to early diagnosis and surgical reconstruction of the transplanted ureter, renal graft function returned to normal requiring only one hemo-dialysis session.

[Results of the treatment of acute renal failure in 3 selected dialysis units in southern Poland 1981-1990]. / Wyniki leczenia ostrej niewydolnosci nerek w 3 wybranych osrodkach dializ Polski poludniowej w latach 1981-1990.

The results of the treatment of patients with acute renal failure (ARF) in dialysis units of Kraków, Nowy Sacz and Tarnów were estimated on the basis of prepared questionnaire. The increased number of patients treated because of ARF was demonstrated in the successive years of the study. The mortality rate in the tested group of patients remained about 27%. It depended on the cause of ARF and equalled to 26.7% in medical, 36.7% in surgical, 8% in obstetrical and 6.7 in urological patients, respectively.

[Factors influencing prevalence and clinical course of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in kidney transplant patients]. / Czynniki wplywajace na wystepowanie i przebieg kliniczny zakazenia wirusem cytomegalii (CMV) u chorych po przeszczepieniu nerki.

In the paper the authors tried to identify factors influencing prevalence and clinical course of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in kidney transplant patients. The study was performed in the group of 100 patients after cadaveric kidney transplant followed up in the Chair and Department of Nephrology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University in Krakow. CMV infection was demonstrated to occur more frequently and significantly earlier in the patients administered prednisone, cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil, compared to the group treated with standard triple-drug-therapy (prednisone, cyclosporin A, azathioprine) or double-drug-therapy (prednisone, cyclosporin A). Higher serum levels of cyclosporin A did not increase prevalence of the infection but urged its onset. Risk for CMV infection was however higher in the group of patients treated for acute rejection episodes, especially with antilymphocyte preparations. No differences were shown in the immunological matching within HLA-A, -B and -DR antigens between the patients without features of CMV Infection and those treated for its active form. The infection occurred significantly more frequently in the recipients with HLA-A1 antigen than in those with HLA-A9 and -DR7. In patients with delayed transplanted kidney functioning, time of the infection onset and a number of its episodes were similar to the remaining population, however severity of the clinical course positively correlated with the duration of acute tubular necrosis (ATN). CMV infection occurred slightly more frequently in patients requiring transfusions compared to those not administered blood preparations. Among patients with AB blood type, active CMV infection occurred statistically less frequently, whereas in those with other blood types percentage of patients with/without CMV infection were comparable.

[Results of kidney transplantation in Krakow in 1992-2000]. / Wyniki przeszczepiania nerek w Krakowie w latach 1992-2000.

The aim of the study was an analysis of renal transplantation results in the Krakow Transplant Center during 1992-2000. The analysis concerned 94 cadaveric transplant recipients. The study group included 31 females aged 23 to 61 years (mean 40.4 years) and 63 males aged 16 to 60 years (mean 41.8 years). The time of pre-transplant renal replacement therapy ranged from 4 to 120 months (mean 32 months). The mean time of total ischaemia was 22 hours 20 minutes. The majority of the recipients had three identical antigens out of six typed. Most of the recipients were treated with three immunosuppressive drugs including: Cyclosporine A, Azathioprine and steroids. Immediately after kidney transplantation 25.6% of the patients had urine output and did not require dialysis. Acute renal failure (ARF) of the graft was observed in 73.2% recipients. The average number of hemodialysis sessions in patients presenting ARF was 10. Acute rejection was diagnosed in 41.5% of the patients. The most frequent complications were: CMV (cytomegalovirus) infection, UTI (urinary tract infection) and policytemia. In the study group 1-year survival rate of the patients was 97.8% and 1-year graft survival was 93.61%. The 5-year survival rates both in the patients and the grafts were very satisfactory (96.96% and 87.7% respectively).

Cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant patients: clinical manifestations and diagnosis.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after solid organ transplantation. CMV infection after kidney transplantation was confirmed in 19 (54.3%) out of 35 patients. 16 of these (84.2%) developed CMV disease. CMV infection was diagnosed based on a fourfold or greater increase of anti-CMV IgG antibody titre, detection of CMV-IgM antibodies and/or virus isolation. Primary infection was observed in 3 patients, reactivation in 9 and an undefined type of infection in 7. In most patients (63%), infection was diagnosed in the first 2 months, and in 3 patients, after 3, 5 and 9 years following kidney transplantation. The most frequent symptoms of CMV disease were fever (58%), pneumonitis (26.3%) and enterocolitis (15.8%). In 53% of the patients, CMV infection co-occurred with other pathogens such as Candida albicans. Cryptococcus neoformans, bacteria or viruses (HBV, HCV, HSV). Treatment with polyvalent globulin (Sandoglobin) or hyperimmune globulin (Cytotect), in combination with ganciclovir in 7 patients, resulted in a regression of CMV disease.