Increased femoral antetorsion correlates with higher degrees of lateral retropatellar cartilage degeneration, further accentuated in genu valgum.

PURPOSE: The role of increased femoral antetorsion (femAT) as a contributor to patellofemoral (PF) osteoarthritis (OA) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether increased femAT was associated with advanced cartilage degeneration in the lateral PF joint. METHODS: Patients who underwent complete radiographic workup for surgical intervention due to OA in any knee joint compartment were included. Cartilage morphology according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) cartilage lesion classification system in the PF joint, femoral and tibial torsion, frontal leg axis, and tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance were assessed. Increased femAT was defined as > 20° according to previous reports. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients were included. Ninety-seven patients had a femAT of < 20° and 45 of > 20°. A significant odds ratio (OR) was found for lateral retropatellar (OR 3.5; p = 0.02) ICRS grade 3 and 4 cartilage degeneration and increased femAT ≥ 20°. In the medial PF compartment, increased femAT had an inverse effect (OR 0.16; p = 0.01). No significant ORs were found for TT-TG distance, tibial torsion, or leg axis. The lateral retropatellar ICRS grade showed a linear correlation to increased femAT values. In valgus knees, isolated lateral PF OA had an even more pronounced correlation to increased femAT (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Increased femAT showed higher grades of lateral retropatellar cartilage degeneration, which was even more pronounced in valgus knees. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Cohort study: Level III.

Stem cells and bFGF in tendon healing: Effects of lentiviral gene transfer and long-term follow-up in a rat Achilles tendon defect model.

BACKGROUND: The influence of stem cells and lentiviral expression of basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF) on tendon healing and remodelling was investigated in an in-vivo long-term (12 weeks) rat Achilles tendon defect model. METHODS: In sixty male Lewis rats, complete tendon defects (2.4 mm) were created and either left untreated (PBS) or treated by injection of stem cells lentivirally expressing the enhanced green fluorescence marker gene eGFP (MSC-LV-eGFP) or basic fibroblast growth factor bFGF (MSC-LV-bFGF). Tendons were harvested after 12 weeks and underwent biomechanical and (immuno)-histological analysis. RESULTS: After 12 weeks the mean ultimate load to failure ratio (treated side to contralateral side) in biomechanical testing reached 97 % in the bFGF-group, 103 % in the eGFP-group and 112 % in the PBS-group. Also in the stiffness testing both MSC groups did not reach the results of the PBS group. Histologically, the MSC groups did not show better results than the control group. There were clusters of ossifications found in all groups. In immunohistology, only the staining collagen-type-I was strongly increased in both MSC groups in comparison to PBS control group. However, there were no significant differences in the (immuno)-histological results between both stem cell groups. CONCLUSION: The biomechanical and (immuno)-histological results did not show positive effects of the MSC groups on tendon remodelling in a long-term follow-up. Interestingly, in later stages stem cells had hardly any effects on biomechanical results. This study inspires a critical and reflected use of stem cells in tendon healing.

Stem cells and basic fibroblast growth factor failed to improve tendon healing: an in vivo study using lentiviral gene transfer in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this controlled study was to investigate the influence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and lentiviral (LV) expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on tendon remodeling in an in vivo rat model of an Achilles tendon defect. METHODS: In eighty-four male Lewis rats, complete 2.4-mm tendon defects were created and were either left untreated (the phosphate-buffered saline solution [PBS] group) or were treated with mesenchymal stem cells expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (the MSC-LV-eGFP group) or with mesenchymal stem cells expressing basic fibroblast growth factor lentivirally (the MSC-LV-bFGF group). After fourteen and twenty-eight days, the tendons were harvested and analyzed biomechanically and immunohistologically. RESULTS: After fourteen days, both mesenchymal stem cell groups were slightly superior in biomechanical testing. However, only the PBS control group showed a significant increase in biomechanical results over time (fourteen versus twenty-eight days; p = 0.012). Biomechanical results were better after twenty-eight days for the control group than for both MSC groups. However, the difference was significant only with regard to the stiffness results in the comparison of the PBS control and the eGFP stem cell group (p = 0.024). Histologically, the MSC groups had no better results than the control group after fourteen and twenty-eight days. In immunohistology, only labeling for type-I procollagen was strongly increased in both MSC groups in comparison with the PBS control group (p = 0.0009 for the MSC-LV-bFGF group and p = 0.0041 for the MSC-LV-eGFP group at fourteen days, and p = 0.004 and p = 0.132, respectively, at twenty-eight days). There were no significant differences in the immunohistological results between the stem cell groups. CONCLUSIONS: The biomechanical and immunohistological results showed that mesenchymal stem cells in both groups had only partially positive effects on tendon remodeling in the initial stages; however, in later stages, stem cells had potentially negative effects on biomechanical results. The additional expression of bFGF in stem cells had negligible effects on tendon remodeling. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preliminary studies using stem cells are partially promising; however, there are no relevant clinical data showing that stem cells are of significant benefit. The present study should lead to a more critical evaluation and thoughtful use of stem cells in humans until more clinical data are available.