Experience of caring for patients with COVID-19 and educational achievement among Japanese resident physicians: a nationwide survey with general medicine in-training examination.

BACKGROUND: As healthcare professional trainees, resident physicians are expected to help with COVID-19 care in various ways. Many resident physicians worldwide have cared for COVID-19 patients despite the increased risk of burnout. However, few studies have examined the experience with COVID-19 care among resident physicians and its effects on competency achievement regarding clinical basics and COVID-19 patient care. METHOD: This nationwide, cross-sectional Japanese study used a clinical training environment questionnaire for resident physicians (PGY-1 and - 2) in 593 teaching hospitals during the General Medicine In-Training Examination in January 2021. The General Medicine In-Training Examination questions comprised four categories (medical interviews and professionalism; symptomatology and clinical reasoning; physical examination and clinical procedures; and disease knowledge) and a COVID-19-related question. We examined the COVID-19 care experience and its relationship with the General Medicine In-Training Examination score, adjusting for resident and hospital variables. RESULTS: Of the 6,049 resident physicians, 2,841 (47.0%) had no experience caring for patients with COVID-19 during 2020. Total and categorical General Medicine In-Training Examination scores were not different irrespective of the experience with COVID-19 patient care. For the COVID-19-related question, residents with experience in COVID-19 care showed a significant increase in correct response by 2.6% (95% confidence interval, 0.3-4.9%; p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: The resident physicians' COVID-19 care experience was associated with better achievement of COVID-19-related competency without reducing clinical basics. However, approximately half of the residents missed the critical experience of caring for patients during this unparalleled pandemic in Japan.

Retrospective Observational Study on Telemedicine in Sublingual Immunotherapy for Patients with Japanese Cedar Pollinosis and House Dust Mite Allergic Rhinitis.

Introduction: In Japan, telemedicine has gradually expanded due to deregulation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, its current status remains unclear, as it is primarily provided by general practitioners. This study aims to examine the use of telemedicine in sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for patients with Japanese cedar pollen allergy and/or house dust mite allergic rhinitis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical record data from seven otorhinolaryngology clinics and performed an exploratory evaluation between a group that combined telemedicine and in-person visits during the initial 6 months of SLIT and another group with only in-person visits. Results: Following propensity score matching, 51 and 82 patients were eligible for the telemedicine and in-person groups, respectively, with 33 cases in both groups. Both groups had similar characteristics after matching. No significant difference was found in the withdrawal rate at 6 months from the start of SLIT (6.1% and 9.1% in each group; p = 1.00), side effects, or treatment efficacy between the two groups. The average copayment for patients tended to be significantly higher in the telemedicine group after one, three, and 6 months following SLIT initiation. Discussion: The situation of patients who receive an appropriate combination of telemedicine and in-person visits is not significantly different from patients who receive in-person visits alone. This study may help indicate the actual status of telemedicine in Japan. Further investigation at more facilities is necessary in the future to dispel concerns in the practice setting.

Identifying the unmet physical and psychological intimacy and sexual needs of partners of patients with terminal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care aims to improve the quality of life of patients who are terminally ill, but support for the sexuality of these patients is often inadequate. AIM: To identify factors related to the unmet needs of bereaved partners whose significant others died of cancer during hospitalization. METHODS: Bereaved individuals in Japan aged >50 years who had lost their partners to cancer in a hospital in the last 5 years answered a questionnaire on the support desired for "time to nurture love with your partner." OUTCOMES: We used 3 sexual questions in the 34-item Supportive Care Needs Survey-Short Form (SCNS-SF34) and measured the unmet needs of partners of patients with terminal cancer. RESULTS: We obtained 290 responses (equal number of males and females). Respondents' age distribution was as follows: 50 to 59 years, 34.8%; 60 to 69 years, 44.5%; 70 to 79 years, 19.3%; ≥80 years, 1.4%. In total, 81% had children. Most partners died in the general ward (59.3%). Frequency of time to nurture love with one's partner before the illness was as follows: none at all, 44 (15.2%); very little, 84 (29.0%); once in a while, 76 (26.2%); occasionally, 45 (15.5%); and often, 41 (14.1%). Roughly 20% of participants reported experiencing unmet sexual needs across all 3 selected questions in the SCNS-SF34. Multivariate analysis showed that younger age (P = .00097) and a higher frequency of time to nurture love with one's partner before illness (P = .004) were positively associated with unmet needs for sexuality during hospitalization. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The study may help health care workers identify patients who are seeking sexual support. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This study identified the unmet needs and underlying factors regarding sexuality during hospitalization for partners of patients with terminal cancer. However, differences by cancer type could not be analyzed. Additionally, the modified version of the supportive care needs measure used in this study (SCNS-SF34) may have decreased validity owing to the alterations made for its use. CONCLUSION: Some hospitalized patients with terminal cancer could need support for time to nurture love with their partners. Health care providers can play a crucial role by anticipating the needs of patients, preparing them mentally, and offering counseling and information to help them maintain an intimate connection with their loved ones.

Positioning of Bristol Stool Form Scale type 3 in constipation treatment satisfaction: A multicenter study in Japan.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Many patients are not satisfied with chronic constipation (CC) treatments. The aim of this study was to identify factors linked to CC treatment satisfaction or dissatisfaction. METHODS: Our study population included patients who received CC treatment at a clinic or hospital. CC was diagnosed by a physician based on the patient's complaint. Treatment satisfaction was evaluated using the 28th question of the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life questionnaire. RESULTS: We conducted this study at 28 facilities. We included 167 patients (mean age 66.7 ± 15.2 years, male:female ratio is 1:3.07). Sixty-eight (40.7%) of patients were satisfied with their constipation treatment. Treatment dissatisfaction of CC was significantly associated with frequency of bowel movement <3/week (odds ratio [OR] = 0.376, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.156-0.904, P = 0.029) or Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) type 3 (OR = 0.401, 95% CI: 0.170-0.946, P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that CC patients with BSFS type3 were not satisfied with constipation treatment. In general, BSFS types 3-5 are defined as normal stools. Therefore, BSFS type 3 may be set as a treatment goal even though the patient is not satisfied. The pathophysiology of CC differs by region and patient background. Therefore, parameters used to define successful treatment will be different by patient or region. We should reconsider the positioning of BSFS type 3 to improve treatment satisfaction for CC.

Association of home blood pressure with sleep and physical and mental activity, assessed via a wristwatch-type pulsimeter with accelerometer in adults.

This study aimed to examine the associations between home blood pressure (HBP) and sleep and activity assessed using data obtained via a wristwatch-type pulsimeter with accelerometer (Pulsense®) using original software. We recruited 28 elderlies and 40 employees aged 24-81 years who were not on hypotensive agents and sleeping drugs. Sleep, activity, and HBP were measured consecutively over a 5-7-day period. Body mass index (BMI), base heart rate (HR0), and age showed significant correlation with HBP in a simple and multiple linear regression analysis. HR0 was positively, and log deep sleep duration, negatively correlated with HBP in the adjusted multiple linear regression analysis. Physical and mental activities were negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a simple linear regression, but high physical and mental activities tend to reduce deep sleep duration. Self-recorded sleep duration had no relationship with HBP. In conclusion, HR0, BMI, age, deep sleep duration, and activity showed relationships with HBP. Using this type of wristwatch and observing daily sleep and activity data with HBP measurement may have important clinical implication.

Comparison of computed tomography findings with clinical risks factors for endoscopic therapy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding cases.

Several risk scoring systems exist for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). The clinical Rockall score (clinical RS) and the Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) are major risk scores that consider only clinical data. Computed tomography (CT) findings are equivocal in non-variceal UGIB. We compared CT findings with clinical data to predict mortality, rebleeding and need for endoscopic therapy in non-variceal UGIB patients. This retrospective, single-center study included 386 patients admitted to our emergency department with diagnosis of non-variceal UGIB by urgent endoscopy between January 2009 and March 2015. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate CT findings and risk factors derived from clinical data. CT findings could not significantly predict mortality and rebleeding in non-variceal UGIB patients. However, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in CT findings better predicted the need for endoscopic therapy than clinical data. The adjusted odds ratios were 10.10 (95% CI 5.01-20.40) for clinical RS and 10.70 (95% CI 5.08-22.70) for the GBS. UGI hemorrhage in CT findings could predict the need for endoscopic therapy in non-variceal UGIB patients in our emergency department. CT findings as well as risk score systems may be useful for predicting the need for endoscopic therapy.

[Are the Medical Staff Ready to Respond to the Suffering from Sexuality of Terminal Cancer Patients ?]

The goal of palliative care is to support the ideal life of cancer patients and their partners, but the medical staff does not listen to all the needs of cancer patients and their partners. Cancer patients choose opponents and situations and express their suffering. Additionally, the typical problem of hidden suffering is not the issues of sexuality ? The suffering from sexuality of cancer patients is not expected to be expressed unless there is a suitable opponent. Are we the medical staff ready to respond to the suffering from sexuality of terminal cancer patients ? In this study, we thought that it was necessary to investigate the preparation of medical staff for the suffering from sexuality of terminal cancer patients, through a relationship with the hospitalized inpatient who reported suffering from sexuality.

Comparison of the early effects of vonoprazan, lansoprazole and famotidine on intragastric pH: a three-way crossover study.

To promote symptom relief from acid-related diseases, a medicine with a rapid-onset effect is ideal. The aim of this study was to investigate the early inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion after a single oral administration of vonoprazan, which represents a new class of proton pump inhibitors, and to compare this effect with those of lansoprazole and famotidine. Ten Helicobacter pylori (HP)-negative male subjects participated in this randomized, three-way crossover study. A single oral administration of vonoprazan (20 mg), lansoprazole (30 mg) or famotidine (20 mg) was performed, and the intragastric pH was continuously monitored for 6 h. Each drug was administered at least seven days apart. The average intragastric pH during the 6-h period after the administration of famotidine was higher than that after the administration of lansoprazole (median: 4.45 vs 2.65; p = 0.0284). A similar result was observed for vonoprazan and lansoprazole (median: 4.30 vs 2.65; p = 0.0322). In conclusions, oral administration of vonoprazan and famotidine in HP-negative healthy male subjects caused the intragastric pH to rise more quickly than did lansoprazole. (Trial Registration: UMIN000020989).

Assessment of colonic contents in patients with chronic constipation using MRI.

Although chronic constipation is common, colonic functional evaluating tests are uncommon. This study examines whether chronic constipation and gastrointestinal symptoms are correlated with the lateral diameter of the colon measured from MRI images. We included chronic constipation patients in a prospective, cross-sectional study using MRI at three centers. We divided 3D MRI colorectal images into 6 segments using with specified sequences and selected the maximum luminal diameter from each segment. We used the GSRS questionnaire to evaluate gastrointestinal symptoms. We evaluated the correlation between luminal diameters and GSRS scores. We found the following positive correlations: descending colon and unsatisfactory defecation symptoms; sigmoid colon and diarrhea; and rectum and constipation. The sum and ratio of the ascending and sigmoid colon diameters correlated with nausea and diarrhea. The sum of the transvers to the sigmoid colon diameter also correlated with nausea and diarrhea. The sum of all segment diameters correlated with nausea and constipation. In conclusion, we showed cross-sectional study of colonic MRI correlate with gastrointestinal symptoms. MRI might be useful for colonic motility evaluations to determine appropriate constipation treatments (Clinical trial registry number UMIN 000021274).

Association between endoscopic findings related to colonic diverticula and bowel habits: A multicenter study in Japan.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Few studies have shown the associations between colonic diverticula and endoscopic findings such as location, inflammation, number of diverticula, sigmoid colon rigidity, and bowel habits. METHODS: Japanese subjects who underwent total colonoscopies at six centers in Japan from November 2015 to October 2016 were analyzed. Bowel habits were evaluated using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale. Location and number of diverticula, inflammation, and sigmoid colon rigidity were evaluated from endoscopy results. RESULTS: A total of 762 subjects (486 men and 276 women [ratio, 1.76:1]) whose mean age was 65.5 ± 11.4 years were evaluated. In multivariate analysis, presence of constipation was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of left-sided colonic diverticula (odds ratio = 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.82, P = 0.012), whereas right-sided and bilateral-sided colonic diverticula, multiple colonic diverticula, inflammation findings, and sigmoid colon rigidity were not related to bowel habits. CONCLUSIONS: Among endoscopic findings related to colonic diverticula and bowel habits, only left-sided colonic diverticula were inversely associated with constipation, whereas inflammation findings, multiple diverticula, and sigmoid colon rigidity were not related to bowel habits. However, the association of inflammation findings with colonic diverticula and bowel habits should be further studied. Investigation of changes in left-sided colonic diverticula may lead to new treatments for constipation.

The α-glucosidase inhibitor voglibose stimulates delayed gastric emptying in healthy subjects: a crossover study with a 13C breath test.

The gastrointestinal effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors have not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether a single dose of pre-prandial voglibose might affect the rate of gastric emptying, determined using the 13C breath test. Ten healthy male volunteers participated in this randomized, two-way crossover study. The subjects fasted overnight and received 0.2 mg voglibose or a placebo 2 h before a test meal. They were then served a liquid test meal consisting of 200 kcal per 200 ml that contained 100 mg 13C-acetate. Breath samples were collected under both conditions until 150 min after the meal. A comparison of the control and voglibose conditions revealed that for gastric emptying rates (with values expressed as median: range), T1/2 [(87.9: 78.0-104.9 min) vs (88.4: 74.3-106.3 min), p = 1], Tlag [(47.1: 39.6-60.1 min) vs (45.4: 31.2-63.3 min), p = 0.432], ß [(1.89: 1.68-2.18) vs (1.90: 1.35-2.15), p = 0.846] and κ [(0.81: 0.71-0.98) vs (0.81: 0.50-0.94), p = 0.922] did not significantly differ between conditions. A significant difference between the control and voglibose conditions was found for the GEC [(4.28: 4.09-4.44) vs (4.06: 3.69-4.50), p = 0.0138]. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the ingestion of oral voglibose led to delayed gastric emptying of a liquid meal.

Feasibility of deep sedation with a combination of propofol and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sedation with a combination of propofol (PF) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) compared with sedation with benzodiazepines in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data for 40 consecutive patients who had undergone esophageal ESD at the Yokohama City University Hospital between July 2012 and August 2014. Of these patients, 20 were sedated with benzodiazepines (conventional group) and another 20 patients were sedated with a combination of PF and DEX (combination group). Parameters for efficacy and safety of sedation were evaluated by comparisons between the two groups. RESULTS: Median procedural times in the combination group were shorter than those in the conventional group (61 min vs. 89 min, P = 0.03), and the percentage of patients who showed restlessness in the combination group was significantly lower than that in the conventional group (25% vs. 65%, P = 0.025). Incidences of hypotension and bradycardia in the combination group were higher than those in the conventional group (60% vs. 15%, P = 0.008, and 60% vs. 15%, P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSION: This retrospective study suggests that a combination of PF and DEX may provide stable deep sedation with less body movement than benzodiazepines during esophageal ESD.

Early effects of oral administration of esomeprazole and omeprazole on the intragastric pH.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of our study was to investigate the inhibitory effects on gastric acid secretion of a single oral dose of a proton pump inhibitor, esomeprazole 20 mg and omeprazole 20 mg. METHODOLOGY: A total of 14 Helicobacter pylori-negative male subjects participated in this study. Intragastric pH was monitored continuously for 6 hours after a single oral dose of omeprazole 20 mg and a single oral dose of esomeprazole 20 mg. Each administration was separated by a 7-day washout period. RESULTS: During the 6-hour study period, the average pH after administration of esomeprazole was higher than that after the administration of omeprazole. Also during the 6-hour study period, each of pH > 2, 3, 3.5, 4, and 5 was maintained for a longer duration after administration of esomeprazole 20 mg than after administration of omeprazole 20 mg (median: 75.4% vs. 53.8%, p = 0.0138; 52.1% vs. 33.4%, p = 0.0188; 45.8% vs. 28.2%, p = 0.0262; 42.5% vs. 20.7%, p = 0.0414; 35.8% vs. 11.6%, p = 0.0262; respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In Helicobacter pylori-negative healthy male subjects, single oral administration of esomeprazole 20 mg increased the intragastric pH more rapidly than single oral administration of omeprazole 20 mg.

Association between the location of diverticular disease and the irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter study in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: No previous reports have shown an association between location of diverticular disease (DD) and the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: We included 1,009 consecutive patients undergoing total colonoscopy in seven centers in Japan from June 2013 to September 2013. IBS was diagnosed using Rome III criteria, and diverticulosis was diagnosed by colonoscopy with transparent soft-short-hood. Left-sided colon was defined as sigmoid colon, descending colon, and rectum. Right-sided colon was defined as cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon. We divided the patients into IBS and non-IBS groups and compared characteristics. RESULTS: Patient characteristics included mean age, 64.2±12.9 years and male:female ratio, 1.62:1. Right-sided DD was identified in 21.6% of subjects. Left-sided and bilateral DD was identified in 6.6 and 12.0% of subjects, respectively. IBS was observed in 7.5% of subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed left-sided DD (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-7.1; P=0.0060) and bilateral DD (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.2; P=0.0070) were independent risk factors for IBS. Right-sided DD was not a risk factor for IBS. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that the presence of left-sided and bilateral DD, but not right-sided disease, was associated with a higher risk of IBS, indicating that differences in pathological factors caused by the location of the DD are important in the development of IBS. Clarifying the specific changes associated with left-sided DD could provide a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of IBS (Trial registration # R000012739).

Risk factors for small-bowel mucosal breaks in chronic low-dose aspirin users: data from a prospective multicenter capsule endoscopy registry.

BACKGROUND: To develop appropriate management strategies for patients who take low-dose aspirin, it is important to identify the risk factors for GI injury. However, few studies have described the risk factors for small-bowel injury in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors influencing the risk of small-bowel mucosal breaks in individuals taking continuous low-dose aspirin. DESIGN: Capsule endoscopy data were collected prospectively from 5 institutions. SETTING: Yokohama City University Hospital and 4 other hospitals. PATIENTS: A total of 205 patients receiving treatment with low-dose aspirin for over 3 months. INTERVENTIONS: Colonoscopic and upper GI endoscopy had been performed in all of the patients before the capsule endoscope evaluation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Risk factors for small-bowel mucosal breaks. RESULTS: Of the 198 patients (141 male; mean age 71.9 years) included in the final analysis, 114 (57.6%) had at least 1 mucosal break. Multivariate analysis identified protein pump inhibitor (PPI) use (OR 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-3.97) and use of enteric-coated aspirin (OR 4.05; 95% CI, 1.49-11.0) as independent risk factors for the presence of mucosal breaks. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional study. CONCLUSION: PPI use appears to increase the risk of small-bowel injury in patients who take continuous low-dose aspirin. Clinicians should be aware of this effect of PPIs; new strategies are needed to treat aspirin-induced gastroenteropathy.

Comparative study of the QUEST questionnaire and GerdQ questionnaire for Japanese students.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to comparatively examine the convenience of use of the QUEST and GerdQ questionnaires as self-administered diagnostic instruments. METHODOLOGY: This was a two-way crossover study conducted from December 2011 to April 2012. The subjects were 70 third-year nursing students of Yokohama Soei University in Yokohama, Japan. They were randomly assigned to fill in either of the study questionnaires first, and then the other on a later. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed in the questionnaire completion time between the QUEST and GerdQ questionnaires (125.5 vs. 44 seconds, P < 0.0001) and also in the number of subjects asking questions while completing the questionnaires (26 vs. 1 subject, respectively: P < 0.0001). To detect GERD based on a QUEST score of ≥4, ROC analysis revealed an area under the curve for the GerdQ score of 0.616. The optimal cutoff value of the GerdQ score was 6, and the sensitivity and specificity calculated using this cutoff value were 0.842 and 0.312, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that Japanese subjects may find it easier to complete the GerdQ than the QUEST questionnaire.

Effects of ramosetron oral disintegrating tablets on gastric emptying: crossover study using the 13C-acetic acid breath test.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ramosetron is a new selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist that reportedly has more potent antiemetic effects than other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ramosetron pretreatment on gastric emptying using the 13C-acetic acid breath test. METHODOLOGY: Ten healthy male and female volunteers participated in this randomized, twoway crossover study. After they had fasted overnight, the subjects were randomly assigned to receive 0.1 mg ramosetron 1 hour before ingestion of a test meal (200 kcal per 200 mL, containing 100 mg 13C acetate) or to receive the test meal alone. Under both conditions, breath samples were collected for 150 min following ingestion of the meal. Statistical comparison of the parameters between the two test conditions was performed. RESULTS: No significant differences in the calculated parameters, including T 1/2, T lag, GEC or ß and κ, were observed between the two test conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that 0.1 mg ramosetron had no significant effect on the rate of gastric emptying. Thus, our results suggest that ramosetron can be administered safely, without gastrointestinal adverse effects, even to terminal cancer patients with delayed or accelerated gastric emptying abnormality.

Protective effect of lactoferrin on acute acid reflux-induced esophageal mucosal damage.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The natural immunomodulator lactoferrin is known to possess anti-inflammatory effects. However, there have been no studies examining the mode of action of lactoferrin in protecting the esophageal mucosa against damage. We investigated the effect of lactoferrin on gastric acid secretion and in protecting against acute acid reflux-induced esophagitis in rats. METHODOLOGY: Male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks, weighing 210-240 g, were used for all the experiments. A gastric perfusion system was installed using the method of Ghosh et al. Lactoferrin was administered once via the caudate vein, starting 24 hours before an acute acid reflux (treatment mode), or saline (control). Statistical comparison of the parameters between the two test conditions was performed. RESULTS: No significant differences in basal or stimulated gastric acid secretion, or in the serum gastrin level were observed between the two test conditions. Esophageal damage was attenuated by lactoferrin in a dose-dependent manner, as reflected by the improvement in the esophageal tissue weight and macroscopic scores. Significant reductions in the histological scores, myeloperoxidase activity and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1ß were also observed following lactoferrin administration. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that lactoferrin exerts a protective effect against acute acid reflux-induced esophageal damage in rats.

Correlation between gastric transit time measured by video capsule endoscopy and gastric emptying determined by the continuous real-time 13C breath test (BreathID system).

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the possible existence of a correlation between the gastric transit time (GTT) measured by video capsule endoscopy (VCE) and the parameters of gastric emptying determined using 13C breath test (BreathID system). METHODS: Eight healthy male volunteers participated in this randomized, two-way crossover study. The subjects were randomly assigned to undergo VCE using the PillCam SB capsule endoscopy system or the 13C breath test for 4 hours after a test meal (400 kcal per 400 mL) containing 100 mg of 13C acetic acid administered after overnight fasting. The VCE images were analyzed and the GTT was determined using the proprietary RAPID software. The parameters, namely T lag, T 1/2 and GEC were calculated using the Oridion Research Software (ß version). The GTT measured by VCE and the parameters of gastric emptying were compared statistically. RESULTS: No significant correlation was observed between the GTT and T lag (p = 0.5263), T 1/2 (p = 0.4100) or GEC (p = 0.2410), as determined by calculation of the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. CONCLUSIONS: GTT measured by VCE cannot serve as asubstitute for the gastric emptying time measured bythe 13C breath test.