Ocular surface alterations and changes of meibomian glands with meibography in type 1 diabetic children.

PURPOSE: To observe the changes of the ocular surface and meibomian glands by non-contact meibography in patients with type 1 diabetic children. METHODS: A total of forty-three patients with type 1 diabetic children and 43 age-matched healthy subjects were included in the study. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, invasive tear film break-up time (TF-BUT), fluorescein staining of the ocular surface and Schirmer II test were performed for all participants. Ocular surface and lid margins were evaluated by slit lamp. Non-contact meibography was performed with the Phoenix-Meibography module in Sirius corneal topographic device. RESULTS: Both groups consisted of 25 (58.1%) female and 18 (41.9%) male children and the mean age was 14.4 ± 2.5 years. In the T1DM group, the mean disease duration was 6.8 ± 3.1 years. The mean TF-BUT (p = 0.002) and Schirmer II test (p = 0.007) measurements were lower in the diabetic group than those of in controls. Total eyelid score (p = 0.027) and meibomian gland (MG) secretion score (p = 0.007) were significantly high in diabetic children. MG area loss was also significantly high in both lower and upper eyelid (p < 0.001). In morphological analyses of meibomian glands thinning, shortening and presence of ghost areas (p = 0.05, p = 0.027 and p = 0.000, respectively) were more common in the diabetic group. There was no correlation between both lower and upper eyelid meiboscores and disease duration (p = 0.51 and p = 0.61), BMI (p = 0.08 and p = 0.51), serum HbA1c level (p = 0.06 and p = 0.49) and IGF-1 SDS (p = 0.38 and p = 0.68). CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the MG loss area increases and morphological alterations of meibomian glands occur in type 1 diabetic children. Disease duration and metabolic control of diabetes do not affect meibography measurements. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: The study was organized in accordance with the ethical standards settled by the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: 2011-KAEK-2, 2021/106. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE: 02.05.2021.

Long-term full-field and multifocal electroretinographic changes after treatment with ranibizumab in patients with diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE: To investigate changes in macular and panretinal neuroretinal functions by electroretinographic examinations in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with intravitreal ranibizumab. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients with DME were included in this prospective study. Patients were treated with ranibizumab injection according to the PRN regimen for over 12 months. Before treatment, all patients underwent fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) assessment, full-field (ff-ERG), and multifocal electroretinography (mf-ERG). In monthly visits, BCVA and OCT were performed. Besides, mf-ERG recordings were obtained at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, and ff-ERG was performed at month 12. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients completed the study. The mean age was 61.1 ± 8.5 (39-80) years. The mean number of injections was 6.19 ± 1.9. The decimal BCVA improved from 0.30 to 0.45 during the 12-month follow-up (p < 0.05). Macular thickness decreased from 413.5 µm to 329.5 µm (p < 0.05). The mf-ERG recordings in the central macular region showed improvements N1 and P1 amplitudes at months 9 and 12. There was a positive correlation between the baseline central (p < 001; r: - 0.378 and p < 0.05; r:-0.335, respectively), the second ring (p < 0.05; r: - 0.260 and p < 0.05; r: - 0.270, respectively) P1- and N1-wave amplitudes, and the BCVA at month 12. Full-field ERG recordings showed that peripheral neuroretinal responses were maintained or improved at month 12. Statistically significant improvements in BCVA and macular thickness were observed at all follow-up visits. CONCLUSION: Multifocal electroretinographic recording started to improve 6 months after the beginning of intravitreal ranibizumab treatment in eyes with DME. This improvement was significant at months 9 and 12. A significant improvement in ff-ERG was observed at month 12.

Comparison of Long-Term Automated Retinal Layer Segmentation Analysis of the Macula between Silicone Oil and Gas Tamponade after Vitrectomy for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.

PURPOSE: To identify long-term changes in individual retinal layer thickness using automated retinal layer segmentation analysis on high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans of eyes with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) treated with vitreoretinal surgery (VRS) and gas or silicone oil tamponade and having single-operation success. METHODS: A total of 58 patients operated on by VRS for RRD and followed up for 12 months were imaged by SD-OCT. The patients with retinal diseases such as an epiretinal membrane or cystic macular edema in the operated and fellow eyes were excluded. The thicknesses of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), photoreceptor layer, and retinal pigment epithelium were compared to those of the fellow eyes after the 12-month follow-up. Thickness changes in individual layers were quantitatively analyzed in the operated and fellow eyes and correlated with the type of tamponade used in the surgery. RESULTS: Spectralis OCT automated segmentation software was used for the retinal layer analysis. There were 22 females and 36 males. Their mean age was 60.7 ± 11.2 years. The mean central macular thickness was 214.3 ± 29.5 µm in the operated and 229.7 ± 21.7 µm in the fellow eyes (p = 0.008). There was a statistically significant difference between the operated and the healthy fellow eyes in the following layers: the RNFL (p = 0.017), GCL (p = 0.02), INL (p = 0.005), and ONL (p = 0.008) in the central foveal area; the RNFL (p < 0.001), INL (p = 0.017), and ONL (p = 0.022) in the perifoveal ring; and the RNFL (p < 0.001), IPL (p = 0.042), INL (p = 0.001), and OPL (p = 0.001) in the peripheral ring. The logMAR best corrected visual acuities were 2.51 ± 0.68 and 2.69 ± 0.62 at baseline and 0.60 ± 0.38 and 0.50 ± 0.38 at month 12 in the silicone oil tamponade (n = 28) and the gas tamponade (n = 30) group (p = 0.52 and p = 0.21, respectively). The foveal GCL, OPL, and ONL and the perifoveal GCL and IPL were statistically significantly thinner in the silicone oil tamponade group (p = 0.01, p = 0.046, p = 0.024, p = 0.006, and p = 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes were observed in the retinal layers after VRS for RRD. Individual retinal layers seem to be affected 1 year after VRS for RRD. The type of tamponade can influence the thickness of the retinal layers. The thickness of the retinal layers was significantly preserved in eyes treated with gas tamponade when compared to those treated with silicone oil tamponade in the long term. Further studies are needed to validate our results.

Comparison of navigated laser and conventional single-spot laser system for induced pain during panretinal photocoagulation.

To compare the panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)-induced pain response between novel navigated laser (Navilas) and conventional single-spot laser. The eyes were randomly assigned to Navilas or conventional laser. Contralateral eyes underwent PRP with the other system with 30 min resting interval. Pulse duration was 100 ms in conventional laser and 30 ms or 100 ms in Navilas and power setting was enough to create gray-white light burn on both devices. Pain response was evaluated by verbal scale (VS) (0-4) and visual analog scale (VAS) (0-10) after each PRP application. The mean age of 70 patients (140 eyes) was 62.52 ± 9.49 years. Mean power and spot numbers for Navilas and conventional laser were 291.9 ± 85.3 mW vs 368.4 ± 72.0 mW, and 375.4 ± 108.4 vs 374.2 ± 105.0 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.53, respectively). Pain scores for Navilas and conventional laser were 1.19 ± 0.73 and 1.99 ± 0.84 for VS and 2.41 ± 1.65 and 4.74 ± 2.17 for VAS (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). More comfortable PRP is achieved with Navilas system in comparison with conventional single-spot laser system. However, small number of patients treated with same pulse duration and different contact lenses used for two systems should be taken into consideration. Besides, we did not report comparative clinical efficiency of either laser system.

Bi-allelic Mutations in KLHL7 Cause a Crisponi/CISS1-like Phenotype Associated with Early-Onset Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Crisponi syndrome (CS)/cold-induced sweating syndrome type 1 (CISS1) is a very rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by a complex phenotype with high neonatal lethality, associated with the following main clinical features: hyperthermia and feeding difficulties in the neonatal period, scoliosis, and paradoxical sweating induced by cold since early childhood. CS/CISS1 can be caused by mutations in cytokine receptor-like factor 1 (CRLF1). However, the physiopathological role of CRLF1 is still poorly understood. A subset of CS/CISS1 cases remain yet genetically unexplained after CRLF1 sequencing. In five of them, exome sequencing and targeted Sanger sequencing identified four homozygous disease-causing mutations in kelch-like family member 7 (KLHL7), affecting the Kelch domains of the protein. KLHL7 encodes a BTB-Kelch-related protein involved in the ubiquitination of target proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation. Mono-allelic substitutions in other domains of KLHL7 have been reported in three families affected by a late-onset form of autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa was also present in two surviving children reported here carrying bi-allelic KLHL7 mutations. KLHL7 mutations are thus associated with a more severe phenotype in recessive than in dominant cases. Although these data further support the pathogenic role of KLHL7 mutations in a CS/CISS1-like phenotype, they do not explain all their clinical manifestations and highlight the high phenotypic heterogeneity associated with mutations in KLHL7.

Long-term changes in retinal layers in patients undergoing intravitreal ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration : Retinal layers after anti-VEGF therapy.

PURPOSE: To analyze long-term changes in individual retinal layers (RLs) after intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (IVRs) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (n-AMD). METHODS: The patients were treated with 0.5-mg IVRs based on an as-needed protocol after the first three monthly doses over a 12-month follow-up period. Patients underwent optical coherence tomography and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) evaluation at each visit. The ETDRS grid with central subfield (R1) (r 0.5 mm) and the inner ring (R2) (r 0.5-1.5 mm) was used for calculation of the mean thickness of each RL. Changes in the thickness of segmented RLs within the R1 and R2 of ETDRS circles at months-3, -6, and -12 were compared to baseline. RESULTS: The mean age was 72 ± 7.4 years. The mean number of injections was 9.08 (range 6-11). Mean BCVA improved from 49.7 ± 22.1 to 60.1 ± 19.8 letters. Central macular thickness decreased from 390.25 ± 149.6 to 312.74 ± 118.4 µm. Thicknesses of GCL (from 23.93 ± 13.73 to 19.50 ± 9.50 µm in R1; p 0.001, and from 44.5 ± 12.6 to 39.6 ± 10.6 µm in R2; p 0.005), IPL (from 28.90 ± 14.36 to 22.35 ± 6.23 µm in R1; p 0.001, and from 39.34 ± 8.53 to 35.58 ± 7.93 µm in R2; p 0.004), and total inner RL (ILM to ELM) (from 222.93 ± 93.09 to 180 ± 53 µm in R1; p 0.001, and from 255.06 ± 42.74 to 240.25 ± 40.37 µm in R2; p 0.003) in the central and parafoveal rings decreased statistically at month-12. Decrease in INL was limited to month-6 (from 34.80 ± 15.33 to 27.60 ± 12.59 µm in R1; p 0.001), while decreases in total outer RLs (ELM to RPE) (from 128.32 ± 26.92 to 115.54 ± 43.98 µm in R1; p 0.001, and 103.81 ± 16.73 to 96.38 ± 16.22 µm in R2; p 0.014) and RPE (from 39.12 ± 22.33 to 29.70 ± 22.05 µm in R1; p 0.001, and from 31.27 ± 13.11 to 24.40 ± 9.99 µm in R2; p 0.001) were limited to month-3. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes were observed in the thickness of the inner RLs after 1-year treatment with IVRs for n-AMD. A significant decrease in RPE thickness confined to the first months disappeared at month-12.

Unilateral hemorrhagic macular infarction associated with marijuana, alcohol and antiepileptic drug intake.

A 55-year-old male presented with a complaint of a painless and sudden loss of vision in the right eye. Fundus photography revealed loss of transparency and edema in the central macular region. Optical coherence tomography showed increased reflectivity and diffused swelling in the inner retinal layers. Fluorescein angiography revealed a large area of capillary non-perfusion with a pronounced hypofluorescent area with distinct borders. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a hemorrhagic macular infarction associated with marijuana and pregabalin misuse.

A review of unilateral acute idiopatic maculopathy related to hand-foot-mouth disease with a representative case.

The purpose of this study was to review unilateral acute maculopathy associated with hand-foot-mouth disease with a representative case. Clinical course of a 24-year-old male case with unilateral acute idiopatic maculopathy documented by multimodal imaging is presented, and a review of similar cases is given. On initial examination, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/200 in the left eye. Fundoscopy revealed grayish-yellowish subretinal exudate, and fluorescein angiography demonstrated irregular mottled hyperfluorescence at the central macula. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated disruption of ellipsoid layer, which partially resolved on follow-up examinations. Best-corrected visual acuity increased to 20/20 at 3 months, with persistent retinal changes, and mild disruption of ellipsoid layer and persistent mild metamorphopsia. Although hand-foot-mouth disease is usually benign and self-limited in childhood, it may be rarely associated with unilateral vision loss due to maculopathy, especially at early adulthood in both sexes. Vision loss associated with this eruption is acute and reversible in most cases, despite some residual pigmentary and scarring changes in all cases and persistent mild visual loss in some cases. Exact pathophysiology, the causes of variability of clinical features, adulthood onset, unilateral involvement, and role of multimodal imaging are issues which need to be clarified with further research.

Retinal ultrastructural, electrophysiological, and microvascular morphological outcomes in diabetic macular edema treated with intravitreal bevacizumab.

BACKGROUND: Investigation of retinal ultrastructural, electrophysiological, and microvascular morphological changes, as well as correlations between these changes and visual outcome in naïve diabetic macular edema (DME) patients after intravitreal bevacizumab therapy (IVBT). METHODS: This prospective interventional study enrolled 31 DME patients' eyes treated with monthly IVBT for three months. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured, and fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), microperimetry, as well as optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) were performed before and after IVBT. Patients were grouped based on BCVA improvement after three consecutive IVBT: group 1: > 10 letters, group 2: ≤ 5 letters, and group 3: between 6 and 10 letters. RESULTS: Mean BCVA increased significantly from 34.2 to 39.9 letters (p < 0.001). Central macular thickness decreased significantly from 335.1 to 276.4 µm (p < 0.001). Fixation stability, retinal sensitivity, and local deficit all improved significantly (p < 0.001 for all). There was no statistically significant change in IOP (p = 0.665). Although OCTA parameters did not change significantly, lower foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, higher foveal vessel density 300 µm area around FAZ and deep plexus vascular density were associated with highly improved BCVA, retinal sensitivity, and local deficit. Also, there were no significant intergroup differences in gender, age, baseline BCVA, HbA1c, IOP, phakic/pseudophakic lens ratio, concomitant hypertension, and superficial capillary plexus vascular density. CONCLUSIONS: IVBT was associated with significantly improved BCVA, retinal ultrastructural integrity, and electrophysiological patterns in naive DME patients. Improvements in retinal electrophysiology correlated with ultrastructural improvements, which could be predicted using OCTA.

Switch to aflibercept in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: 30-month results.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate visual function and changes in the central macular thickness of patients with unresponsive neovascular age-related macular degeneration who were switched from ranibizumab (Lucentis®) to aflibercept (Eylea®) treatment at 30 months. METHODS: This retrospective study examined patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who were switched to aflibercept after ≥6 previous intravitreal ranibizumab injections at 4- to 8-week intervals. All patients were switched to intravitreal aflibercept (2.0 mg) and analyzed after 3 consecutive injections followed by a prore nata dosing regimen and after 30 months of treatment. Best corrected visual acuity, biomicroscopic examination, intraocular pressure, fundus examination, and central macular thickness were recorded at the start of treatment, before the transition to intravitreal aflibercept treatment, and at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months of intravitreal aflibercept treatment. RESULTS: A total of 33 eyes met the inclusion criteria. The median age of the patients was 73.57 ± 7.98 years, and 21 (61.8%) patients were males and 12 (35.3%) were females. Before the transition, the patients received a mean of 16.8 ± 8.8 ranibizumab injections (range 6-38).After the transition to intravitreal aflibercept treatment, the mean number of aflibercept injections was 9.09 ± 3.94. No significant differences were observed in best corrected visual acuity after the aflibercept switch in any of the months. The central macular thickness was significantly decreased at 6, 12, 18, and 30 months (p=0.01, p=0.03, p=0.05, p=0.05, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who were switched to intravitreal aflibercept treatment due to unresponsiveness to intravitreal ranibizumab exhibited a significant anatomic improvement in the retina, and although this state persisted, there was no significant functional gain.

Long-Term Changes in Submacular Choroidal Thickness after Intravitreal Ranibizumab Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: 14-Mo Follow-Up.

Purpose: To study (i) the long-term effects of intravitreal ranibizumab treatment on changes in submacular choroidal thickness and (ii) the relationship between any resulting changes in choroidal thickness and visual outcomes following such treatment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (n-AMD). Methods: Reviewed were medical records of 30 consecutive, treatment-naïve, patients with unilateral n-AMD (n = 30 eyes) and unaffected fellow eyes (n = 26 eyes) (controls). Monthly injections of 0.5 mg ranibizumab were administered until stabilization of n-AMD, with additional injections as needed over the following 14-mo. Choroidal thickness was determined using enhanced-depth imaging-optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) before and after initiation of ranibizumab therapy. Choroidal thickness measurements were generated via manual segmentation. Results: The mean age of patients was 71.9 ± 7.4 (56-83) years; the mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of affected eyes improved from 51.1 to 59.4 letters (p < 0.001); and the mean number of injections was 9.16 ± 1.75. Subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased from 208.3 ± 73.7 µm at baseline to 185.3 ± 70.1 µm at mo-14 (p < 0.001), with significant (p < 0.001) decreases at all measured time points. Choroidal thickness also tended to decline in fellow eyes but was only statistically significant nasally 1,000 µm (p =0.04). Mean changes in choroidal thickness did not correlate with BCVA at mo-14 (p = 0.76). Disciform scars and geographic atrophy (p = 0.017), and BCVA (p < 001) at baseline were predictive of visual outcome. Age (p = 0.001), reticular drusen (p = 0.004), and size of choroidal neovascularized area (p = 0.042) were predictive of decreases in choroidal thickness. Conclusions: Submacular choroidal thickness appeared to decrease significantly in eyes with n-AMD over a 14-mo period of ranibizumab treatment. No corresponding decrease in choroidal thickness occurred in fellow eyes.

Multimodal imaging in a child with severe posterior scleritis.

Objective: Posterior scleritis in a child is a rare condition. High-resolution imaging techniques in the course of posterior scleritis have not been published extensively in literature. The authors reported a case of posterior scleritis in a 12-year-old child to demonstrate multimodal imaging techniques in the course of development and improvement of the disease. Methods: Case report that included fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging, blue-peak autofluorescence, multicolor imaging, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and ultrasonography. Results: A twelve-year-old healthy boy presented with ocular pain and mild vision loss. His visual acuity was 20/ 32. There was no sign of inflammation on the ocular surface. There were no cells in the anterior chamber or vitreous. Ultrasonography revealed the diagnosis of posterior scleritis. When he was seen the next day for multimodal imaging techniques, he presented with exudative retinal detachment with visual acuity of 20/ 100. One week after the beginning of the therapy, ocular symptoms, and findings resolved and visual acuity improved to 20/ 20. Conclusion: Multimodal imaging techniques, which are important for the diagnosis of posterior scleritis, before and after the treatment, are presented in this case report.

Homocysteinemia as a cause for amaurosis fugax in a patient without an apparent embolic source.

Purpose: To report a case with monocular transient vision loss (TVL) associated with Hyperhomocysteinemia. Methods: We present a case with persistent TVL attacks and high level of homocysteine. Results: A 32-year-old male had a history of episodes of recurrent monocular TVL. Extensive ophthalmic, systemic and laboratory studies were unremarkable with the exception of high plasma homocysteine level. He never experienced TVL during the 36-month follow-up after starting folate, B12 and B6 except for one episode in which he had discontinued the treatment for three months. Conclusion: This case may suggest hyperhomocysteinemia as one of the underlying causes of recurrent attacks of TVL without any known source of emboli.

The association of exudation pattern with anatomical and functional outcomes in patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Objective. To evaluate the correlation between visual outcomes and fluid configuration observed on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods. Sixty-five eyes of 53 patients with AMD who were administered intravitreal ranibizumab treatment with 12 months of follow-up were included in this retrospective study. Presence of intraretinal cystoid fluid (IRC) and pigment epithelial detachment (PED), thickness of subretinal fluid (SRF), central macular thickness (CMT), and central macular volume (CMV) were assessed. Results. Subretinal fluid was observed in 29 eyes (45%), IRC in 36 eyes (55%), and PED in 39 eyes (60%). Baseline and final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were 0.69±0.4 and 0.60±0.4 logMAR in the IRC negative group and 1.17±0.5 and 0.97±0.5 logMAR in the IRC positive group. BCVA was lower in IRC positive group (baseline p=0.001 and final=0.003); however, marked improvement was detected in both groups. Anatomic improvement and increased visual acuity were observed in groups with and without PED, IRC, and SRF. An inverse correlation was detected between pre-treatment CMT, IRC and post-treatment IRC, and final BCVA. Conclusion. Significant visual and anatomic improvement was observed after one-year of ranibizumab treatment regardless of fluid configuration. However, the presence of IRC was observed to be associated with worse visual acuity. Baseline retinal fluid configuration may have prognostic effects on functional success in patients treated with ranibizumab for wet AMD. Abbreviations. AMD = Age-related macular degeneration, VEGF = Vascular endothelial growth factor, IRC = intraretinal cystoid fluid, PED = pigment epithelial detachment, SRF = subretinal fluid, SD-OCT = spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography, IVR = intravitreal ranibizumab, BCVA = best-corrected visual acuity, FFA = fundus fluorescein angiography, CMT = central macular thickness, CMV = central macular volume.

Bilateral serous retinal detachment accompanied by a rare intraretinal fluid configuration in preeclampsia and PRES Syndrome.

Purpose: To present the association between posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES) syndrome due to preeclampsia and bilateral serous retinal detachment (SRD) accompanied by intraretinal fluid configuration. Methods: A 24-year-old woman, at 28 weeks of gestation presented with blurred vision bilaterally related to bilateral SRD involving the center of the macula accompanied by intraretinal fluid. The patient was diagnosed as pre-eclampsia accompanied by PRES syndrome. The patient approved and underwent delivery the same day. On day 9, ophthalmologic examination revealed complete resolution of SRD and normal visual acuity bilaterally and cranial MRI showed complete resolution of the vasogenic edema with medical treatment. Conclusion: SRD and accompanying retinal edema must be considered among etiological factors leading to sudden vision loss in patients with preeclampsia and PRES syndrome. Abbreviations: PRES = Posterior reversible encephalopathy, SRD = Serous retinal detachment, SD-OCT = Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, RPE = Retinal pigment epithelium, CSC = Central serous chorioretinopathy, ONL = Outer nuclear layer, INL = Inner nuclear layer, IPL = Inner plexiform layer, RNFL = retinal nerve fiber layer.

Choroidal Thickness and its Correlations with Ocular Parameters in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationships between macular choroidal thickness (mCT) and ocular parameters, such as optic nerve head (ONH) and multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) parameters, in cases with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: This controlled and prospective clinical trial included 49 patients with POAG diagnosed for the first time and 47 healthy participants. Macular CTs, ONH and mf-ERG parameters were measured, and the examination findings were recorded at baseline and follow-ups. RESULTS: In the POAG group, the mean mCT was 254.92±37.65 µm at baseline, and it was 235.6±38.48 µm at 3-month and was 237.55±37.27 µm at 6-month. In the glaucoma group, there was a significant decrease in the first three months despite the treatment, but no significant change was observed in the next three months. In the healthy group, the mean mCTs were 287.78±26.77 µm, 285.48±25.58 µm and 285.02±27.44 µm at baseline, at 3-month and at 6-month, respectively. No significant change was observed in the control group throughout the process. However, the mean mCT values in the glaucoma group were significantly thinner in all controls compared to the healthy group (p<0.05). Furthermore, significant correlations were found between CT and some ONH, as well as mf-ERG parameters. CONCLUSION: The choroid can play an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Significant correlations in parameters support this relationship. We have observed that the glaucomatous effect initiated first in the inferior quadrant of ONH.

Quality of life among patients with age-related severe macular degeneration assessed using the NEI-VFQ, HADS-A, HADS-D and SF-36 tests. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Exudative age-related macular degeneration (e-AMD) may cause severe central vision loss. Patients with e-AMD can experience difficulties in daily basic activities and suffer from psychological problems. Our aim was to assess quality of life (QoL) and anxiety and depression status among patients with e-AMD. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a state university. METHODS: We included 200 e-AMD patients and 120 age and gender-matched controls. We assessed QoL using the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25) and the Short Form (SF)-36 test; and anxiety and depression status using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scales A and D (HADS-A and HADS-D). RESULTS: The mean ages in the e-AMD and control groups were 68.40 ± 9.8 and 66.31 ± 8.98, respectively. Visual acuity among e-AMD patients was 0.37 ± 0.31 and 0.39 ± 0.32 in the right and left eyes, respectively. The e-AMD patients performed significantly worse than the controls in NEI-VFQ-25 (P < 0.05 for all items). The proportions of e-AMD patients scoring higher than the cutoffs in HADS-A and HADS-D were significantly higher than among the controls (41.5% versus 12.5% and 63.5% versus 27.5%; P < 0.001). The e-AMD patients had significantly lower mean scores than the controls for each of the SF-36 QoL items (P < 0.001). The NEI-VFQ-25 scores were significantly lower among patients with bilateral e-AMD than among those with unilateral disease (P < 0.05 for all). The HADS scores were positively correlated with duration of e-AMD and patient age, but negatively with vision levels (P < 0.05 for all items). CONCLUSION: The e-AMD patients had higher depression and anxiety scores and lower QoL scores.

[The Disease History, Sociodemographics, and Criminal Features of the Homicidal Forensic Psychiatric Patients]. / Insana Yönelik Ciddi Suç Isleyen Adli Psikiyatri Olgularinin Hastalik Öyküleri, Sosyodemografik ve Suç Özellikleri.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the disease history, treatment adherence, and the criminal history of individuals who committed a homicide offence, with no criminal responsibility due to their psychiatric illness METHODS: Of 197 who had been released from our forensic psychiatric clinic after one-year-mandatory inpatient treatment, we evaluated 160 patients whom we were able to contact. To determine the severity of the crimes, criminal violence rating scale was used. The sociodemographic characterictics and certain variables associated with the disease and the criminal acts of the individuals were documented. RESULTS: Out of 160 patients, 48 had committed serious homicidal crime while 112 had committed milder or moderate crimes. All homicidal offenders were male. Most were single or divorced, living in metropolitan areas. 29.2% were unemployed. Of the homicidal offenders, 89.6% had a legal guardian, 93.8% had social insurance, 83.3% had psychiatric disorder with psychotic features. 29.2% of homicide offenders had criminal history even prior to the mandatory treatment, most of which were severe violent criminal offenses targeting directly a victim's life. CONCLUSIONS: Among homicidal offenders, diagnosis of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders were more and psychiatric comorbidities were less prevalent. The correlation of homicide and unemployment points to the importance of occupational rehabilitation. Identifying preventive factors and determining the risk of the homicidal behavior in individuals with mental disorders are important for the protection of both the patient and the public.

PASCAL laser platform produces less pain responses compared to conventional laser system during the panretinal photocoagulation: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Most of patients experience pain during the panretinal photocoagulation(PRP). Laser photocoagulation delivery has advanced with the introduction of pattern-scanning laser systems (PASCAL). Shorter pulse duration and less choroidal penetration believed to reduce pain during the laser treatment. OBJECTIVES: To compare the severity of expressed pain scores in patients with PDR who underwent PRP either with PASCAL laser or conventional laser. METHODS: A total of 28 patients with a diagnosis of PDR who were scheduled for bilateral PRP therapy were enrolled into the prospective study. Both eyes were treated within the same session and while one eye was treated with PASCAL the other was treated with conventional laser randomly. Pulse duration was adjusted to 100-ms in conventional laser and 30 ms in PASCAL. The severity of pain was graded using a verbal scale and a visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: Mean age was 61.36±9.10 years. Mean verbal and VAS scores were 1.32±0.47 and 2.86±1.21 in the PASCAL laser and 2.39±0.49 and 5.75±1.35 in the conventional laser group, respectively. Differences between expressed pain scores obtained by both two scales were statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: PASCAL laser significantly alleviates pain levels possibly due to the shorter laser pulse duration and lower intensity.