HIV-positive men who have sex with men are at high risk of development of significant liver fibrosis after an episode of acute hepatitis C.

Acute hepatitis C virus infection remains a major health concern in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). New direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) combination therapy has not yet been approved for the treatment for acute hepatitis C virus(HCV), thereby potentially causing deferral of HCV treatment. Therefore, we aimed to study the course of liver disease after an episode of acute HCV. This study is a retrospective single-centre cohort of HIV-positive MSM with acute HCV infection. Liver fibrosis was estimated by Fibroscan® and Fibrotest® . Liver-related and non-liver-related outcomes were documented. Overall 213 episodes of acute HCV infection in 178 men were documented. Median follow-up for all included patients was 38.7 months. Spontaneous HCV clearance was found in 10.8% of patients, which was significantly associated with older age, lower HCV RNA levels, and higher ALT levels upon initial acute HCV diagnosis. Treatment with interferon-based therapy was initiated in 86.3% of cases, resulting in a sustained virological response(SVR) rate of 70.7%. After 3 years' follow-up, significant liver fibrosis of METAVIR F2 stage or higher was found in 39.4% of patients after first acute HCV diagnosis. Higher age, physician-declared alcoholism, and nonresponse to acute HCV therapy were independently associated with higher fibrosis stages. Ten patients died during the observation period (IR 1.4/100 patient-years) and four during interferon treatment. Significant liver fibrosis is a common finding in HIV-positive MSM following acute HCV infection despite high treatment uptake and cure rates, suggesting the need for close liver disease monitoring particularly if HCV treatment is deferred.

Multiple hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfections in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: no influence of HCV genotype switch or interleukin-28B genotype on spontaneous clearance.

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection is on the rise in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Data on natural history of acute hepatitis C and possible factors associated with spontaneous clearance are limited. The aim of this study was to analyse the outcome of HCV reinfections in HIV-positive MSM. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on patients with more than one sexually acquired HCV infection who were diagnosed at four major German HIV and hepatitis care centres. Reinfection was defined by genotype or phylogenetic clade switch, detectable HCV RNA after a sustained virological response (SVR) or after spontaneous clearance (SC). RESULTS: In total, 48 HIV-positive MSM were identified with HCV reinfection, among them 11 with a third episode and one patient with four episodes. At the first episode, 43 and five patients had an SVR and SC, respectively. The second episode was accompanied by a genotype switch in 29 patients (60%). Whereas 30 and nine patients showed an SVR and SC, respectively, eight patients developed chronic hepatitis. Neither HCV genotype switch nor interleukin-28B genotype was associated with SC. However, SC rates at the second episode were higher for patients with SC at the first episode compared with patients without SC (60 vs. 14%, respectively; P = 0.03). Two patients with SC at the first episode were reinfected with the same genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple reinfections in HIV-infected MSM do occur, with or without genotype switch, and with prior SC of previous episodes. In this large case series, except for SC at the first episode, no factor was of value in clinical decision-making for early therapeutic intervention in acute HCV reinfection.

Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A quasispecies diversity in acute hepatitis C infection in HIV-1 co-infected patients.

The growing number of cases of acute hepatitis C (AHC) infections among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the last 10 years has promoted the search for predictors of AHC clearance as well as for epidemiological networks of viral transmission. We characterized the diversity and catalytic efficiency of HCV NS3/4A protease quasispecies in AHC patients coinfected with HIV-1. Plasma samples obtained at HCV diagnosis from 18 MSM HIV-coinfected patients with AHC were studied. Five HCV monoinfected patient samples with AHC were also investigated. An average of 39 clones from each sample was analysed. The catalytic efficiency of the dominant quasispecies (i.e. the most abundant) from each quasispecies was also assayed for mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS) cleavage. Phylogenetic analysis identified two clusters of patients with highly related viruses, suggesting a common source of HCV infection. None of the 18 MSM HIV-coinfected patients spontaneously cleared HCV, although 78% of the treated patients achieved a sustained virological response after early treatment with pegylated interferon (pegIFN) plus ribavirin (RBV). The synonymous-nonsynonymous (ds/dn) mutation ratio, a marker of selective pressure, was higher in AHC compared to 26 HIV-1-infected men with genotype 1a chronic hepatitis C (CHC) (P < 0.0001). NS3/4A proteases from AHC patients also exhibited higher catalytic efficiency compared to CHC patients (P < 0.0001). No differences were found when ds/dn mutation ratios and NS3/4A protease catalytic efficiencies from AHC HIV-coinfected patients were compared with AHC monoinfected patients. The presence of epidemiological networks of HCV transmission was confirmed among HIV-1-positive MSM. In addition, substantial genetic diversity was demonstrated in AHC. NS3/4A protease efficiency cleaving MAVS may be associated with virus transmission and response to pegIFN/RBV treatment.

Peginterferon-alfa mono-therapy in the treatment of acute hepatitis C in HIV-infection.

The ongoing epidemic of acute hepatitis C (AHC) infection among MSM highlights the need to identify factors allowing for optimal treatment outcome in HIV co-infected individuals. Cohort study of 105 HIV-infected patients with AHC infection from five centres in two European countries was carried out. Choice of treatment with pegIFN-alfa alone (group 1; n = 36) or pegIFN-alfa and ribavirin (RBV) (group 2; n = 69) was at the discretion of the investigator. Outcome was evaluated as RVR and SVR. Fisher's exact and Mann Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. All patients were male, median age was 39 years, main route of transmission MSM (91%). In 69% of patients, clinical signs of acute hepatic infection were missing, dominant HCV genotypes were 1 (64%) and 4 (16%) and mean baseline HCV-RNA was 3.559.085 IU/mL. 60% received HAART and CD4 cell count was 469/mm(3) . Overall SVR rate was 64.8% (68/105). SVR was reached in 69% of treated patients in group 1 and in 63% of treated patients in group 2 (P = 0.67) while RVR was seen in 61% and 49%, respectively (P = 0.35). Interestingly, by univariate analysis, SVR rates in group 1 were significantly higher in patients initiating therapy within 4 weeks of AHC diagnosis compared to patients initiating therapy within 5-36 weeks after diagnosis (P = 0.03). PegIFN-alfa alone or in combination with ribavirin results in similar response rates in HIV-infected patients with AHC. In particular, when treatment is initiated within 4 weeks of diagnosis, pegIFN mono-therapy might be sufficient to allow for an optimal treatment response.

High rates of quinolone-resistant strains of Shigella sonnei in HIV-infected MSM.

PURPOSE: There is increasing evidence that shigellosis is a predominantly sexually transmitted disease among men who have sex with men (MSM) and that infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for shigellosis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of antibiotic resistance profiles of Shigella species isolated from stool specimens of patients presenting with diarrhea from January 2010 to July 2012 in three German outpatient clinics specialized in HIV care. RESULTS: Among 79 cases of Shigella sonnei, 56 occurred in HIV-infected MSM, while 23 were observed in HIV-negative MSM. High resistance rates (>90%) were found for doxycycline, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, all cephalosporins of first and second generations tested, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In total, 54% of cases were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Compared to negative subjects, HIV-infected MSM had a significantly higher rate of quinolone resistance. For ciprofloxacin, the resistance rates were 66 versus 24%, respectively (p = 0.0016). Individual resistance patterns did not indicate that this was due to a limited outbreak. Rates of resistance to other antibiotics than quinolones showed no differences between HIV-infected and HIV-negative cases. No resistance was found for carbapenems or newer cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of S. sonnei isolates resistant to quinolones and other traditional antibiotics are of concern. Innovative prevention efforts are urgently needed. The empirical use of quinolones in HIV-infected patients presenting with S. sonnei infection is no longer recommended.

Acute hepatitis C in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): the "real-life setting" proves the concept.

OBJECTIVES: Outbreaks of sexually transmitted acute HCV infection have been described recently in several cities in the western world. The epidemic affects mainly MSM who are coinfected with HIV and is supposably linked to certain sexual risk practices. Here, we compared our findings with current knowledge and recommendations. METHODS: HIV-positive patients with the diagnosis of acute HCV infection were included in the retrospective analysis. The patients came from outpatient infectious disease centers in northern German cities. We looked at markers of HIV and HCV infection and compared patients who received treatment and those who did not. Treated patients were followed up to 72 weeks. RESULTS: Three hundred nineteen HIV-positive patients with the diagnosis of acute hepatitis C between 2001 and 2008 and were included in the analysis. All patients were male, 315 (99%) patients were of caucasian origin, 296 (93%) declared homosexual contacts as a risk factor for HCV infection, intravenous drug use was declared in 3 (1%) cases. Median age at HCV diagnosis was 40 years (range 20-69 years). Median HCV viral load was 1.2 x 106 IU/mL, 222 patients (70%) had HCV genotype 1, 59 (18%) genotype 4. The median time of HIV infection was 5.5 years (range 0 to 22.4 years). Median HIV viral load was 110 copies/mL (range 25 to 10x106 copies/mL). The median CD 4 count was 461 cells/mm3 (range 55-1331 cells/mm3). Two hundred and fourty-six patients (77%) received anti-HCV treatment, and 175 (55%) had completed therapy by the time of the analysis. Median treatment duration was 33 weeks (IQR 24.1-49.9). 93 of the 175 treated patients (53%) reached a sustained virological response (SVR). In the multivariate analysis, ART at diagnosis, HCV RNA drop at week 12, hemoglobin levels and higher platelets were associated with SVR. Treatment duration was significantly higher in the SVR group (40.6 weeks vs 26.6 weeks, p<0.0001). Seventy-three patients (23%) did not receive anti-HCV treatment. In 19 of the untreated patients (26%) the hepatitis C virus was cleared spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that acute hepatitis C in HIV infected patients affects mainly MSM who acquire HCV sexually. Patients had a short duration of HIV infection and a stable immunological situation. In this real-life setting from urban regions in northern Germany, treatment rates appear to be high and effective.

Overweight HIV patients with abdominal fat distribution treated with protease inhibitors are at high risk for abnormalities in glucose metabolism - a reason for glycemic control.

BACKGROUND: In HIV patients, disorders in glucose metabolism seem to be side effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which may be favoured by obesity, abdominal fat accumulation and familial disposition for diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of our study was to identify patients at high risk for abnormalities in glucose metabolism taking into account HAART, familial disposition for DM and anthropometric parameters. METHODS: Plasma glucose, insulin, c-peptide and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment, HOMA) were determined in 44 HIV patients [16 without HAART, 19 with protease inhibitors (PI), 9 without PI (non-PI)] and in 11 healthy subjects. Glucose tolerance was determined by standard procedures. Body mass index (BMI), triceps skin fold thickness and waist circumference were measured and the waist-to-hip-ratio was calculated. Familial disposition for DM was assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS: Impaired fasting glucose was observed in 28% of HAART-treated patients (21% with PI, 7% non-PI), in 13% of HAART-naive but none in healthy controls. 58% of PI, 44% of non-PI, 38% of HAART-naive and none of healthy controls had a HOMA-index > 2.5 which indicates insulin resistance. HAART-treated patients had significantly higher fasting glucose levels (PI: 97 +/- 11 mg/dL, p = 0.048; non-PI: 109 +/- 58 mg/dL, p = 0.009) compared to healthy controls (72 +/- 8 mg/dL). HOMA-Index was higher in PI treated patients (3.74 +/- 3.08) than in HIV negative controls (0.95 +/- 0.28, p = 0.018). The duration of HAART (p = 0.045), overweight and familial disposition for DM (p = 0.017) significantly affected fasting glucose among PI users. Waist circumference affected c-peptide (p = 0.046) concentration in these patients. CONCLUSION: HIV patients on long-term PI therapy with overweight and familial disposition for DM are at high risk to develop abnormalities of glucose metabolism. Thus, measurements of HOMA-Index, BMI and waist circumference should be routinely done especially in PI medicated patients.

High efficacy of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir and impact of baseline resistance-associated substitutions in hepatitis C genotype 3 infection.

BACKGROUND: Twelve weeks of the pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral (DAA) combination sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) was highly efficient in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 (GT3) infection in the ASTRAL-3 approval study. However, presence of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in the HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) was associated with lower treatment response. AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of SOF/VEL ± ribavirin (RBV) and the impact of NS5A RASs and RBV use on treatment outcome in HCV GT3 infection in a real-world setting. METHODS: In this multicentre cohort study, GT3 patients from ten treatment centres across Germany were included. Sustained virological response was assessed 12 weeks after end-of-treatment (SVR12) in modified intention-to-treat (mITT) and per-protocol analysis (PP). NS5A RASs were tested by population-based sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 293 GT3 patients were included. The median age was 48 years, 70% were male, 25.3% were cirrhotic, 9.2% were HCV/HIV co-infected and 21.8% were treatment-experienced, including 4.1% with DAA experience. Baseline NS5A RASs (Y93H, A30K, L31M) were detected in 11.2%. RBV was added in 5% of noncirrhotic and 58.9% of cirrhotic patients, respectively. SVR12 rates for SOF/VEL±RBV were 95.9% (mITT) and 99.5% (PP), respectively. Only 1 virological relapse occurred in a cirrhotic patient previously treated with SOF/RBV. No treatment-related major adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION: Twelve weeks of SOL/VEL±RBV was safe and highly efficient in HCV GT3 across a diverse patient population. Baseline NS5A RASs were rarely observed and presence did not seem to impact SVR, regardless of the use of RBV.

Persisting hepatitis E virus infection leading to liver cirrhosis despite recovery of the immune system in an HIV-infected patient.

Chronic hepatitis E has been described several times in strongly immunosuppressed HIV-patients. We describe the persistence of HEV-infection in an HIV-patient despite a restored immune response. This case demonstrates that HEV-infection can persist in formerly immunosuppressed individuals irrespective of the current immune status. Persisting HEV-infection can lead to chronic inflammation and liver cirrhosis. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of chronic hepatitis E even in patients that are not any longer immunocompromised. However, ribavirin is an efficient treatment option.

Food intake increases liver stiffness measurements and hampers reliable values in patients with chronic hepatitis B and healthy controls: the PROLIFICA experience in The Gambia.

BACKGROUND: By increasing the hepatic blood circulation, food intake has been suggested to increase liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values in HCV-infected patients. AIM: To investigate prospectively the effects of food intake on LSM in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients and healthy controls. METHODS: In The Gambia, patients included in the PROLIFICA project are screened for HBV at the community level and then invited for fasting assessment including LSM. Between April 2012 and October 2012, each day, the first five participants were invited to participate in this study. After the initial examination, a standardised 850 Kcal breakfast was provided. Effect of food intake was assessed by examining mean difference of LSM, IQR and IQR/LSM at T0 (fasting LSM1), T30min (LSM2) and T120min (LSM3) respectively. RESULTS: A total of 209 subjects were enrolled in this study (133 were HBV positive, 76 healthy controls). Unreliable measurements occurred more frequently after food intake (5%, 24% and 18% at T0, T30min and T120min respectively). In both groups, median LSM2 was significantly higher than LSM1 [6.2 (IQR: 5.4, 7.9)] vs. 4.9 (4.2, 6.2), P < 0.0001. LSM3 was still higher than the baseline, but lower than LSM2. In multivariable analysis, no factor modified the effect of breakfast on LSM. In a subgroup of patients having liver biopsies, we confirmed that food intake can overestimate liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Food intake significantly increases liver stiffness measurement and its IQR values in patients with chronic hepatitis B as well as healthy individuals; and also the number of unreliable liver stiffness measurement values.

Lymphoid pneumonitis as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a patient with CD4 cell recovery after HAART initiation.

In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) has come to present a significant clinical challenge. Following the recovery of memory T cells, latent infections may lead to clinical and laboratory deterioration despite immunological and virological reconvalescence. However, many other forms of complications after induction of HAART, which are not entirely understood, must be included in the entity of IRIS. Here we report a case of a patient complaining of respiratory distress and fever 10 days after initiating HAART. Radiologically and clinically, his findings mimicked Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. However, no infectious agent could be detected, and bronchoalveolary lavage showed a high cell count (90% lymphocytes and 4% eosinophils) consistent with interstitial pneumonitis. He improved dramatically after treatment with oral steroids.

[Minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia in children--standardization and evaluation of immunophenotyping in the AML-BFM-98 study]. / Minimale Resterkrankung bei der akuten myeloischen Leukämie (AML) im Kindesalter - Etablierung und Standardisierung der Immunphänotypisierung in der Therapiestudie AML-BFM-98.

BACKGROUND: Minimal residual disease is a prognostic factor in AML. However, the impact on treatment stratification is not established. The AML-BFM 98 MRD study started in 1/2000 in order to evaluate, standardize and establish immunophenotyping in AML in children. METHODS: In a first phase the participating laboratories in Muenster, Goettingen, Vienna and Prague agreed on identical antibody-panels and standardized procedures of sample processing, analysis and data management. The consensus panel was evaluated and adapted to 3- and 4-color flowcytometry. The complete panel was applied to each follow-up sample in orderto minimize the risk offalse negative results due to the loss or shift of antigens during treatment, a known phenomenon in myeloid blasts. Between 1/2000 and 9/2001 165 of 198 protocol patients were analysed at diagnosis, in 149 children at least two follow-up samples were available. RESULTS: Three kinds of immunophenotypes could be defined. Asynchronous expression of stem cell and myeloid antigens i. e. CD34/CD117 combined with CD13/CD15 had a low specificity because precursors in regenerating or normal bone marrow expressed this pattern in 0.47 % (0.1 to 1.5 %). The aberrant co-expression of stem cell antigens and lymphatic antigens such as CD7 or CD2 showed a median level of specificity (0.07 % (0.04 to 0.19 %). Aberrant expression ofstem cell antigens combined with B-lymphatic (CD19, CD10) or NK-cell antigen (CD56) showed the best specificity. The maximal level in normal bone marrow was 0.05 %. Sensitivity of different immunophenotypes was evaluated by diluting known leukemic blasts in regenerating bone marrow. Minimal level of sensitivity was found to be at 10 (-3) to 5 x 10 (-4). According to these data highiy specific immunophenotypes could be detected in 33 %, median specificity was seen in 71 % and low specificity was seen in 88 % of the protocol patients. Two laboratories analyzed simultaneously 17 samples of children with AML from diagnosis and during therapy. A high correlation of blast quantification could be demonstrated (correlation r (2) = 0.98; blasts < 5 % r (2) = 0.91). In addition, two independent explorers quantified the raw data of 16 samples. All results correlated well (r (2) = 0.97; blasts < 5 % r (2) = 90.94). CONCLUSION: The prospective study phase, started 1/2002, aims to test the impact of MRD diagnostics as an independent prognostic factor in AML in children. This might facilitate future treatment stratification and consequently optimize outcome.