[RECOMMENDATION FOR ITCH ASSESSMENT FROM THE ATOPIC ITCH CONSENSUS MEETING (AICOM)].

BACKGROUND: Itch is the most troublesome symptom of atopic dermatitis, and it is important to assess it appropriately for optimal treatment. We discussed issues regarding itch and the most appropriate methods of assessment at the Atopic Itch Consensus Meeting (AICOM), attended by physicians and researchers with expertise in itch treatment and research. METHODS: The AICOM participants prepared a draft consensus statement that addressed the most appropriate itch assessment methods for age groups <2 years, 2-6 years, 7-14 years, and ≥15 years. Consensus was defined as agreement by ≥80% of the participants. RESULTS: Votes were cast by 20 participants (8 dermatologists, 7 pediatricians, and 5 researchers), and a consensus on the best current methods of itch assessment was reached with 95% agreement. For infants and preschool children, because subjective evaluation is difficult, a checklist for itch assessment was developed for caregivers. CONCLUSION: For itch assessment, we recommend subjective evaluation by the patient using a rating scale. For infants and preschoolers, evaluation should be done by the caregiver using a checklist, combined with objective evaluation (of skin lesions, for example) by a physician. We anticipate that more objective itch assessment indices will be established in the future.

Egg Reintroduction Following Oral Food Challenge in Japanese Children.

Background: Oral food challenge (OFC) is the most reliable method for diagnosing food allergies. However, the scarcity of long-term data on eating habits of people after a negative OFC poses a challenge for provisional medical care. Objective: This study was performed to investigate the percentage of people who could reintroduce eggs into their diet several years after an OFC. Methods: Study participants included 0-6-year-old children with negative results from an OFC using one egg as the food allergen, boiled for 20 min, from January 2012-March 2017, 1-3 years after the OFC. Results: A total of 72 subjects were analyzed, out of which 52 were males (72.2%). The median age (range) was 20 months (16-32.3), and the median age (range) at the first OFC was 15 months (12.8-23.3). Eggs were reintroduced in 62 cases (86.1%), while 10 cases (13.9%) did not undergo any diet change. The adjusted odds ratio (OR, 95% CI), with post-OFC to pre-OFC anxiety ≥ 0.2, was 9.4 (1.0-86), p = 0.04; OR for allergic symptoms that occurred post-OFC was 2.2 (0.45-11), p = 0.34; OR for initial OFC at an age of ≥15 months was 3.2 (0.54-19), p = 0.2; and OR for the history of anaphylaxis from eggs was 0.17 (0.02-1.5), p = 0.11. Conclusion: Most cases reintroduced eggs after an OFC. However, reintroduction did not occur in some cases, which was associated with greater anxiety among caregivers post-OFC. If the caregiver's anxiety is intense, it is necessary to provide psychological intervention and dietary guidance when reintroducing eggs at home after an OFC and to follow-up outpatient long-term progress.

Prepulse-free, multi-terawatt, sub-30-fs laser system.

We have built a prepulse-free, multi-terawatt, ultrashort pulse laser system, which combines both conventional laser amplification and optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) techniques. By employing an OPCPA system after the regenerative amplifier in a Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification laser chain, we have dramatically enhanced the prepulse contrast by 6 orders of magnitude. A prepulse contrast of better than 4.4 x 10-11 has been measured with a high energy broadband pulse of 24 mJ at 10 Hz repetition rate from the OPCPA system. Using a subsequent four-pass Ti:sapphire amplifier, we have achieved an amplified energy of 279 mJ and an ultrashort recompressed amplified pulse duration of 23.5 fs, corresponding to the peak powers for OPCPA and four-pass amplifier of 0.5 TW and 5.9 TW, respectively.

High energy second-harmonic generation of Nd:glass laser radiation with large aperture CsLiB6O10 crystals.

We have demonstrated the generation of a high-energy green laser pulse using large aperture CsLiB6O10 (CLBO) crystals for the first time to our knowledge. A pulsed energy of 25 J at 532-nm was generated using the 1064-nm incident Nd:glass laser radiation with an energy of 34 J. High conversion efficiency of 74 % at intensities of only 370 MW/cm2 was obtained using a two-stage crystal architecture. This result represents the highest green pulse energy ever reported using the CLBO crystals.

Naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal elicits increases in c-fos mRNA expression in restricted regions of the infant rat brain.

This paper is the first report of a genetic index for morphine withdrawal in infant rats. We examined the effects of naloxone (2 mg/kg) on c-fos mRNA levels in brains of infant and adult rats following repeated treatment with morphine (20 mg/kg, once daily for 5 days). One hour after a single administration of naloxone (naloxone challenge), an increase in c-fos mRNA was observed in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata of infant rats, and in the olfactory bulb and hypothalamus, but not in the medulla oblongata of adult rats. The c-fos mRNA levels returned to control levels 6 h after the naloxone challenge. The increase in c-fos mRNA levels was followed by body weight loss in both infant and adult rats. When MK-801, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was co-administered along with morphine, it inhibited the naloxone-induced increases in c-fos mRNA levels in infant rats following repeated morphine administration. These results suggest that physical dependence develops in infant rats following repeated morphine administration and that the increment of c-fos mRNA levels is a useful indicator for naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal in infant as well as in adult rats.