RETRACTED: P444 Shared decision making for switching from oral mesalazine tablets to granules in low adherent inflammatory bowel disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Oral mesalazine effectively induces and maintains remission in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients. However, adherence to the drug regimen is low. Shared decision-making (SDM) is considered effective in promoting treatment adherence in IBD patients. We used SDM to switch non-adherent IBD patients from oral mesalazine tablets to granules and checked the new adherence rates. METHODS: The IRB of our hospital approved this observational study named 'Evaluation of improvement of adherence by changing oral mesalazine to Pentasa granule in low adherent inflammatory bowel disease patients, IMPACT-PG'. We used the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8, where an MMAS-8 score of ≥6 indicates good adherence) to assess adherence to oral mesalazine. We met with low adherence patients and explained the benefits and characteristics of mesalazine granules and tablets; we then gave them a choice between continuing with the same pH-dependent mesalazine tablets (with a 20% weight/volume decrease) and switching to oral mesalazine granules (2 g in one stick, 2 g once or twice a day). Primary endpoint was adherence rate in IBD patients with granule or with tablet at 6 months, and secondary endpoint was adherence rate at 12 months. Contributing factors to good adherence to the oral regimen were also examined. The adherence rate was analysed using chi-square test, and contributing factors were determined by multivariate analysis using SPSS ver24. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-three patients (126 UC and 57 Crohn's colitis patients) were enrolled and examined adherence by MMAS-8 score. Good adherence ratio was 42.6% (78 of 183). Both higher age and low frequency of medication were significantly more common in adherent patients than in non-adherent patients. Odds ratios of age and the frequency of daily medication were 1.057 (95% CI 1.029-1.086; p < 0.0001) and 0.407 (95% CI 0.218-0.759; p = 0.005), respectively. SDM was performed to the 105 low adherence patients. 67% of the low adherence patients (70 of 105) preferred mesalazine granules. Five patients were dropped out until 6 months, as well as 13 patients were dropped out until 12 months. Remission rates at 0, 6, and 24 months were not significantly different between granule and tablet groups. Adherence rates at 6 [67% (44/66) vs. 32% (11 of 34)] and at 12 [72% (43 of 60) vs. 44% (14 of 32)] months were significantly higher in the granule group than in the tablet group. CONCLUSIONS: SDM was effective for switching patients from a mesalazine tablet to a granule regimen, and adherence rates were improved in IBD patients.

Elastin peptides induce migration and terminal differentiation of cultured keratinocytes via 67 kDa elastin receptor in vitro: 67 kDa elastin receptor is expressed in the keratinocytes eliminating elastic materials in elastosis perforans serpiginosa.

To delineate the molecular mechanism of transepidermal elimination of dermal elastic materials in elastosis perforans serpiginosa, the interaction between elastin and cultured keratinocytes was studied in vitro. Synthetic elastin peptide VGVAPG elicited chemotactic responses to the cultured keratinocytes at the dose of 10-9 M. Treatment of keratinocytes with 10-6 or 10-5 M elastin peptides resulted in the suppression of cell growth and the increased expression of involucrin and transglutaminase-1, markers of terminal differentiation. When cultured keratinocytes were treated with the elastin peptides, the expression of 67 kDa elastin receptor was increased. The induction of terminal differentiation by elastin peptides was attenuated by the treatment with the combination of anti-67 kDa elastin receptor antibody. The results indicate that elastin is a potent inducer of migration and terminal differentiation of cultured keratinocytes, which is mediated by the 67 kDa elastin receptor. In the lesional skins of patients with elastosis perforans serpiginosa, the 67 kDa elastin receptor was specifically expressed in the epidermis immediately surrounding the elastic materials that were being eliminated. The elastin receptor may be involved in the interaction between keratinocytes and elastin in elastosis perforans serpiginosa.

Expression of type XVI collagen in human skin fibroblasts: enhanced expression in fibrotic skin diseases.

Abundance of type XVI collagen mRNA in normal human dermal fibroblasts explanted from different horizontal layers was determined using RNase protection assays. Type XVI collagen mRNA level in the fibroblasts explanted from the upper dermis was greater than those of the middle and lower dermis. The antibody raised against the synthetic N-terminal noncollagenous region reacted with approximately 210 kDa collagenous polypeptide in the culture medium of fibroblasts. Immunohistochemical study of normal human skin demonstrated that the antibody reacted preferentially with the fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix in the upper dermis rather than those in the middle and lower dermis. Type XVI collagen mRNA level was elevated 2.3-fold in localized scleroderma and 3.6-fold in systemic scleroderma compared with keloid and normal controls. Immunofluorescent study revealed that an intense immunoreactivity with the antibody was observed in the upper to lower dermal matrix and fibroblasts in the skin of systemic scleroderma as compared with normal skin. The results suggest that expression of type XVI collagen, a member of fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices, in human skin fibroblasts can be heterogeneous in the dermal layers and can be modulated by some fibrotic diseases.

Cultured human keratinocytes express tropoelastin.

We detected elastin mRNA in cultured normal human keratinocytes by RNase protection assay. The content of elastin mRNA was estimated at approximately one-twentieth of that of cultured skin fibroblasts. Tropoelastin polypeptide with a molecular weight of 68 kDa was detected in the preparation of culture medium of normal human keratinocytes by western blot assays using anti-tropoelastin antibody. Immunohistochemical studies also demonstrated positive staining in cultured normal human keratinocytes as well as in skin fibroblasts. The expression of elastin by normal human keratinocytes was found to reach a maximum level at the quiescent phase of keratinocyte growth. When normal human keratinocytes were cultured on tropoelastin-coated dishes, their growth potential was greatly suppressed compared with other matrix protein-coated dishes. These results suggest that cultured normal human keratinocytes can actively synthesize elastin and that keratinocyte elastin may act as a growth-regulator for keratinocytes.

Rat epidermal cathepsin B: purification and characterization of proteolytic properties toward filaggrin and synthetic substrates.

The aim of this study was to purify epidermal cathepsin B from rat skin and investigate its proteolytic activities on filaggrin and several synthetic substrates. The molecular weight of purified monomeric cathepsin B was estimated to be 30 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition, similar to that of liver cathepsin B, indicated the enzyme to be an acidic protease. The enzyme had strong hydrolytic activity toward N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-L-arginyl-L-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Z-Arg-Arg-MCA) (152 mU/mg) and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (424 mU/mg), but had no proteolytic activity toward L-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin. The Km value for Z-Arg-Arg MCA was 0.34 mM and pH optimum was 5.5. Cathepsin B degraded rat epidermal filaggrin into small fragments at pH 4.0 and 5.5., and was inhibited by a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor, N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)L-leucyl]- agmatin. This study demonstrated that filaggrin was susceptible to degradation by cathepsin B. Such an action may have relevance to skin differentiation in which acid proteases are thought to participate.

Stimulation of human keratinocyte growth by alginate oligosaccharides, a possible co-factor for epidermal growth factor in cell culture.

Oligosaccharides, involved in regulation of plant developmental and defensive processes, were tested to determine their ability to enhance proliferation of human keratinocytes. A mixture of alginate oligosaccharides remarkably stimulated keratinocyte growth and [3H]thymidine uptake in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF). The activity was comparable to bovine pituitary extract, a common complement in keratinocyte culture, and additive on BPE-induced stimulation. The most effective oligosaccharide in the mixture was identified and its chemical structure was determined. These findings demonstrate a novel activity of alginate oligosaccharide(s) in keratinocyte growth and suggest a possible co-factor for EGF-dependent stimulation in medium for keratinocytes.

Trp122 and Trp134 on the surface of the catalytic domain are essential for crystalline chitin hydrolysis by Bacillus circulans chitinase A1.

From the 3D-structural analysis of the catalytic domain of chitinase A1, two exposed tryptophan residues (W122 and W134) are proposed to play an important role in guiding a chitin chain into the catalytic cleft during the crystalline chitin hydrolysis. Mutation of either W122 or W134 to alanine significantly reduced the hydrolyzing activity against highly crystalline beta-chitin microfibrils. Double mutation almost completely abolished the hydrolyzing activity. On the other hand, the hydrolyzing activity against either soluble or amorphous substrate was not reduced. These mutations slightly impaired the binding activity of this enzyme. These results clearly demonstrated that the two exposed aromatic residues play a critical role in hydrolyzing the chitin chain in crystalline chitin.

Expression of type XVI collagen in cultured skin fibroblasts is related to cell growth arrest.

The expression of type XVI collagen in various phases of cell growth in cultured skin fibroblasts was studied. A marked increase in type XVI collagen mRNA level was found in stationary phases of cell growth (non-adherent and confluent phases), whereas the expression of type I and III collagens was undetectable in the non-adherent phase but became greater in the confluent phase. When suspended cells were further cultured over 72 h (suspension arrest), mRNA level and gene transcription of type XVI collagen were time-dependently increased whereas those of type I collagen remained undetectable. When the confluent cells were further cultured for 72 h under the condition of serum deprivation (serum deprivation arrest), mRNA levels of both type XVI collagen and type I collagen were elevated. The level of type XVI collagen polypeptide in the culture media of suspension-arrested and serum deprivation-arrested cells paralleled the mRNA level of type XVI collagen. The results indicate that expression of type XVI collagen (a member of the fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices), unlike interstitial collagens (type I collagen), is related to cell growth arrest brought about by two different growth inhibiting systems, suspension arrest and serum deprivation arrest.

E5531, a synthetic non-toxic lipid A derivative blocks the immunobiological activities of lipopolysaccharide.

1. The major pathological responses to Gram-negative bacterial sepsis are triggered by endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide. As endotoxin is shed from the bacterial outer membrane, it induces immunological responses that lead to release of a variety of cytokines and other cellular mediators. As part of a program aimed at developing a therapeutic agent for septic shock, we have developed E5531, a novel synthetic lipopolysaccharide antagonist. 2. As measured by release by tumour necrosis factor-alpha, human monocytes or whole blood can be activated by lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, and lipoteichoic acid (from Gram-positive bacteria). E5531 potently antagonizes activation by all these agents while itself being devoid of agonistic activity. 3. The inhibitory activity of E5531 was dependent on time of addition. When 10 nM E5531 was added simultaneously with lipopolysaccharide or 1 - 3 h before addition of lipopolysaccharide, production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha was inhibited by more than 98%. The addition of E5531 1 h after lipopolysaccharide reduced the efficacy of E5531 by 47%. 4. Antagonistic activity of E5531 was specific for lipopolysaccharide as it was ineffective at inhibiting interferon-gamma mediated NO release of RAW 264.7 cells, phorbor 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated superoxide anion production in human neutrophils, concanavalin A stimulated mitogenic activity in murine thymocytes and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 5. E5531 as well as MY4, an anti-CD14 antibody, inhibited radiolabelled lipopolysaccharide binding in human monocytes. 6. These results support our contention that E5531 is a potent antagonist of lipopolysaccharide-induced release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and other cellular mediators and may be an effective therapeutic agent for human septic shock due to Gram-negative bacteria.

In vitro and in vivo expression of protoporphyrin IX induced by lipophilic 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives.

We estimated the expression level of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) induced by lipophilic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) derivatives and observed its histological distribution by fluorescence microscopy. In vitro PpIX expression in Hepe2 cells was the highest when induced by ALA pentyl ester. This level was 2.8-fold higher than that induced by ALA after 4 h incubation and 2.5-fold higher than that after 24 h incubation. The differences between ALA pentyl ester and ALA were significant at both time points (P<0.01). In HeLa cells, ALA butyl ester showed the highest induction of PpIX, which was 2.6-fold higher than ALA after 4 h incubation and 3.5-fold higher after 24 h incubation. The differences were significant at both time points (P<0.01). In mice with squamous cell carcinoma, the in vivo expression of PpIX in the tumors was highest with ALA methyl ester, which was 1.3-fold higher than ALA. The difference was significant (P<0.01). The expression of PpIX by means of fluorescence microscopy was highest by ALA methyl ester. Under in vitro conditions, PpIX expression was efficiently induced by long chain ALA esters, while better in vivo PpIX induction was obtained with short chain ALA esters. In this study, ALA methyl ester was found to be the best among the ALA derivatives in inducing PpIX expression in vivo, and would be more effective in treatment of skin cancers than ALA.

Rat epidermal cathepsin L-like proteinase: purification and some hydrolytic properties toward filaggrin and synthetic substrates.

We have purified cathepsin L-like proteinase from rat epidermis, determined its NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, and investigated its proteolytic activities on an intermediate filament-associated protein filaggrin and several synthetic substrates. The amino acid sequence of its NH2-terminus was determined to be Val-Pro-Asn-Ser-Leu-Asp-Trp-Arg-Glu-Lys-Gly-Tyr-Val-Thr-Pro-, which differed from that of rat cathepsin L and was not found in the amino acid sequence data bank. The enzyme consisted of a single-chain form with M(r) 30,000. Its hydrolytic properties toward synthetic substrates were similar to those of cathepsin L in other tissues. The enzyme effectively proteolyzed rat epidermal filaggrin into small fragments at pH 4.0-6.0 and was inhibited by a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor, N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)L-leucyl]-agmatin. However, cathepsins D and E from rat epidermis did not hydrolyze filaggrin. This study demonstrated that filaggrin was susceptible to degradation by rat epidermal cathepsin L-like proteinase, suggesting that this proteolytic activity may have relevance to skin differentiation, in which acid proteases are thought to participate.

MCI-154, a Ca2+ sensitizer, increases survival in cardiomyopathic hamsters.

To assess the long-term efficacy of a Ca2+ sensitizer MCI-154, 6-[4-(4'-pyridylamino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone hydrochloride trihydrate, on chronic heart failure, we studied the effects of the agent on the life span of cardiomyopathic hamsters of the BIO-14.6 strain. At approximately 150 days of age, 210 male hamsters were randomly divided into three groups: MCI-154 0.1 mg kg(-1), day(-1)(MCI-154-low), MCI-154 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) (MCI-154-high), and control group. The median survival time in control, MCI-154-low and MCI-154-high groups was 227, 243 and 260 days after the start of treatment, respectively. Final survival rate at 284 days in control, MCI-154-low and MCI-154-high groups was 0, 17.1 and 38.6%, respectively. The cumulative survival times in the two MCI-154 treated groups were significantly prolonged in comparison with that in the control group (P < 0.0001). Thus, the present study clearly showed that MCI-154 prolonged the life span of cardiomyopathic hamsters, suggesting that long-term therapy with MCI-154 would be promising in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

beta-Galactosidase and neuraminidase deficiency associated with angiokeratoma corporis diffusum.

A 17-year-old Japanese boy was found to have ataxia, generalized angiokeratomas, skeletal deformities, visual impairment, and macular cherry-red spots, without hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, or renal failure. Laboratory examination disclosed a deficiency of beta-galactosidase as well as of neuraminidase activity in the leukocytes and fibroblasts, while alpha-galactosidase and alpha-L-fucosidase activities were normal. On electron microscopic examination, numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles containing flocculated material were found in the vascular endothelial cells, histiocytes, perineurial cells, and Schwann's cells.

Simultaneous determinations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Br concentrations in human tissue sections.

Proton-induced x-ray fluorescence has been used to determine the concentration of trace elements in human prostate and liver tissue samples. Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn were observed in all specimens. Small amounts of Br were detected in most of the prostates, and in nearly half of the livers. The data indicate that the Fe content decreases in malignant liver tissues and the quantities of Cu and Zn are also decreased, but to a lesser extent.

Erythropoietic protoporphyria with fatal liver failure.

A 33-year-old woman with a history of photosensitivity, persistent abdominal pain, and liver dysfunction was admitted to our department because of abdominal pain and progression of liver dysfunction. On admission, levels of protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin within erythrocytes were markedly increased. Autofluorescent erythrocytes were also detected, leading to a diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria. A liver biopsy specimen revealed cirrhosis with dark brown granules filling hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and bile ductules. Transfusion of washed erythrocytes, hemodialysis, and administration of cholestyramine and beta-carotene transiently improved levels of porphyrins and liver function. The patient died of rupture of esophageal varices followed by multiple organ failure. However, the treatments were believed to have extended survival.

Expression of microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP-1) in human epidermal keratinocytes.

Microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP) is a major structural component of connective tissue microfibrils. We studied the expression of MAGP-1 in cultured human keratinocytes and its modulation during Ca(++)-induced differentiation. RT-PCR and Western blot assays demonstrated the presence of mRNA and the polypeptide of MAGP-1 in cultured keratinocytes. MAGP-1 mRNA levels in cultured keratinocytes during Ca(++)-induced differentiation were enhanced eightfold with a concomitant increase in involucrin (a marker of terminal differentiation) mRNA levels. Double immunofluorescence labeling of cultured keratinocytes demonstrated that both anti-MAGP-1 and anti-involucrin antibodies reacted with the identical cells. The population of MAGP-1-producing cells in cultured keratinocytes significantly increased during Ca(++)-induced differentiation. These results indicate that MAGP-1 expressed by cultured keratinocytes reaches maximum levels at the stage of terminal differentiation in vitro. Double immunostaining of normal human skin with anti-MAGP-1 and anti-elastin antibodies demonstrated the colocalization of MAGP-1-positive and elastin-positive fibers in the superficial and mid-dermis. MAGP-1 produced by keratinocytes may play some functional role in the formation of dermal matrix organization in the dermis.

Immunohistochemical detection of lipid peroxidation products, protein-bound acrolein and 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts, in actinic elastosis of photodamaged skin.

Acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) are both byproducts of a lipid peroxidation reaction. Actinic elastosis in photodamaged skin of aged individuals is characterized by the accumulation of fragmented elastic fibers in the sun-exposed areas. To study whether a lipid peroxidation reaction is involved in the accumulation of altered elastic fibers in actinic elastosis, skin specimens obtained from sun-damaged areas were immunohistochemically examined using the antibodies against acrolein and HNE. Both antibodies were found to react with the accumulations of elastic material. Double immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that acrolein/elastin and HNE/elastin were colocalized in the actinic elastosis. Western blot analysis showed that the polypeptide with a molecular weight of 62 kDa reacted with anti-acrolein, anti-HNE and anti-elastin antibodies. The results suggest that acrolein and HNE may be associated with actinic elastosis.

Alginate oligosaccharides modulate cell morphology, cell proliferation and collagen expression in human skin fibroblasts in vitro.

Effects of alginate oligosaccharides on cell proliferation and expression of collagen in cultured skin fibroblasts were studied. The oligosaccharides were found to suppress fibroblast proliferation to half the level in control cultures at a dose of 10 mg/ml during a period of 5 days. The inhibition was accompanied by a change in cell shape. The inhibition of cell proliferation was reversible, since depletion of these oligosaccharides led to a recovery of cell motility. Treatment of confluent cells with 10 mg/ml oligosaccharides for 5 days resulted in a reduction in collagen synthesis to one half of that in control cultures and inhibition of steady state levels of alpha1(I), alpha2(I), alpha1(III) and alpha1(VI) collagen mRNAs. These results suggest that alginate oligosaccharides are potential modulators of dermal fibroblasts and may provide a useful tool for the treatment of disorders related to abnormal collagen metabolism.

Processing of cathepsins L, B and D in psoriatic epidermis.

Proteinase activity is increased in psoriatic epidermis. To elucidate the involvement of enzymes in psoriatic epidermis, the expression of cathepsins, L, B and D was investigated by Western blotting and immunohistological studies. Normal epidermis contained abundant inactive precursors (39 kDa) of cathepsins L and B and an inactive intermediate form (45 kDa) of cathepsin D. Cathepsin L in psoriasis was processed to a variable extent from the precursor to a single-chain form (30 kDa) and a mixture of single- and heavy-chain (25 kDa) forms of the active mature enzyme, corresponding to the immunohistological staining patterns 'diffuse dense', 'small granular', and unevenly distributed 'condensed granular'. Cathepsin B showed a mixture of precursor form (39 kDa) and single-chain (30 kDa) forms and was expressed as a 'diffuse dense' staining pattern in the mid-spinous layer and as a 'condensed' pattern in the upper spinous and granular layers. Cathepsin D was processed to the heavy-chain (31 kDa) form of activated mature enzyme with small granular staining and a mixture of heavy-chain and degraded protein (28 kDa) with larger and more condensed granular staining. The distribution patterns of 'small granular' cathepsin L, and of cathepsins B and D expression in suprabasal keratinocytes were very similar to that of involucrin. After complete clinical resolution of psoriasis by 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA treatment, the expression of the three cathepsins was normalized. These results suggest that cathepsins L, B and D in forms activated to a variable extent may be involved in the pathology of psoriasis.

Expression of elastin-related proteins and matrix metalloproteinases in actinic elastosis of sun-damaged skin.

Actinic elastosis is characterized by an accumulation of elastotic material in the upper dermis and is considered to be a manifestation of ultraviolet-induced skin aging. To compare the structural components of the elastotic material in actinic elastosis with those in normal skin, skin specimens were stained with antibodies raised against various elastin-related proteins. Elastotic materials exhibited a strong reaction to the antibodies for elastin, microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP-1), MAGP-4, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-2 and MMP-3, but a diminished reaction to anti-MMP-9 antibody. Fibroblast cell lines from the upper dermis of affected and unaffected skin were established, and the mRNA levels of MMPs were determined. MMP-1 and -2 mRNA levels were found to be elevated approximately twofold in the fibroblasts from actinic elastosis. Since MMP-1 and -2 are considered to be major enzymes involved in the degradation of matrix components, the accumulation of elastotic materials in actinic elastosis may be related to the degradation process.