Antibacterial activity and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by microalgae.

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using microalgae is novel and cost-effective approach. We studied production, molecular characterization, and antibacterial activity. Filtrates of isolated microalgae strain ZAA1 (MF140241), ZAA2 (MF114592) and ZAA3 (MF114594) were used. Incubation of these strains in 5mM solution of zinc nitrate was resulted in the synthesis of ZnO-NPs. Fourier-transform infrared, UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoparticles. Significant antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs was measured against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii. The microalgae mediated ZnO-NPs production is a successful procedure that can be used in a wide range of biomedical applications.

Effects of myo-inositol vs. metformin on hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is the most prevalent hormonal disorder in females. Over the years, metformin (MET) has become the first-line choice of treatment; however, due to its gastrointestinal side effects, a more recent drug, myo-inositol (MI), has been introduced. We aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effects of MET and MI on hormonal and metabolic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Authors extensively searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) until August 2021. Eight (n = 8) articles were included, with a total sample size of 1088, of which 460 patients received MET, 436 received MI, and 192 received a combination of both. Standard mean differences (SMDs) and Confidence Intervals (CIs) were used for data synthesis, and forest plots were made using Review Manager 5.4 for Statistical Analysis using the random-effect model. RESULTS: The meta-analysis indicates that there is no significant difference between MET and MI in terms of their effects on BMI (SMD = 0.16, 95% CI: - 0.11 to 0.43, p = 0.24), fasting insulin (SMD = 0.00, 95% CI: - 0.26 to 0.27, p = 0.97), fasting blood sugar (SMD = 0.11, 95% CI: - 0.31to 0.53, p = 0.60), HOMA index (SMD = 0.09, 95% CI: - 0.20 to 0.39, p = 0.50), and LH/FSH (SMD = 0.20, 95% CI: - 0.24 to 0.64, p = 0.37). BMI, fasting blood sugar, and LH/FSH ratio reported moderate heterogeneity because of the varying number of study participants. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis comparing hormonal and metabolic parameters between MET and MI did not show much significant difference, indicating both drugs are equally beneficial in improving metabolic and hormonal parameters in patients with PCOS.

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: Correlation of Immunophenotypic Features with Age.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of hormone receptors and Her2neu expression and their correlation with age in patients of carcinoma breast. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Histopathology, Dr. Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi, between the period 2006 - 2013. METHODOLOGY: Estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and Her2neu immunohistochemical staining was performed on all specimens of carcinoma breast of female patients. Allred scoring was followed using normal epithelium as internal control. Age was determined in years. Results were described as percentages. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-six cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast between the age of 20 - 90 years (mean= 49 ±14 years) were studied. Seventy-nine (23%) cases were below the age of 40 years. ER +ve cases were 210 (61%), PR +ve were 190 (55%), and 78 (23%) were Her2neu +ve. Three were 12 (3%) triple positive cases and 58 (17%) triple negative cases. One hundred and seven (31%) cases were ER/PR+ve and Her2neu -ve. Most of the breast cancer cases were aged between 41 - 50 years. Estrogen receptor positivity was maximum between 41 - 60 years. Fifty percent cases of carcinoma breast below 30-year age were also ER positive. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of breast cancer in young Pakistani females is alarming. Younger age harbours aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics. There is a due need for identifying high risk individuals/families including BRCA1 and BRCA2 testings, biologically driven trials devoted specifically to this group.