Incidence and risk factors for anxiety disorders in young adults: A population-based prospective cohort study.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders in the general population. Our objective was to describe the cumulative incidence and risk factors of anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in a follow-up of young adults over a five-year period. This is a prospective cohort conducted in two waves. The first took place from 2007 to 2009, in which 1,560 young adults aged between 18 and 24 years were evaluated using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Subjects were invited to participate in the second wave, which wave took place from 2012 to 2014, where 1,244 young adults were evaluated using the MINI-Plus. Our findings showed a cumulative incidence of 10.9% for any anxiety disorder, 6.5% for generalized anxiety disorder, 6.0% for agoraphobia, 2.0% for OCD, 1.6% for panic disorder, 1.1% for social anxiety and 0.7% for PTSD. Being female and having had a depressive episode were risk factors to develop any anxiety disorder. We observed a high cumulative incidence of anxiety disorders in a population-based sample of young adults. Our data highlights the importance of the early identification of these disorders as this could lead to early illness detection, early illness management and a reduced burden of disease.

Towards quantum simulations in particle physics and beyond on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices.

We review two algorithmic advances that bring us closer to reliable quantum simulations of model systems in high-energy physics and beyond on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. The first method is the dimensional expressivity analysis of quantum circuits, which allows for constructing minimal but maximally expressive quantum circuits. The second method is an efficient mitigation of readout errors on quantum devices. Both methods can lead to significant improvements in quantum simulations, e.g. when variational quantum eigensolvers are used. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.

[Reduction of trigeminal neuralgia complaints after recovery of the vertical dimension]. / Afname klachten trigeminusneuralgie na herstel van de verticale dimensie.

A 56-year-old man was referred by his dentist to an orthodontist as part of an interdisciplinary treatment plan for a complete dental rehabilitation. The patient presented with a mutilated dentition with a restricted envelope of function and generalized severe tooth wear with loss of vertical dimension. The patient showed a history of multiple endodontically treated and subsequently extracted elements associated with unexplained symptoms until a neurologist diagnosed trigeminal neuralgia. The orthodontic treatment in which the restricted envelope of function was eliminated and the vertical dimension was reestablished resulted in a significant reduction of the number of triggers experienced by the patient.

Measurement-Based Variational Quantum Eigensolver.

Variational quantum eigensolvers (VQEs) combine classical optimization with efficient cost function evaluations on quantum computers. We propose a new approach to VQEs using the principles of measurement-based quantum computation. This strategy uses entangled resource states and local measurements. We present two measurement-based VQE schemes. The first introduces a new approach for constructing variational families. The second provides a translation of circuit- to measurement-based schemes. Both schemes offer problem-specific advantages in terms of the required resources and coherence times.

Relationship Between Early Functional and Structural Brain Developments and Brain Injury in Preterm Infants.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies explored the relationship between early brain function and brain morphology, based on the hypothesis that increased brain activity can positively affect structural brain development and that excitatory neuronal activity stimulates myelination. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between maturational features from early and serial aEEGs after premature birth and MRI metrics characterizing structural brain development and injury, measured around 30weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and at term. Moreover, we aimed to verify whether previously developed maturational EEG features are related with PMA. DESIGN/METHODS: One hundred six extremely preterm infants received bedside aEEGs during the first 72h and weekly until week 5. 3T-MRIs were performed at 30weeks PMA and at term. Specific features were extracted to assess EEG maturation: (1) the spectral content, (2) the continuity [percentage of spontaneous activity transients (SAT%) and the interburst interval (IBI)], and (3) the complexity. Automatic MRI segmentation to assess volumes and MRI score was performed. The relationship between the maturational EEG features and MRI measures was investigated. RESULTS: Both SAT% and EEG complexity were correlated with PMA. IBI was inversely associated with PMA. Complexity features had a positive correlation with the cerebellar size at 30weeks, while event-based measures were related to the cerebellar size at term. Cerebellar width, cortical grey matter, and total brain volume at term were inversely correlated with the relative power in the higher frequency bands. CONCLUSIONS: The continuity and complexity of the EEG steadily increase with increasing postnatal age. Increasing complexity and event-based features are associated with cerebellar size, a structure with enormous development during preterm life. Brain activity is important for later structural brain development.

Mechanotransduction at the cell-matrix interface.

The ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical signals is vital in development and healthy tissue functioning. Many diseases are related to either changing mechanical properties of the tissue, or changes in the ability of cells to sense mechanical signals. This sensing occurs, in part, at integrin-associated complexes (IACs) that form sites of attachment between the cell and the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review, we discuss the complex mechanical signals of the ECM. We will also outline how IACs are involved in cellular sensing of these mechanical properties, focussing on the molecular mechanisms of key adhesion molecules. Finally, the cellular mechanisms of mechanotransduction considering mechanosensing and signalling aspects of the core proteins in FAs are discussed and open questions outlined.

Neurodevelopmental outcome of children with spina bifida aperta repaired prenatally vs postnatally: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the neurodevelopmental outcome of children with spina bifida aperta (SBA) treated prenatally as compared to those treated postnatally. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library, comparing the neurological outcome of infants with SBA treated prenatally vs postnatally. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized prospective controlled studies were included. The primary outcome assessed was neurodevelopmental impairment at the age of 1 year or later. Secondary outcomes were preterm birth, need for ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt by 12 months of age, absence of signs of hindbrain herniation at the first postnatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation and independent ambulation evaluated at 30 months. RESULTS: Of 11 359 studies identified through the electronic search, six met the inclusion criteria and were assessed in full text and two, one RCT and one prospective cohort study, were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. Sensitivity analysis did not show any difference between the outcomes of the RCT alone and those of the pooled RCT and prospective cohort study. This allowed neurodevelopmental assessment of 213 children between 14 and 53 months of age. Neurodevelopment was assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II) mental development index corrected for chronological age, with a cut-off of ≥ 70 (representing no more than 2 SD below the mean). The presence of neurodevelopmental impairment was similar between children who underwent prenatal (25/105 (23.8%)) and those who had postnatal (30/108 (27.8%)) repair of SBA (odds ratio (OR), 0.82 (95% CI, 0.43-1.56); P = 0.54), although the risk of prematurity was higher in the prenatal-repair group (OR, 17.62 (95% CI, 7.60-40.87); P < 0.0001). For every two fetuses operated on before birth, there was, compared with those operated on after birth, one additional premature birth (number needed to harm = 2 (95% CI, 1-3)). The need for VP shunt placement by 12 months of age was lower in the prenatal-repair group (45/109 (41.3%)) than in children that had postnatal repair (93/112 (83.0%); OR, 0.14 (95% CI, 0.08-0.26); P < 0.0001). Data on neurodevelopmental impairment in children with a shunt were available only for patients from the prenatal-surgery group of the RCT; in this subgroup, the likelihood for impairment was similar between children who did (7/39 (17.9%)) and those who did not (4/48 (8.3%)) have shunt placement (P = 0.21). At first postnatal MRI evaluation, no signs of hindbrain herniation were detected in 28/88 (31.8%) children who were operated on prenatally compared with 4/89 (4.5%) who had postnatal repair (OR, 9.45 (95% CI, 3.12-28.64); P < 0.0001). Independent ambulation at 30 months was achieved by 41/109 (37.6%) children who underwent prenatal repair compared with 21/111 (18.9%) who had postnatal repair (OR, 2.59 (95% CI, 1.39-4.86); P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in infants with SBA was similar between those who underwent prenatal and those who had postnatal surgical repair, despite an increased risk of prematurity in the prenatally repaired group. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Mood disorders and prospective suicidality in young adults: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prospective associations of mood disorders and suicidality in a community sample of young adults from south Brazil. METHOD: Prospective population-based cohort study. Young adults (18-24 years old) were recruited and followed up on 5 years later; people were interviewed at their homes. Suicidality, as well as mood and anxiety disorders, was assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The impact of mood episodes on suicidality was both evaluated when they occurred in the same wave (a current episode) and when suicidality occurred prospectively, with suicidality measured at follow-up (a past episode). RESULTS: The sample included 1560 young adults at baseline, with 1244 reassessed at follow-up (80.6%). Depressive episodes, both current and past, had a significant impact on suicidality in the final multivariable model. Manic episodes, however, were less consistently associated with suicidality. CONCLUSION: Depressive episodes have a strong, independent, and robust association with prospective suicidality. The association between manic episodes and suicidality, on the other hand, was dependent on the analysis and deserves further exploration.

Vaccine development to prevent Staphylococcus aureus surgical-site infections.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus surgical-site infections (SSIs) are a major cause of poor health outcomes, including mortality, across surgical specialties. Despite current advances as a result of preventive interventions, the disease burden of S. aureus SSI remains high, and increasing antibiotic resistance continues to be a concern. Prophylactic S. aureus vaccines may represent an opportunity to prevent SSI. METHODS: A review of SSI pathophysiology was undertaken in the context of evaluating new approaches to developing a prophylactic vaccine to prevent S. aureus SSI. RESULTS: A prophylactic vaccine ideally would provide protective immunity at the time of the surgical incision to prevent initiation and progression of infection. Although the pathogenicity of S. aureus is attributed to many virulence factors, previous attempts to develop S. aureus vaccines targeted only a single virulence mechanism. The field has now moved towards multiple-antigen vaccine strategies, and promising results have been observed in early-phase clinical studies that supported the recent initiation of an efficacy trial to prevent SSI. CONCLUSION: There is an unmet medical need for novel S. aureus SSI prevention measures. Advances in understanding of S. aureus SSI pathophysiology could lead to the development of effective and safe prophylactic multiple-antigen vaccines to prevent S. aureus SSI.

Nucleon Spin and Momentum Decomposition Using Lattice QCD Simulations.

We determine within lattice QCD the nucleon spin carried by valence and sea quarks and gluons. The calculation is performed using an ensemble of gauge configurations with two degenerate light quarks with mass fixed to approximately reproduce the physical pion mass. We find that the total angular momentum carried by the quarks in the nucleon is J_{u+d+s}=0.408(61)_{stat}(48)_{syst} and the gluon contribution is J_{g}=0.133(11)_{stat}(14)_{syst}, giving a total of J_{N}=0.54(6)_{stat}(5)_{syst} that is consistent with the spin sum. For the quark intrinsic spin contribution, we obtain 1/2ΔΣ_{u+d+s}=0.201(17)_{stat}(5)_{syst}. All quantities are given in the modified minimal subtraction scheme at 2 GeV. The quark and gluon momentum fractions are also computed and add up to ⟨x⟩_{u+d+s}+⟨x⟩_{g}=0.804(121)_{stat}(95)_{syst}+0.267(12)_{stat}(10)_{syst}=1.07(12)_{stat}(10)_{syst}, thus satisfying the momentum sum.

Developing a prenatal nursing care International Classification for Nursing Practice catalogue.

AIM: This study aimed to develop a prenatal nursing care catalogue of International Classification for Nursing Practice. BACKGROUND: As a programme of the International Council of Nurses, International Classification for Nursing Practice aims to support standardized electronic nursing documentation and facilitate collection of comparable nursing data across settings. This initiative enables the study of relationships among nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions and nursing outcomes for best practice, healthcare management decisions, and policy development. The catalogues are usually focused on target populations. Pregnant women are the nursing population addressed in this project. METHODS: According to the guidelines for catalogue development, three research steps have been adopted: (a) identifying relevant nursing diagnoses, interventions and outcomes; (b) developing a conceptual framework for the catalogue; (c) expert's validation. RESULTS: This project established a prenatal nursing care catalogue with 228 terms in total, including 69 nursing diagnosis, 92 nursing interventions and 67 nursing outcomes, among them, 57 nursing terms were newly developed. All terms in the catalogue were organized by a framework with two main categories, i.e. Expected Changes of Pregnancy and Pregnancy at Risk. Each category had four domains, representing the physical, psychological, behavioral and environmental perspectives of nursing practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: This catalogue can ease the documentation workload among prenatal care nurses, and facilitate storage and retrieval of standardized data for many purposes, such as quality improvement, administration decision-support and researches. The documentations of prenatal care provided data that can be more fluently communicated, compared and evaluated across various healthcare providers and clinic settings.

Direct Evaluation of the Quark Content of Nucleons from Lattice QCD at the Physical Point.

We evaluate the light, strange, and charm scalar content of the nucleon using one lattice QCD ensemble generated with two degenerate light quarks with mass fixed to their physical value. We use improved techniques to evaluate the disconnected quark loops to sufficient accuracy to determine the strange and charm nucleon σ terms in addition to the light quark content σ_{πN}. We find σ_{πN}=37.2(2.6)(4.7/2.9) MeV, σ_{s}=41.1(8.2)(7.8/5.8) MeV, and σ_{c}=79(21)(12/8) MeV, where the first error is statistical and the second is the systematic error due to the determination of the lattice spacing, the assessment of finite volume, and residual excited state effects.

Childhood trauma, family history, and their association with mood disorders in early adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of childhood trauma and types of trauma on mood disorders among young adults in a population-based sample. We further gathered data on family history of mood disorders to test the hypothesis that childhood trauma is a mediating factor for the association between family history of mood disorder and mood disorder in adulthood. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, including young adults with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and matched controls without any mood disorder. Childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The Hicks and Tingley implementation was employed to assess whether trauma is a mediator of the effect of family history on diagnosis of any mood disorder. RESULTS: All types of trauma were associated with both major depression and bipolar disorder, with the exception of sexual abuse, which was only associated with bipolar disorder. Moreover, family history of psychiatric illness was also associated with mood disorder in adulthood and with childhood trauma. Using the presence of any mood disorder as the outcome, a third of the effect of having any family history of mood disorder was mediated via childhood trauma. CONCLUSION: This investigation provides further support, in a population-based sample of young adults, of the association between childhood trauma and mood disorders, with sexual abuse being specifically linked with bipolar disorder. The hypothesis that childhood trauma would function as a partial mediator of the association between family history of mood disorder and mood disorder in adulthood was also confirmed.

The incidence of AIDS-defining illnesses at a current CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/µL in the post-combination antiretroviral therapy era.

BACKGROUND: Few studies consider the incidence of individual AIDS-defining illnesses (ADIs) at higher CD4 counts, relevant on a population level for monitoring and resource allocation. METHODS: Individuals from the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) aged ≥14 years with ≥1 CD4 count of ≥200 µL between 1998 and 2010 were included. Incidence rates (per 1000 person-years of follow-up [PYFU]) were calculated for each ADI within different CD4 strata; Poisson regression, using generalized estimating equations and robust standard errors, was used to model rates of ADIs with current CD4 ≥500/µL. RESULTS: A total of 12 135 ADIs occurred at a CD4 count of ≥200 cells/µL among 207 539 persons with 1 154 803 PYFU. Incidence rates declined from 20.5 per 1000 PYFU (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.0-21.1 per 1000 PYFU) with current CD4 200-349 cells/µL to 4.1 per 1000 PYFU (95% CI, 3.6-4.6 per 1000 PYFU) with current CD4 ≥ 1000 cells/µL. Persons with a current CD4 of 500-749 cells/µL had a significantly higher rate of ADIs (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.32), whereas those with a current CD4 of ≥1000 cells/µL had a similar rate (aIRR, 0.92; 95% CI, .79-1.07), compared to a current CD4 of 750-999 cells/µL. Results were consistent in persons with high or low viral load. Findings were stronger for malignant ADIs (aIRR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.25-1.86) than for nonmalignant ADIs (aIRR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01-1.25), comparing persons with a current CD4 of 500-749 cells/µL to 750-999 cells/µL. DISCUSSION: The incidence of ADIs was higher in individuals with a current CD4 count of 500-749 cells/µL compared to those with a CD4 count of 750-999 cells/µL, but did not decrease further at higher CD4 counts. Results were similar in patients virologically suppressed on combination antiretroviral therapy, suggesting that immune reconstitution is not complete until the CD4 increases to >750 cells/µL.

Early respiratory dysfunction as a biomarker for epileptic encephalopathy.

OBJECTIVES: West syndrome is an epileptic encephalopathy starting in infancy with almost continuous interictal epileptic activity, so-called hypsarrhythmia pattern, and therefore is an interesting model for investigating the effect of interictal epileptic activity on autonomic function. It is known that autonomic dysfunction contributes to morbidity and mortality in epilepsy. Our aim is to investigate the effect of interictal epileptic activity in West syndrome on respiratory control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Interictal single-lead ECG signals were extracted from 24-h video-EEG recordings in 10 children suffering from West syndrome and 14 control subjects. RR interval time series were calculated, and respiration was derived from the ECG signal. ECG-derived respiration (EDR) signals were computed and time and frequency domain parameters were extracted to characterize the respiration pattern. RESULTS: In time domain, the standard deviation of the EDR signal is significantly lower in patients with West syndrome compared to control subjects. This finding is an indication of a less variable respiratory rate. In frequency domain, we analyzed the mean power spectrum for the EDR. In patients with West syndrome, there is more activity at the lower frequencies considered to be a risk factor for apneas. Second, there is an attenuated peak at the higher frequency band where normal respiratory rate is to be found, indicating an abnormal breathing pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that there is a clear dysfunction in autonomic respiratory control in patients with West syndrome, in between the typical ictal epileptic spasms, compared to control subjects. Respiration is more fixed and contains a higher risk of apneas.

[Sexual health in Germany: indicators as instruments for describing, planning and evaluating : indicators of the German STI society]. / Sexuelle Gesundheit in Deutschland - Indikatoren als Instrumente zum Beschreiben, Planen und Evaluieren : Der Indikatorenkatalog der Deutschen STI-Gesellschaft.

In June 2012 the "Sexual Health" section of the German STI Society (DSTIG) adopted a set of indicators for sexual health in order to depict the sexual health status of people in Germany, as well as to plan and evaluate activities for the improvement of sexual health as a whole. The compiled indicators are measures for determining sexual health in Germany. A logical, convincingly conclusive and yet manageable list of indicators is presented on the basis of the draft submittals of the World Health Organization (WHO). The selected indicators reflect the German situation and are at the same time highly comparable internationally. Potential users of the document are health experts, policy developers, researchers, and other health care professionals.

Use of a rapid test of pneumococcal colonization density to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: There is major need for a more sensitive assay for the diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We hypothesized that pneumococcal nasopharyngeal (NP) proliferation may lead to microaspiration followed by pneumonia. We therefore tested a quantitative lytA real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) on NP swab samples from patients with pneumonia and controls. METHODS: In the absence of a sensitive reference standard, a composite diagnostic standard for pneumococcal pneumonia was considered positive in South African human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults hospitalized with radiographically confirmed CAP, if blood culture, induced good-quality sputum culture, Gram stain, or urinary Binax demonstrated pneumococci. Results of quantitative lytA rtPCR in NP swab samples were compared with quantitative colony counts in patients with CAP and 300 HIV-infected asymptomatic controls. RESULTS: Pneumococci were the leading pathogen identified in 76 of 280 patients with CAP (27.1%) using the composite diagnostic standard. NP colonization density measured by lytA rtPCR correlated with quantitative cultures (r = 0.67; P < .001). The mean lytA rtPCR copy number in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia was 6.0 log(10) copies/mL, compared with patients with CAP outside the composite standard (2.7 log(10) copies/mL; P < .001) and asymptomatic controls (0.8 log(10) copies/mL; P < .001). A lytA rtPCR density ≥8000 copies/mL had a sensitivity of 82.2% and a specificity of 92.0% for distinguishing pneumococcal CAP from asymptomatic colonization. The proportion of CAP cases attributable to pneumococcus increased from 27.1% to 52.5% using that cutoff. CONCLUSIONS: A rapid molecular assay of NP pneumococcal density performed on an easily available specimen may significantly increase pneumococcal pneumonia diagnoses in adults.

The impact of maternal post-partum depression on the language development of children at 12 months.

BACKGROUND: Language is one of the most important acquisitions made during childhood. Before verbal language, a child develops a range of skills and behaviours that allow the child to acquire all communication skills. Factors such as environmental factors, socio-economic status and interaction with parents can affect the acquisition of vocabulary in children. Post-partum depression can negatively affect the first interactions with the child and, consequently, the emotional, social and cognitive development of the child. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the effect of the duration of the mother's depression on the language development of children at 12 months old. METHODS: This was a longitudinal study. The participants of this study were mothers who had received prenatal care from the Brazilian National System of Public Health in Pelotas city, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The mothers were interviewed at two different time points: from 30 to 90 days after delivery and at 12 months after delivery; the children were also evaluated at this later time point. To diagnose maternal depression, we used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and to assess child development, we used the language scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III. RESULTS: We followed 296 dyads. Maternal depression at both time points (post partum and at 12 months) was significantly associated with the language development of infants at 12 months of age. This impact was accentuated when related to the duration of the disorder. Older women and women with more than two children were more likely to have children with poorer language development, while women who were the primary caregiver had children with higher scores on the language test. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that maternal age, parity, primary caregiver status and duration of post-partum depression are associated with the language development of the child.