RESUMO
US guidelines have recommended testing children emigrating from high tuberculosis-incidence countries with interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) or tuberculin skin tests (TSTs). We describe the Harris County (Texas) Public Health Refugee Health Screening Program's testing results during 2010-2015 for children <18 years of age: 5,990 were evaluated, and 5,870 (98%) were tested. Overall, 364 (6.2%) children had >1 positive test: 143/1,842 (7.8%) were tested with TST alone, 129/3,730 (3.5%) with IGRA alone, and 92/298 (30.9%) with both TST and IGRA. Region of origin and younger age were associated with positive TST or IGRA results. All children were more likely to have positive results for TST than for IGRA (OR 2.92, 95% CI 2.37-3.59). Discordant test results were common (20%) and most often were TST+/IGRA- (95.0%), likely because of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. Finding fewer false positives supports the 2018 change in US immigration guidelines that recommends using IGRAs for recently immigrated children.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Latente , Tuberculose , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Incidência , Testes de Liberação de Interferon-gama , Texas , Teste Tuberculínico , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Intercâmbio Educacional Internacional , Pediatria/educação , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/epidemiologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina/organização & administração , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Internato e Residência/organização & administração , Masculino , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Narração , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/terapia , Uganda , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.