GRIDSS: an integrated suite of microcomputer programs for three-dimensional graphical reconstruction from serial sections.

A program for serial section reconstruction using computer graphics on a microcomputer is described, which uses freely available non-specific hardware and software. Individual section data are input from a digitizer pad, and their reconstructed composite image can be displayed as if viewed from any direction.

-lactamases of R factors derived from Shigella and Salmonella strains.

R. factors conferring resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins were transferred by conjugation from six strains of Shigella and from four strains of Salmonella typhimurium to a standard strain of S. typhimurium LT2. The beta-lactamases produced were then characterized by using cell-free extracts. The enzymes were of two types, I and II, with respect to specific activity against benzyl penicillin, substrate profile, K(m), pH optimum, temperature optimum, inhibition by chloride and nitrate ions, and heat inactivation. The six type I enzymes were associated with R factors from Shigella strains; five of these were R(f) factors. The four type II enzymes were associated with R factors from S. typhimurium; all these were R(i) factors.

Child sexual abuse examinations: proposed guidelines for a standard of care.

A review of the literature regarding child sexual abuse examinations is presented and a proposal for a more objective and stringent standard of care is made. Current limitations in sexual abuse examinations include examiner bias, faulty procedures or diagnostic materials, and varied or conflicting roles of the judicial, social service, and mental health systems. Examiners in such cases should have adequate and specific training, be a neutral party appointed by the court, record the proceedings, and have access not only to the alleged victim, but also to the accused and to other parties during the examination.