Epidemiology and time trends of distal forearm fractures in adults - a study of 11.2 million person-years in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: A distal forearm fracture is a very common injury causing both suffering and substantial health care costs. The incidence of this fracture type seemed to increase worldwide until the middle 1980's, but thereafter most reports have shown stable or decreasing rates. As few large studies have been presented lately we aimed to describe recent epidemiology and time trends of distal forearm fractures in adults. We paid special attention to fractures in working ages as they present challenges in terms of treatment and costs for sick-leave, and have not previously been thoroughly investigated. METHODS: By use of population data from Statistics Sweden and official in- and out-patient register data of men and women (≥17 years) in Sweden (Skåne region), we ascertained distal forearm fractures and estimated age- and sex-specific rates and time-trends from year 1999 to 2010 (11.2 million person-years (py)). RESULTS: The total incidence rate was 278 per 100,000 py (31,233 fractures) with 23% higher annual numbers 2010 compared with 1999. An increase in the annual age standardized incidence was found in men, +0.7% per annum (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1, 1.4), and women, +0.9% (95% CI 0.5, 1.3), driven mainly by an increasing incidence in working ages (17-64 years). Also, expected demographic changes including a 25% population increase may result in 38% more fractures until 2050, compared to 2017. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of distal forearm fractures in adults in southern Sweden is increasing, mainly driven by an increase in working ages. In combination with expected demographic changes these findings may present substantial challenges for the future.

Increasing wrist fracture rates in children may have major implications for future adult fracture burden.

Background and purpose - Childhood fractures are associated with lower peak bone mass (a determinant of osteoporosis in old age) and higher adult fracture risk. By examining time trends in childhood fracture epidemiology, it may be possible to estimate the vector of fragility fracture risk in the future. Patients and methods - By using official inpatient and outpatient data from the county of Skåne in Sweden, 1999-2010, we ascertained distal forearm fractures in children aged ≤ 16 years and estimated overall and age- and sex-specific rates and time trends (over 2.8 million patient years) and compared the results to earlier estimations in the same region from 1950 onwards. Results - During the period 1999-2010, the distal forearm fracture rate was 634 per 10(5) patient years (750 in boys and 512 in girls). This was 50% higher than in the 1950s with a different age-rate distribution (p < 0.001) that was most evident during puberty. Also, within the period 1999-2010, there were increasing fracture rates per 10(5) and year (boys +2.0% (95% CI: 1.5-2.6), girls +2.4% (95% CI: 1.7-3.1)). Interpretation - The distal forearm fracture rate in children is currently 50% higher than in the 1950s, and it still appears to be increasing. If this higher fracture risk follows the children into old age, numbers of fragility fractures may increase sharply-as an upturn in life expectancy has also been predicted. The origin of the increase remains unknown, but it may be associated with a more sedentary lifestyle or with changes in risk behavior.

The With Or Without Olecranon K-wire (WOW OK) Trial of tension band wire fixation versus cerclage fixation without K-wires in displaced stable olecranon fractures: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Displaced olecranon fractures with a stable elbow joint are classified as Mayo type 2a or 2b and are commonly operated with tension band wiring, i.e. two K-wires and a cerclage. Retrospective studies have reported fewer reoperations and complications with cerclage fixation alone when compared to tension band wiring, though with similar long-term results. We decided to compare tension band wiring to cerclage fixation of displaced, stable olecranon fractures in adults in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: All patients ≥ 18 years old with Mayo type 2a and 2b fractures presenting at Skåne University hospital will be eligible for study inclusion, unless exclusion criteria are met. Two hundred participants will be included and randomized 1:1 to cerclage fixation or tension band wiring. Outpatient physiotherapist follow-up appointments will be scheduled at 2 and 6 weeks and at 3, 12, and 36 months at the Dept. of Orthopaedics. A lateral view radiograph of the elbow will be analysed at 6 months. The primary outcome of our study is the rate of reoperations. Secondary outcomes are complication rates, severity of complications, and patient-reported outcome measures (QuickDASH, Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment, pain level, and patient satisfaction). The sample size was calculated to give 80% power for detecting a statistically significant difference in reoperation rates (with alpha-value 0.05), based on a previous retrospective study. DISCUSSION: Reoperation and complication rates after tension band wiring of olecranon fractures are high. Treatment of these injuries is debated, and several ongoing trials compare tension band wiring with plate fixation, suture fixation, and non-operative treatment. As data from retrospective studies indicate that cerclage fixation may be superior to tension band wiring, we see a need for a randomized controlled trial comparing these methods. The WOW-OK Trial aims to obtain level-1 evidence that may influence treatment choice for this type of fracture. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05657899 . Registered on 16 November 2022. The trial complies with SPIRIT and CONSORT guidelines. The SPIRIT figure is found in Table 2.

External or internal fixation in the treatment of non-reducible distal radial fractures?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We have previously shown in a randomized study that in the first year after treatment, open reduction and internal fixation resulted in better grip strength and forearm rotation than closed reduction and bridging external fixation. In the present study, we investigated whether this difference persists over time. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 50 patients included in the original study (mean age 53 years, 36 women) were sent a QuickDASH questionnaire and an invitation to a radiographic and clinical examination after a mean of 5 (3-7) years. RESULTS: All 50 patients returned the QuickDASH questionnaire and 45 participated in the clinical and radiographic examination. In the internal fixation group, the grip strength was 95% (SD 12) of the uninjured side and in the external fixation group it was 90% (SD 21) of the uninjured side (p = 0.3). QuickDASH score, range of motion, and radiographic parameters were similar between the groups. INTERPRETATION: The difference originally found between internal and external fixation in distal radial fractures at 1 year regarding grip strength and range of motion was found to diminish with time. At 5 years, both groups had approached normal values.

Pediatric Distal Forearm Fracture Epidemiology in Malmö, Sweden-Time Trends During Six Decades.

Background The distal forearm fracture is the most common fracture in children. To allocate health care resources and evaluate if prevention strategies have been successful, it is essential to monitor changes in the epidemiology of common fractures. Methods Our hospital serves a city in which year 2006 included 276,244 inhabitants (49,664 <17 years of age). Through the hospital archives, we identified fractures sustained by individuals younger than 16 years during 2005 and 2006 and compared these with previous collected and published data from the same area and hospital for the period 1950 to 1994. We used official population data to estimate period-specific fracture rates and age and gender standardized time trends. We report rates as number of fractures per 100,000 person-years and changes between periods as rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We identified 521 distal forearm fractures, corresponding to a crude fracture incidence of 564/100,000 person-years (boys 719; girls 401). Age-adjusted fracture incidence was 70% higher in boys than in girls (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.3). The age- and gender-adjusted hand fracture incidence was 40% higher in 2005-2006 than in 1950/1955 (RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8) but no higher than 1993-1994 (RR 1.1; 95% CI 0.9-1.3). Fracture etiology of 2005 to 2006 included sports injuries in 41% and traffic accidents in 11% of the cases, while sports injuries explained 37% and traffic accidents 18% in 1950 to 1955. Conclusion In 2005 to 2006, we found higher rates in boys and higher overall rates compared with the 1950s but no significant differences compared with the rates in 1993 to 1994. Future studies should include patient-specific data to unravel causal factors. Level of evidence This is a Level III b study.