Prevalence of oral diseases and risks to oral health in an urban community aged above 14 years.

INTRODUCTION: Oral health is a requisite to general health and quality of life. The public health problems associated with oral diseases are a serious burden in every nation around the globe. AIMS: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of dental problems and the oral health seeking behavior of an urban south Indian population aged >14 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this population-based cross-sectional study, 101 households were selected through systematic random sampling. About 419 participants were interviewed and information on sociodemographic characteristics, personal, and dental history was obtained and a complete oral cavity examination was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries, periodontal problems, and tooth wear were 78.75%, 74.7%, and 72.3%, respectively. The mean number of overall affected teeth in the population by one dental problem is 16 ± 8.13. The mean Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) score was 4.5. The risk factors that were significantly associated with the poor oral health status were age >31 years (Odds Ratio (OR), 2.88), education less than eighth grade (OR, 2.35), inadequate oral hygiene practices (OR, 1.61), use of any form of tobacco (OR, 2.08), and alcohol consumption (OR, 2.02). Only 185 (44.1%) participants perceived that they had a dental problem at the point of the survey and only 20 of them (10.81%) visited a dentist. CONCLUSION: This study showed a high prevalence of dental caries, periodontal problem, and tooth wear. This emphasizes the need for community-based awareness program on dental health and recommends periodic dental health screening program at the community level for early diagnosis and better treatment.

Osteoradionecrosis of Jaw: An Institutional Experience.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaw is a significant yet rare complication of radiotherapy (RT) associated with the management of head-and-neck malignancies. Recent decrease in the incidence of ORN following RT to the head and neck is being mainly attributed to refinement in RT techniques and improvement in our understanding of this morbid disease. The aim of this study is to assess the patients with ORN following head-and-neck RT to determine the various contributing risk factors involved in the development of ORN. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective data review from 2003 onward was conducted on the cases of ORN which presented to the Department of Dental and Oral Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore. Details of the patients with regard to the site of primary malignancy, type of treatment provided - RT alone or in combination of surgery and chemotherapy, dose of RT, presenting complaint, duration between the RT and presentation of ORN, and method of management considered were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were evaluated. The average age of the 25 patients in our study was 58 years. Oropharynx (about 50%) was the leading site of primary malignancy. More than half of the patients in the study (52%) had undergone radical RT for the primary malignancy and all the patients were given >60 Gy dose of RT. About 48% of the patients in the study reported with pus discharge as their chief complaint. The average intervening time period from completion of RT to the presentation of ORN was 48 months. The mandibular alveolus was the most common site for ORN. Twelve of the 25 cases in the study were managed conservatively with only 3 patients requiring major resection. CONCLUSION: Due to its rare presentation, ORN still remains a challenge for the clinician in its management. Our study revealed that radical RT and concurrent chemo-RT for the oropharyngeal and base of the tongue malignancies have a higher risk of developing ORN. Patients subjected to the dose of RT above 60 Gy for head-and-neck malignancies have an increased risk of future ORN; henceforth, newer modality treatment like intensity-modulated RT regimen is recommended for such sites. Most of the patients in the study were satisfactorily managed of the symptoms with conservative modality treatment; hence, it is recommended to consider for surgical methods only in severe end-stage form of ORN.

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: An Assessment of Antioxidant Levels in Plasma and Saliva.

INTRODUCTION: Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disorder that affects 20% of the population worldwide. Factors such as trauma, stress, genetic, hypersensitivity, nutrition, immune disturbance and hormonal imbalance may disturb the oxidant and antioxidant balance of an organism and precipitate RAS, but the relationships are poorly understood. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant status in plasma and saliva of patients with RAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with RAS and forty healthy individuals were included in the study. The levels of antioxidants such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSHPx) Catalase (CAT) and Uric Acid (UA) were measured in plasma and saliva. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the two groups using independent t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Decreased SOD levels were observed in plasma amongst RAS patients (p < 0.03) whereas, increased levels were observed in their saliva (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was noticed in GSHPx levels: RAS patients exhibited higher levels in plasma but decreased in saliva compared to the control group. CAT activities and UA levels in saliva (p = 0.015 and p < 0.001 respectively) were observed to be significantly higher in RAS patients. Within the RAS group elevated plasma SOD level (p < 0.006) was found in patients with major ulcers whereas, an increased plasma UA (p < 0.01) level was observed in patients with minor ulcers. CONCLUSION: The non-equilibrium antioxidant levels observed in both plasma and saliva indicate the antioxidant status of the body is disturbed in patients with RAS.