Indoxyl Sulfate Aggravates Podocyte Damage through the TGF-ß1/Smad/ROS Signalling Pathway.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperglycaemia induces the production of a large quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activates the transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1)/Smad signalling pathway, which is the main initiating factor in the formation of diabetic nephropathy. Indoxyl sulphate (IS) is a protein-binding gut-derived uraemic toxin that localizes to podocytes, induces oxidative stress, and inflames podocytes. The involvement of podocyte damage in diabetic nephropathy through the TGF-ß1 signalling pathway is still unclear. METHODS: In this study, we cultured differentiated rat podocytes in vitro and measured the expression levels of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, SRGAP2a, and α-SMA by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting after siRNA-mediated TGF-ß1 silencing, TGF-ß1 overexpression, and the presence of the ROS inhibitor acetylcysteine. We detected the expression levels of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, SRGAP2a, small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad)2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3), Smad7, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and ROS levels under high glucose (HG) and IS conditions. RESULTS: The results indicated that nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a expressions were significantly upregulated, and α-SMA expression was significantly downregulated in the presence of HG under siRNA-mediated TGF-ß1 silencing or after the addition of acetylcysteine. However, in the presence of HG, the expressions of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a were significantly downregulated, and the expression of α-SMA was significantly upregulated with the overexpression of TGF-ß1. IS supplementation under HG conditions further significantly reduced the expressions of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a; altered the expressions of Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, Smad7, and NOX4; and increased ROS production in podocytes. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that IS may modulate the expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a by regulating the ROS and TGF-ß1/Smad signalling pathways, providing new theoretical support for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

NRF2-suppressed vascular calcification by regulating the antioxidant pathway in chronic kidney disease.

Vascular calcification (VC), in which vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo differentiation and osteogenic transition, is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent findings show that nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is an evolutionarily conserved antioxidant and beneficial in preventing vascular senescence and calcification. The roles of NRF2 in the initiation and progression of VC in CKD still need further investigation. CKD-associated VC model rats exhibited significant upregulation of NRF2, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2) and osteopontin (OPN), and ß-catenin compared to CKD rats. Immunohistochemistry further verified these results. In addition, rat aortic VSMCs were isolated and subjected to four treatments: normal control, phosphorus-induced (Pi), Pi + NRF2 activator DMF, and Pi + NRF2 inhibitor ML385. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and calcium deposition of the four treatments were determined. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NRF2, NQO1, and haem oxygenase 1 (HO1) and the osteogenic markers ALP, Runx1, OPN, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and ß-catenin were quantified by RT-PCR and western blotting. VSMC apoptosis was calculated by flow cytometry. The in vitro results suggested that intracellular oxidative stress and calcification were closely associated with NRF2 activity and that the activation of NRF2 could significantly suppress osteogenic transition and apoptosis in VSMCs. Thus, this study indicated that the NRF2-related antioxidant pathway can positively respond to and protect against the initiation and progression of VC in CKD by reducing oxidative stress. This study may contribute insights facilitating the application of the NRF2 antioxidative system as a therapeutic treatment for vascular diseases such as CKD.

Molecular regulation of immunity in tea plants.

Tea, which is mainly produced using the young leaves and buds of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), is one of the most common non-alcoholic beverages consumed in the world. The standard of tea mostly depends on the variety and quality of tea plants, which generally grow in subtropical areas, where the warm and humid conditions are also conducive to the occurrence of diseases. In fighting against pathogens, plants rely on their sophisticated innate immune systems which has been extensively studied in model plants. Many components involved in pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) have been found. Nevertheless, the molecular regulating network against pathogens (e.g., Pseudopestalotiopsis sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Exobasidium vexans) causing widespread disease (such as grey blight disease, anthracnose, and blister blight) in tea plants is still unclear. With the recent release of the genome data of tea plants, numerous genes involved in tea plant immunity have been identified, and the molecular mechanisms behind tea plant immunity is being studied. Therefore, the recent achievements in identifying and cloning functional genes/gene families, in finding crucial components of tea immunity signaling pathways, and in understanding the role of secondary metabolites have been summarized and the opportunities and challenges in the future studies of tea immunity are highlighted in this review.

Cannulation via the external jugular vein--An alternative to conventional peripherally inserted central catheterisation for paediatric patients.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe a peripherally inserted central catheterisation (PICC) for paediatric patients with inaccessible access and a high risk of general anaesthesia (GA). METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study involving all paediatric inpatients who performed the PICC via an EJV approach without GA between September 2014 and September 2021 in a provincial key clinical speciality. RESULTS: A total of 290 EJV line placement attempts were performed, and 29 were excluded due to missing placement results, resulting in a sample size of 261. The anatomical localisation, punctures, and catheterisation success rates for this practice were 100%, 100%, and 90.04%, respectively. The placement success rate in children younger than one year was 93.75% (45/48). The median line duration of use was 19 days, with a median length of catheter insertion of 13 cm. The most common complications were catheter malposition (n = 20) and dislodgement (n = 7). CONCLUSION: The PICC via an EJV approach without GA is a feasible and safe practice with acceptable success and complication rates, and low costs. It might be an attractive alternative for obtaining central vascular access for paediatric patients.

Identification and Validation of CXCL2 as a Key Gene for Childhood Obesity.

This study aims to identify the key genes and their regulatory networks by bioinformatics, increasing understanding of childhood obesity. The data comes from the GEO and Immport database. The immune microenvironment was explored in GSE104815. Key genes were identified by intersection of DEGs with the immune gene set. Enrichment analysis revealed gene-related functions and correlation analysis explored the relationship. Regulatory networks were constructed based on miRcode, TarBase and TargetScan databases. GSE29718 was used to validate our findings. Intercellular communication and cell differentiation trends were further explored using single-cell data from GSE153643. Based on our research, the immune microenvironment in the obese group showed higher immune infiltration. We found 962 DEGs and CXCL2 was identified as the key gene. The co-regulatory network of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA suggested that obtaining TM4SF19-AS1, GUSBP11, AC105020.1, LINC00189, COL4A2-AS2, VIPR1-AS1 and LINC00242 may regulate CXCL2 (r > 0.9 and P < 0.01). Differential expression of CXCL2 was validated in GSE29718 (P < 0.05) and CXCL2 was identified as a biomarker for childhood obesity (AUC = 0.885). GSVA enrichment analysis revealed many pathways of high group obtaining the TNF-α signaling via NF-κB pathway and interferon γ response pathway. In GSE153643, 11 cell types were identified and CXCL2 was highly expressed in monocyte, macrophage, endothelial cell and pericyte. In CXCL2 high expressing macrophages, there was a tendency for cells to polarize toward M1 macrophages (P < 0.05). In summary, we identified CXCL2 as a potential biomarker of childhood obesity. The development of childhood obesity may be associated with the activation of immune infiltration of macrophage M1 polarization by CXCL2 expression.

Application of New COF Materials in Secondary Battery Anode Materials.

Covalent organic framework materials (COFs), as a new type of organic porous material, not only have the characteristics of flexible structure, abundant resources, environmental friendliness, etc., but also have the characteristics of a regular structure and uniform pore channels, so they have broad application prospects in secondary batteries. Their functional group structure, type, and number of active sites play a crucial role in the performance of different kinds of batteries. Therefore, this article starts from these aspects, summarizes the application and research progress of the COF anode materials used in lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and potassium-ion batteries in recent years, discusses the energy storage mechanism of COF materials, and expounds the application prospects of COF electrodes in the field of energy storage.

ZnS/CoS@C Derived from ZIF-8/67 Rhombohedral Dodecahedron Dispersed on Graphene as High-Performance Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Metal sulfides are highly promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity and ease of designing morphology and structure. In this study, a metal-organic framework (ZIF-8/67 dodecahedron) was used as a precursor due to its large specific surface area, adjustable pore structure, morphology, composition, and multiple active sites in electrochemical reactions. The ZIF-8/67/GO was synthesized using a water bath method by introducing graphene; the dispersibility of ZIF-8/67 was improved, the conductivity increased, and the volume expansion phenomenon that occurs during the electrochemical deintercalation of sodium was prevented. Furthermore, vulcanization was carried out to obtain ZnS/CoS@C/rGO composite materials, which were tested for their electrochemical properties. The results showed that the ZnS/CoS@C/rGO composite was successfully synthesized, with dodecahedrons dispersed in large graphene layers. It maintained a capacity of 414.8 mAh g-1 after cycling at a current density of 200 mA g-1 for 70 times, exhibiting stable rate performance with a reversible capacity of 308.0 mAh g-1 at a high current of 2 A g-1. The excellent rate performance of the composite is attributed to its partial pseudocapacitive contribution. The calculation of the diffusion coefficient of Na+ indicates that the rapid sodium ion migration rate of this composite material is also one of the reasons for its excellent performance. This study highlights the broad application prospects of metal-organic framework-derived metal sulfides as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Acute MPTP treatment decreases dendritic spine density of striatal medium spiny neurons via SNK-SPAR pathway in C57BL/6 mice.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disorder associated with a high risk in middle-aged and elderly individuals, severely impacting the patient's quality of life. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is frequently used to establish PD in animals. Dendritic spines are dendritic processes that form the foundation of learning and memory. Reportedly, dendritic spine density of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) declines in PD, and this decline has been associated with PD progression; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we used the MPTP animal model to examine whether serum-induced kinase (SNK) and spine-associated Rap guanosine triphosphatase (SPAR) contribute to decreased dendritic spine density in striatal MSNs. MPTP was used to establish the animal model, which exhibits motor function impairment and dopaminergic cell loss. To assess spine density, Golgi staining was performed to count striatal dendritic spines, which were reduced in the MPTP group when compared with those in the normal control group. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze changes in SNK and SPAR expression. MPTP treatment significantly increased the expression of SNK in striatal MSNs, whereas that of SPAR was significantly decreased when compared with the normal control group. These findings offer clues to further explore the mechanism of declining dendritic spine density in patients with PD and provide evidence for potential target identification in PD.

Target identification of anti-diabetic and anti-obesity flavonoid derivative (Fla-CN).

Fla-CN is a flavonoid derivative with anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects; however, its biological targets are still unknown. In this study, we developed bifunctional affinity-based probes to identify the direct targets of Fla-CN. When using probe 3, we observed the co-location of probe 3 and mitochondria in both HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. The putative target proteomes were obtained using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and photo-affinity labelling. Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial complex I, and F1FO-ATPase were validated as the direct targets of Fla-CN by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and biochemical assays. It was elucidated that the Tyr651, Gln870 and Lys912 were the key amino acid residues near the binding site of pyruvate carboxylase with Fla-CN. The direct interaction of Fla-CN and the above four targets allowed elucidation of its complicated molecular mechanism, including the activation of adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the inhibition of gluconeogenesis. Further investigation for activation of AMPK in normal and insulin resistance (IR) HepG2 cells, indicated that Fla-CN could target insulin resistance tissues.

Impact of klotho on the expression of SRGAP2a in podocytes in diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major cause of kidney failure, and glomerular podocytes play critical roles in the pathogenesis of DN by maintaining the glomerular structure and filtration barrier. Klotho and Slit-Robo GTP activating protein 2a (SRGAP2a) have been indicated to play protective roles in reducing kidney injury, but whether there is an internal relationship between these two factors is unclear. METHODS: In this study, we cultured differentiated rat podocytes in vitro and measured the SRGAP2a expressions by immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, after siRNA-mediated transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) silencing, TGF-ß1 overexpression and in the presence of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor. And we detected the expressions of SRGAP2a, small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad)2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3), Smad7, and NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4), ROS levels and podocyte cytoskeletal remodelling under high glucose (HG) and exogenous klotho conditions. In addition, we performed haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry with diabetic rat models to confirm the in vitro results. RESULTS: The results indicated that SRGAP2a expression was significantly upregulated under siRNA-mediated TGF-ß1 silencing conditions or after adding a ROS inhibitor, but significantly downregulated with TGF-ß1 overexpression, in the presence of HG. The supplementation of exogenous klotho under HG conditions significantly increased the SRGAP2a expression, remodelled the actin cytoskeleton and altered the expressions of Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, Smad7 and NOX4 and reduced the ROS generation in podocytes. Moreover, klotho administration protected kidney injury in DN rats. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that klotho may modulate the expression of SRGAP2a by regulating the ROS and TGF-ß1 signalling pathways and provided theoretical support for klotho protein as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating DN patients.

The AC006262.5-miR-7855-5p-BPY2C axis facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and migration.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is typically fatal, and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are usually diagnosed at the late stages. Although the treatments for HCC have been rapidly advancing, novel targets for HCC are still desperately needed, especially for targeted therapies. Here, we identified an enriched long non-coding RNA, AC006262.5, associated with HCC, that promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of HCC cells, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, our results revealed that AC006262.5 bound to and regulated miR-7855-5p, a tumor-suppressive miRNA, in HCC. Moreover, our data show that AC006262.5 regulates the expression of BPY2C via miR-7855-5p. Finally, we found that AC006262.5 and miR-7855-5p formed a regulatory loop. Upregulation of AC006262.5 resulted in decreased expression of miR-7855-5p, and downregulation of miR-7855-5p further facilitated the expression of AC006262.5. Our work provides novel targets for HCC diagnosis and treatment, and sheds light on the lncRNA-miRNA regulatory nexus that controls the pathology of HCC.

[Expression of Dnajb13 and its involvement in the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in the testis of the mouse with cryptorchidism].

OBJECTIVE: To study the mRNA and protein expressions of Dnajb13 and its localization in the testis of the mouse with cryptorchidism and its association with the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. METHODS: The localization of Dnajb13 in the spermatogenic cells of 8-week-old mice was detected by immunohistochemistry. The model of unilateral cryptorchidism was surgically established in the mice and verified by TUNEL, flow cytometry and morphological observation. The apoptosis of the spermatogenic cells was analyzed and the mRNA and protein expressions of Dnajb13 in both cryptorchid and healthy testes were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 15 days after modeling. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that Dnajb13 was localized in the elongated spermatids at steps 9－16 of spermiogenesis in the testis tissue of the healthy mice. TUNEL and flow cytometry manifested that the round spermatids at step 1 and primary spermatocytes in miosis were most sensitive to elevated temperature. After modeling, apoptosis was first observed in the round spermatids at steps 1－8, which were decreased from 17.09% to 6.52% (P < 0.05), then in the spermatids during metamorphosis at steps 9－16, and then in the primary spermatocytes. At 3 days after surgery, the expression of Dnajb13 mRNA in the cryptorchid testis was 1.6 times higher than that in the healthy one (P < 0.05) and decreased at 4 days, 1.2 times that of the normal. The expression of the Dnajb13 protein exhibited no significant change at 1－3 days, but a 0.68-fold reduction at 4 days (P < 0.05) and a 0.4-fold reduction at 9 days. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the expression of the Dnajb13 protein in the apoptotic multinucleated giant cells at 6 days. CONCLUSIONS: Dnajb13 is localized in the spermatids during metamorphosis and in the tails of mature sperm in adult mice, involved in sperm metamorphosis and sperm flagellum formation, and expressed in apoptotic multinucleated giant cells in the cryptorchid testis, which may be associated with the apoptosis of round spermatids at stages Ⅵ－Ⅷ.

CXCR7 as a chemokine receptor for SDF-1 promotes gastric cancer progression via MAPK pathways.

OBJECTIVE: As the alternate receptor for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) except CXCR4, CXCR7 has been shown to be involved in the progression of some malignancies. However, the role of SDF-1/CXCR7 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CXCR7 expression was examined in 83 human GC tissues and adjacent non-cancer tissues (ANCTs) by immunohistochemistry, in three human GC cell lines (MGC-803, BGC-823 and SGC-7901) by reverse transcription-PCR and western blot. CXCR7 was stably knocked down via lentiviral vectors. The cells proliferation was evaluated using CCK-8 and colony formation assay; MAPK pathways (ERK1/2, p38 and SAPK/JNK) were detected using western blot. Besides, the xenograft model of nude mice for GC growth was performed. RESULTS: CXCR7 expression in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in ANCTs and associated with tumor size, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. CXCR7 and CXCR4 were both detectable in three GC cell lines and SGC-7901 cells expressed CXCR7 the most abundantly. SDF-1 promoted the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and CXCR7 knockdown distinctly reversed these changes; the proliferation stimulated with SDF-1 was attenuated by U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor). Furthermore, CXCR7 knockdown inhibited the growth of GC subcutaneous xenografts and decreased the microvessel density and VEGF expression in vivo. CONCLUSION: CXCR7 was identified as a novel promoter in GC initiation and progression.

Terminamines K-S, Antimetastatic Pregnane Alkaloids from the Whole Herb of Pachysandra terminalis.

Nine new pregnane alkaloids (1-9), together with eight known alkaloids (10-17), were isolated from the whole herb of Pachysandra terminalis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. In addition, the isolates were examined for their ability to inhibit the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells induced by the chemokine epidermal growth factor (EGF). Alkaloids 1, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 17 presented significant anti-metastasis activities compared with the positive reagent, LY294002.

GREMI: an Explainable Multi-omics Integration Framework for Enhanced Disease Prediction and Module Identification.

Multi-omics integration has demonstrated promising performance in complex disease prediction. However, existing research typically focuses on maximizing prediction accuracy, while often neglecting the essential task of discovering meaningful biomarkers. This issue is particularly important in biomedicine, as molecules often interact rather than function individually to influence disease outcomes. To this end, we propose a two-phase framework named GREMI to assist multi-omics classification and explanation. In the prediction phase, we propose to improve prediction performance by employing a graph attention architecture on sample-wise co-functional networks to incorporate biomolecular interaction information for enhanced feature representation, followed by the integration of a joint-late mixed strategy and the true-class-probability block to adaptively evaluate classification confidence at both feature and omics levels. In the interpretation phase, we propose a multi-view approach to explain disease outcomes from the interaction module perspective, providing a more intuitive understanding and biomedical rationale. We incorporate Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) to explore local-view subgraphs and pinpoint modules that highly contribute to disease characterization from the global-view. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods in seven different classification tasks, and our model effectively addresses data mutual interference when the number of omics types increases. We further illustrate the functional- and disease-relevance of the identified modules, as well as validate the classification performance of discovered modules using an independent cohort. Code and data are available at https://github.com/Yaolab-fantastic/GREMI.

Changes in the growth and physiological property of tea tree after aviation mutagenesis and screening and functional verification of its characteristic hormones.

Aerospace breeding is a breeding technique that utilizes a spacecraft to position plants in a space environment for mutagenesis, which is conducive to rapid mutagenesis for the screening of superior plant varieties. In this study, tea trees with aviation mutagenesis (TM) and those without aviation mutagenesis (CK) were selected as research subjects to analyze the effects of aviation mutagenesis on the growth, physiological properties, and hormone metabolism of tea trees, and to further screen the characteristic hormones and validate their functions. The results showed that the leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area of TM tea trees were significantly larger than those of CK. The growth indexes, the photosynthetic physiological indexes (i.e., chlorophyll content, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic rate), and the resistance physiological indexes (i.e., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and soluble sugar) were significantly higher in TM than in CK. Hormone metabolome analysis showed that four characteristic hormones distinguished CK from TM, namely, l-tryptophan, indole, salicylic acid, and salicylic acid 2-O-ß-glucoside, all of which were significantly more abundant in TM than in CK. These four characteristic hormones were significantly and positively correlated with the growth indexes, tea yield, and the photosynthetic and resistance physiological indexes of tea trees. The leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and superoxide dismutase activity of tea tree seedlings after spraying with the four characteristic hormones were significantly increased, in which salicylic acid and salicylic acid 2-O-ß-glucoside were more favorable to increase the leaf area and superoxide dismutase activity, while l-tryptophan and indole were more favorable to increase the leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate. It can be observed that aviation mutagenesis improves the accumulation of the characteristic hormones of tea trees, enhances their photosynthetic capacity, improves their resistance, promotes their growth, and then improves the tea yield.

Recruitment and Aggregation Capacity of Tea Trees to Rhizosphere Soil Characteristic Bacteria Affects the Quality of Tea Leaves.

There are obvious differences in quality between different varieties of the same plant, and it is not clear whether they can be effectively distinguished from each other from a bacterial point of view. In this study, 44 tea tree varieties (Camellia sinensis) were used to analyze the rhizosphere soil bacterial community using high-throughput sequencing technology, and five types of machine deep learning were used for modeling to obtain characteristic microorganisms that can effectively differentiate different varieties, and validation was performed. The relationship between characteristic microorganisms, soil nutrient transformation, and tea quality formation was further analyzed. It was found that 44 tea tree varieties were classified into two groups (group A and group B) and the characteristic bacteria that distinguished them came from 23 genera. Secondly, the content of rhizosphere soil available nutrients (available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium) and tea quality indexes (tea polyphenols, theanine, and caffeine) was significantly higher in group A than in group B. The classification result based on both was consistent with the above bacteria. This study provides a new insight and research methodology into the main reasons for the formation of quality differences among different varieties of the same plant.

The Ability of Different Tea Tree Germplasm Resources in South China to Aggregate Rhizosphere Soil Characteristic Fungi Affects Tea Quality.

It is generally recognized that the quality differences in plant germplasm resources are genetically determined, and that only a good "pedigree" can have good quality. Ecological memory of plants and rhizosphere soil fungi provides a new perspective to understand this phenomenon. Here, we selected 45 tea tree germplasm resources and analyzed the rhizosphere soil fungi, nutrient content and tea quality. We found that the ecological memory of tea trees for soil fungi led to the recruitment and aggregation of dominant fungal populations that were similar across tea tree varieties, differing only in the number of fungi. We performed continuous simulation and validation to identify four characteristic fungal genera that determined the quality differences. Further analysis showed that the greater the recruitment and aggregation of Saitozyma and Archaeorhizomyces by tea trees, the greater the rejection of Chaetomium and Trechispora, the higher the available nutrient content in the soil and the better the tea quality. In summary, our study presents a new perspective, showing that ecological memory between tea trees and rhizosphere soil fungi leads to differences in plants' ability to recruit and aggregate characteristic fungi, which is one of the most important determinants of tea quality. The artificial inoculation of rhizosphere fungi may reconstruct the ecological memory of tea trees and substantially improve their quality.

Effects of Aviation Mutagenesis on Soil Chemical Indexes, Enzyme Activities, and Metabolites of Dahongpao (Camellia sinensis) Tea Trees.

Aviation mutagenesis is a breeding method for the rapid selection of superior plant varieties. In this study, rhizosphere soil chemical indexes, soil enzyme activities, and soil metabolites were measured in Dahongpao tea trees with aviation mutagenesis (TM) and without aviation mutagenesis (CK). The main soil metabolites distinguishing TM and CK and their relationships with soil chemical indexes and soil enzyme activities were analyzed and obtained. The results showed that there was no significant change in the rhizosphere soils' pH of TM tea trees compared to CK (p = 0.91), while all other chemical indexes of TM were significantly higher than CK (p < 0.05). In addition, the activities of enzymes related to soil nutrient cycling such as urease, protease, sucrase, acid phosphatase and cellulase, and enzymes related to soil antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the rhizosphere soils of TM tea trees compared to CK. Soil metabolite analysis showed that the main soil metabolites distinguishing CK from TM were carbohydrates, nitrogen compounds, and amines. Of these, carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds were significantly positively correlated with soil chemical indexes and soil enzymes, whereas amine was significantly negatively correlated with soil chemical indexes such as organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus; amine showed significant negative correlation with soil enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and urease. It can be seen that aviation mutagenesis is conducive to improving the ability of tea tree rhizosphere aggregation and transformation of soil nutrients, increasing the total amount of soil nutrients and the content of available nutrients, which is more conducive to promoting the uptake of nutrients by the tea tree, and thus promoting the growth of the tea tree.

Tea Quality of the Mysterious "Dahongpao Mother Tree" (Camellia sinensis).

The quality of the Dahongpao mother tree (Camellia sinensis) remains a mystery to this day. In this study, for the first time, the differences between the Dahongpao mother tree (MD) and Dahongpao cuttings (PD), in terms of odor characteristics and taste characteristics were analyzed by metabomics. The results showed that MD had stronger floral, fruity, green, and woody odor characteristics than PD, and that the contributions were mainly from dihydromyrcenol, methyl salicylate, 2-isobutylpyrazine, 1,6-dihydrocarveol, gamma-terpineol, and linalyl acetate. Further, fresh and brisk taste and mellowness taste characteristics of MD were significantly higher than PD, with contributions mainly from amino acids and derivatives and organic acids. Secondly, bitterness taste characteristics of PD were significantly higher than MD, with contributions from phenolic acids, flavones, and flavonols. This study preliminarily unraveled the legend of the superior quality of the Dahongpao mother tree, and also provided an important reference for the breeding of tea-tree cuttings.