The ergodicity question when imaging DNA conformation using liquid cell electron microscopy.

Assessing the ergodicity of graphene liquid cell electron microscope measurements, we report that loop states of circular DNA interconvert reversibly and that loop numbers follow the Boltzmann distribution expected for this molecule in bulk solution, provided that the electron dose is low (80-keV electron energy and electron dose rate 1-20 e- Å-2 s-1). This imaging technique appears to act as a "slow motion" camera that reveals equilibrated distributions by imaging the time average of a few molecules without the need to image a spatial ensemble.

Characterization of an imported HIV-1 A1/A7/G recombinant in China.

BACKGROUND: International migration has accelerated the HIV-1 spread across national borders, gradually reducing the restrictions on the geographical distribution of HIV-1 subtypes. Subtypes A and G are globally recognized as the third and sixth most dominant HIV-1 genotypes, mainly prevalent in Africa, but rarely detected in China. Here we reported an imported HIV-1 recombinant which was composed of sub-subtypes A1 and A7 of subtype A and subtype G genes in a Chinese female. This virus was the first HIV-1 recombinant including A7 genes reported in the world. CASE PRESENTATION: The near full-length genome (NFLG) was obtained from the plasma sample of the female in an HIV-1 molecular epidemiological survey with 853 participants in China. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this NFLG sequence contains three A7 segments, four G segments and one A1 segment with seven breakpoints, and all these segments were closely related to HIV-1 references circulating in Africa. The evidence from epidemiological investigation indicated that this female participant had a more-than-two-years heterosexual contact history with a fixed partner from Nigeria, a country in west Africa, which further supported the results of phylogenetic analyses. By the Bayesian phylogenetic analyses, the times of most recent common ancestors (tMRCA) of the partial pol gene (nt2308-3284, A7 region) and full-length vpr-vpu plus partial env gene (nt5534-6858, G region) were estimated around 1989 and 1984, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, by using the NFLG sequencing, we identified an imported HIV-1 A1/A7/G recombinant which was estimated to originate around 1980s in Africa and introduced into China with international migration. This study highlighted the complexity of the global HIV-1 epidemic, the necessity of using genome sequences to determine HIV-1 genotypes and the importance of real-time monitoring of HIV-1 infection among international migrants and travelers.

Revealing the Interaction of Charge Carrier-Phonon Coupling by Quantification of Electronic Properties at the SrTiO3/TiO2 Heterointerface.

Oxide heterointerfaces with high carrier density can interact strongly with the lattice phonons, generating considerable plasmon-phonon coupling and thereby perturbing the fascinating optical and electronic properties, such as two-dimensional electron gas, ferromagnetism, and superconductivity. Here we use infrared-spectroscopic nanoimaging based on scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) to quantify the interaction of electron-phonon coupling and the spatial distribution of local charge carriers at the SrTiO3/TiO2 interface. We found an increased high-frequency dielectric constant (ε∞ = 7.1-9.0) and charge carrier density (n = 6.5 × 1019 to 1.5 × 1020 cm-3) near the heterointerface. Moreover, quantitative information between the charge carrier density and extension thickness across the heterointerface has been extracted by monochromatic near-field imaging. A direct evaluation of the relationship between the thickness and the interaction of charge carrier-phonon coupling of the heterointerface would provide valuable information for the development of oxide-based electronic devices.

The dietary inflammatory index and metabolic health of population-based Chinese elderly.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and metabolic health in the Chinese elderly. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 6,730 participants from the "Community-based Cardiovascular and Health Promotion Study" (CoCHPS) cohort were included in this study. The DII scores were acquired using a validated 125-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (ranged -5.84 to 3.90). The correlation of DII with metabolic health indexes was evaluated with logistic regression and multivariable cox regression using SPSS and R software. RESULTS: Compared with low DII scores, subjects in the highest DII score quartiles had higher odds of metabolic dysfunction (OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.07-1.68, p trend=0.023). In the subgroup analyses, the effect of a pro-inflammatory diet on metabolic dysfunction was particularly evident among people with hyperglycaemia (HR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.35-2.14), hypertension (HR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.07-2.09), dyslipidemia (HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.24-1.87), abdominal obesity (HR=2.16, 95% CI: 1.57-2.96), and ≥60 years old (HR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.04-1.56) or who were women (HR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.08-1.67). CONCLUSIONS: DII score was associated with metabolic health. Further studies are needed to deepen our understanding of dietary parameters and different populations.

[Mahuang (herbaceous stem of Ephedra spp.): chemistry, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics].

The Chinese medicinal herb Mahuang is herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica, E. intermedia, or E. equisetina(Family, Ephedraceae). In China, Mahuang has been used, all the way over a millennium, as a key component herb of many herbal medicines for management of epidemics of acute respiratory illness and is also used in officially recommended herbal medicines for COVID-19. Mahuang is the first-line medicinal herb for cold and wheezing and also an effective diuretic herb for edema. However, Mahuang can also exert significant adverse effects. The key to safety and effectiveness is rational and precise use of the herb. In this review article, we comprehensively summarize chemical composition of Mahuang and associated differences in pharmacognosy, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Mahuang compounds, along with the adverse effects of Mahuang compounds and products. Based on full understanding of how Mahuang is used in Chinese traditional medicine, systematic research on Mahuang in line with contemporary standards of pharmaceutical sciences will facilitate promoting Chinese herbal medicines to become more efficient in management of epidemic illnesses, such as COVID-19. To this end, we recommend research on Mahuang of two aspects, i.e., pharmacological investigation for its multicompound-involved therapeutic effects and toxicological investigation for clinical manifestation of the adverse effects, chemicals responsible for the adverse effects, and conditions for safe use of the herb and the herb-containing medicines.

Dynamics of HIV reservoir decay and naïve CD4 T-cell recovery between immune non-responders and complete responders on long-term antiretroviral treatment.

BACKGROUND: The dynamics of viral reservoir decay and naïve CD4 T-cell recovery between immunological non-responders (INR) and complete responders (CR) during long-term antiretroviral treatment (ART) are not fully known. METHODS: Twenty-eight chronic HIV-infected individuals on 5-year ART were divided into two groups: INR (CD4 counts ≤350 cells/µL, n = 13) and CR (CD4 counts ≥500 cells/µL, n = 15). The levels of HIV DNA and cell-associated HIV RNA (CA-RNA), CD4 counts, naïve CD4 counts and their correlations were analyzed at baseline, years 1, 3 and 5 of ART between the two groups. Expression of PD-1 on CD4 T-cells was quantified by flow cytometry. Linear mixed effect models were used to estimate the change procession in repeated measurements over 5 years. Slopes of the above-mentioned indicators were estimated using participant-specific linear regressions, respectively. RESULTS: INR maintained higher levels of HIV DNA and CA-RNA with higher percentages of PD-1+CD4 T-cells compared with CR during 5-year ART, concurrent with lower naïve CD4 T-cells. However, the rates of HIV DNA and CA-RNA decay in INR were not different from that in CR over time, and INR had higher rates of naïve CD4 T-cell percentage recovery. The baseline levels of HIV DNA were positively associated with the 5-year levels of HIV DNA, but negatively associated with the 5-year naïve CD4 counts. CONCLUSIONS: INR maintained significantly higher viral reservoir and lower naïve CD4 T-cells compared with CR during 5-year ART, however, the rates of reservoir decay and naïve CD4 T-cell percentage growth within INR were not lower than that in CR over time.

Facilitating the Deprotonation of OH to O through Fe4+ -Induced States in Perovskite LaNiO3 Enables a Fast Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Aliovalent doping is widely adopted to tune the electronic structure of transition-metal oxides for design of low-cost, active electrocatalysts. Here, using single-crystalline thin films as model electrocatalysts, the structure-activity relationship of Fe states doping in perovskite LaNiO3 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is studied. Fe4+ state is found to be crucial for enhancing the OER activity of LaNiO3 , dramatically increasing the activity by six times, while Fe3+ has negligible effect. Spectroscopic studies and DFT calculations indicate Fe4+ states enhance the degree of Ni/Fe 3d and O 2p hybridization, and meanwhile produce down-shift of the unoccupied density of states towards lower energies. Such electronic features reduce the energy barrier for interfacial electron transfer for water oxidization by 0.2 eV. Further theoretical calculations and H/D isotope experiments reveal the electronic states associated with Fe4+ -O2- -Ni3+ configuration accelerate the deprotonation of *OH to *O (rate-determining step), and thus facilitate fast OER kinetics.

Protective role of NRF2 in macrovascular complications of diabetes.

Macrovascular complications develop in over a half of the diabetic individuals, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. This poses a severe threat to public health and a heavy burden to social economy. It is therefore important to develop effective approaches to prevent or slow down the pathogenesis and progression of macrovascular complications of diabetes (MCD). Oxidative stress is a major contributor to MCD. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) governs cellular antioxidant defence system by activating the transcription of various antioxidant genes, combating diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Accumulating experimental evidence has demonstrated that NRF2 activation protects against MCD. Structural inhibition of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) is a canonical way to activate NRF2. More recently, novel approaches, such as activation of the Nfe2l2 gene transcription, decreasing KEAP1 protein level by microRNA-induced degradation of Keap1 mRNA, prevention of proteasomal degradation of NRF2 protein and modulation of other upstream regulators of NRF2, have emerged in prevention of MCD. This review provides a brief introduction of the pathophysiology of MCD and the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of MCD. By reviewing previous work on the activation of NRF2 in MCD, we summarize strategies to activate NRF2, providing clues for future intervention of MCD. Controversies over NRF2 activation and future perspectives are also provided in this review.

Dysregulation of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation in transforming growth factor-ß1-induced gene expression in mesangial cells and diabetic kidney.

Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß)-induced fibrotic and inflammatory genes in renal mesangial cells (MCs) play important roles in glomerular dysfunction associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). TGF-ß regulates gene expression in MCs by altering key chromatin histone modifications at target gene promoters. However, the role of the repressive histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) modification is unclear. Here we show that TGF-ß reduces H3K27me3 at the Ctgf, Serpine1, and Ccl2 gene promoters in rat MCs (RMCs) and reciprocally up-regulates the expression of these pro-fibrotic and inflammatory genes. In parallel, TGF-ß down-regulates Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), an H3K27me3 methyltransferase, and decreases its recruitment at Ctgf and Ccl2 but not Serpine1 promoters. Ezh2 knockdown with siRNAs enhances TGF-ß-induced expression of these genes, supporting its repressive function. Mechanistically, Ezh2 down-regulation is mediated by TGF-ß-induced microRNA, miR-101b, which targets Ezh2 3'-UTR. TGF-ß also up-regulates Jmjd3 and Utx in RMCs, suggesting a key role for these H3K27me3 demethylases in H3K27me3 inhibition. In RMCs, Utx knockdown inhibits hypertrophy, a key event in glomerular dysfunction. The H3K27me3 regulators are similarly altered in human and mouse MCs. High glucose inhibits Ezh2 and increases miR-101b in a TGF-ß-dependent manner. Furthermore, in kidneys from rodent models of DN, fibrotic genes, miR-101b, and H3K27me3 demethylases are up-regulated, whereas Ezh2 protein levels as well as enrichment of Ezh2 and H3K27me3 at target genes are decreased, demonstrating in vivo relevance. These results suggest that H3K27me3 inhibition by TGF-ß via dysregulation of related histone-modifying enzymes and miRNAs augments pathological genes mediating glomerular mesangial dysfunction and DN.

Increased plasma level of apelin with NYHA grade II and III but not IV.

The change in plasma apelin level in heart failure (HF) patients is controversial. We investigated the change in plasma apelin level in HF patients versus control and non-HF patients. The plasma level of apelin was measured by ELISA and plasma level of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) by fluorescence immunoassay. We included 101 patients with HF, 32 patients without HF and 20 controls. The three groups did not differ in general and clinical characteristics. Plasma levels of apelin and BNP were both higher in HF patients than non-HF patients and controls. Plasma levels of apelin and BNP were not correlated. Plasma level of BNP was increased with increasing New York Heart Association grade and apelin level was decreased. Apelin level was lower in HF patients with NYHA grade IV than in controls and non-HF patients. Apelin level had 75% diagnostic value for HF, and BNP level had 96.8% diagnostic value. At a cutoff of 6.44 ng/mL apelin level, sensitivity was 69.3%, and specificity 97.1%. However, the diagnostic of apelin for NYHA II patients was higher than that of BNP (99.6% vs. 96.1%). These results suggested that apelin might be particularly useful in association with BNP in mild HF patients.

MDM2 controls NRF2 antioxidant activity in prevention of diabetic kidney disease.

Oxidative stress and P53 contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of cellular antioxidant defense system, is negatively regulated by P53 and prevents DKD. Recent findings revealed an important role of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) in protection against DKD. However, the mechanism remained unclear. We hypothesized that MDM2 enhances NRF2 antioxidant signaling in DKD given that MDM2 is a key negative regulator of P53. The MDM2 inhibitor nutlin3a elevated renal P53, inhibited NRF2 signaling and induced oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, DKD-like renal pathology and albuminuria in the wild-type (WT) non-diabetic mice. These effects exhibited more prominently in nutlin3a-treated WT diabetic mice. Interestingly, nutlin3a failed to induce greater renal injuries in the Nrf2 knockout (KO) mice under both the diabetic and non-diabetic conditions, indicating that NRF2 predominantly mediates MDM2's action. On the contrary, P53 inhibition by pifithrin-α activated renal NRF2 signaling and the expression of Mdm2, and attenuated DKD in the WT diabetic mice, but not in the Nrf2 KO diabetic mice. In high glucose-treated mouse mesangial cells, P53 gene silencing completely abolished nutlin3a's inhibitory effect on NRF2 signaling. The present study demonstrates for the first time that MDM2 controls renal NRF2 antioxidant activity in DKD via inhibition of P53, providing MDM2 activation and P53 inhibition as novel strategies in the management of DKD.

Inhibition of P53/miR-34a improves diabetic endothelial dysfunction via activation of SIRT1.

Endothelial dysfunction contributes to diabetic macrovascular complications, resulting in high mortality. Recent findings demonstrate a pathogenic role of P53 in endothelial dysfunction, encouraging the investigation of the effect of P53 inhibition on diabetic endothelial dysfunction. Thus, high glucose (HG)-treated endothelial cells (ECs) were subjected to pifithrin-α (PFT-α)-a specific inhibitor of P53, or P53-small interfering RNA (siRNA), both of which attenuated the HG-induced endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, inhibition of P53 by PFT-α or P53-siRNA prohibited P53 acetylation, decreased microRNA-34a (miR-34a) level, leading to a dramatic increase in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein level. Interestingly, the miR-34a inhibitor (miR-34a-I) and PFT-α increased SIRT1 protein level and alleviated the HG-induced endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress to a similar extent; however, these effects of PFT-α were completely abrogated by the miR-34a mimic. In addition, SIRT1 inhibition by EX-527 or Sirt1-siRNA completely abolished miR-34a-I's protection against HG-induced endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, in the aortas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, both PFT-α and miR-34a-I rescued the inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction caused by hyperglycaemia. Hence, the present study has uncovered a P53/miR-34a/SIRT1 pathway that leads to endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that P53/miR-34a inhibition could be a viable strategy in the management of diabetic macrovascular diseases.

20(S)-protopanaxadiol induces apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by activating the PERK-eIF2alpha-ATF4 signaling pathway.

20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides are generally believed to be the most pharmacologically active components of Panax ginseng. These compounds induce apoptotic cell death in various cancer cells, which suggests that they have anti-cancer activity. Anti-angiogenesis is a promising therapeutic approach for controlling angiogenesis-related diseases such as malignant tumors, age-related macular degeneration, and atherosclerosis. Studies showed that 20(S)-PPD at low concentrations induces endothelial cell growth, but in our present study, we found 20(S)-PPD at high concentrations inhibited cell growth and mediated apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The mechanism by which high concentrations of 20(S)-PPD mediate endothelial cell apoptosis remains elusive. The present current study investigated how 20(S)-PPD induces apoptosis in HUVECs for the first time. We found that caspase-9 and its downstream caspase, caspase-3, were cleaved into their active forms after 20(S)-PPD treatment. Treatment with 20(S)-PPD decreased the level of Bcl-2 expression but did not change the level of Bax expression. 20(S)-PPD induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in HUVECs and stimulated UPR signaling, initiated by protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activation. Total protein expression and ATF4 nuclear import were increased, and CEBP-homologous protein (CHOP) expression increased after treatment with 20(S)-PPD. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PERK or ATF4 inhibited the induction of CHOP expression and 20(s)-PPD-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our findings show that 20(S)-PPD inhibits HUVEC growth by inducing apoptosis and that ATF4 expression activated by the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway is essential for this process. These findings suggest that high concentrations of 20(S)-PPD could be used to treat angiogenesis-related diseases.

Mutations of Glu560 within HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein N-terminal heptad repeat region contribute to resistance to peptide inhibitors of virus entry.

BACKGROUND: Peptides corresponding to N- and C-terminal heptad repeat regions (HR1 and HR2, respectively) of gp41 can inhibit HIV-1 infection in a dominant negative manner by interfering with refolding of the viral HR1 and HR2 to form a six-helix bundle (6HB) that induces fusion between viral and host cell membranes. Previously, we found that HIV-1 acquired the mutations of Glu560 (E560) in HR1 of envelope (Env) to escape peptide inhibitors. The present study aimed to elucidate the critical role of position 560 in the virus entry and potential resistance mechanisms. RESULTS: The Glu560Lys/Asp/Gly (E560K/D/G) mutations in HR1 of gp41 that are selected under the pressure of N- and C-peptide inhibitors modified its molecular interactions with HR2 to change 6HB stability and peptide inhibitor binding. E560K mutation increased 6HB thermostability and resulted in resistance to N peptide inhibitors, but E560G or E560D as compensatory mutations destabilized the 6HB to reduce inhibitor binding and resulted in increased resistance to C peptide inhibitor, T20. Significantly, the neutralizing activities of all mutants to soluble CD4 and broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting membrane proximal external region, 2F5 and 4E10 were improved, indicating the mutations of E560 could regulate Env conformations through cross interactions with gp120 or gp41. The molecular modeling analysis of E560K/D/G mutants suggested that position 560 might interact with the residues within two potentially flexible topological layer 1 and layer 2 in the gp120 inner domain to apparently affect the CD4 utilization. The E560K/D/G mutations changed its interactions with Gln650 (Q650) in HR2 to contribute to the resistance of peptide inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings identify the contributions of mutations of E560K/D/G in the highly conserved gp41 and highlight Env's high degree of plasticity for virus entry and inhibitor design.

Poly[(2-(acryloyloxy) ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride-co-ethylene dimethacrylate monolith on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the fast determination of salicylic acid in foodstuffs.

We report the fabrication of an anion-exchange monolithic column in a stainless-steel chromatographic column (10 mm × 2.1 mm i.d.) using [2-(acryloyloxy) ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride as the monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate as the crosslinker. The prepared monolith was developed as the adsorbent for the on-line solid-phase extraction of salicylic acid in various animal-origin foodstuffs combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The monolith was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption analysis, and elemental analysis. Potential factors affecting the on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis were studied in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the total analysis time including cleanup and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry separation was 17 min. The developed method gave the linear range of 15-750 µg/kg, detection limits (S/N = 3) of 5 µg/kg, and quantification limits (S/N = 10) of 15 µg/kg. The recoveries obtained by spiking 10, 20, and 100 µg/kg of salicylic acid in the animal-origin food samples were in the range of 85.2-98.4%. In addition, the monolith was stable enough for 550 extraction cycles with the precision of peak area ≤11.6%.

Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with IgA nephropathy: an update meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The application of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in treating patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) remains uncertain. This update meta-analysis was performed to re-evaluate the therapeutic potential of MMF in IgAN. METHODS: Articles were obtained by searching the electronic databases without language restriction. Randomized controlled trials studying the role of MMF in treating IgAN were collected. The quality of included studies was critically evaluated. Data analyses were performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 297 articles were screened and eight articles were finally included. Among the eight randomized controlled trials, five and three were high quality and low quality, respectively. Both fixed-effect and random-effect model were used. Pooled results by combining all the eight studies suggested that IgAN patients in MMF group had a higher remission rate than that in control group. Compared to placebo or corticosteroid monotherapy, MMF monotherapy exerted a higher remission rate and side effect rate in both main analysis and subgroup analysis by human race. Compared to corticosteroid plus other immunosuppressive agent therapy, corticosteroid plus MMF therapy had a higher remission rate, lower serum creatinine doubling rate, progression to end-stage renal disease rate and side effects rate. Subgroup analysis by therapeutic regimen further confirmed these results between corticosteroid plus MMF therapy and corticosteroid plus cyclophosphamide therapy. Funnel-plot displayed a symmetrical figure, indicating no publication bias existed. CONCLUSIONS: MMF has the potential in treatment of IgAN, especially for Asians. The evidence currently available shows that MMF monotherapy has a more efficacy but higher side effects when compared to placebo or corticosteroid monotherapy in treatment of Asians with IgAN. While MMF combined with corticosteroid regimen has a more efficacy and lower side effects when compared with corticosteroid plus cyclophosphamide regimen.

Anti-Inflammatory Role of MicroRNA-146a in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy.

Inflammation has a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). MicroRNAs have recently emerged as important regulators of DN. However, the role of microRNAs in the regulation of inflammation during DN is poorly understood. Here, we examined the in vivo role of microRNA-146a (miR-146a), a known anti-inflammatory microRNA, in the pathogenesis of DN. In a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, miR-146a(-/-) mice showed significantly exacerbated proteinuria, renal macrophage infiltration, glomerular hypertrophy, and fibrosis relative to the respective levels in control wild-type mice. Diabetes-induced upregulation of proinflammatory and profibrotic genes was significantly greater in the kidneys of miR-146a(-/-) than in the kidneys of wild-type mice. Notably, miR-146a expression increased in both peritoneal and intrarenal macrophages in diabetic wild-type mice. Mechanistically, miR-146a deficiency during diabetes led to increased expression of M1 activation markers and suppression of M2 markers in macrophages. Concomitant with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß and IL-18, markers of inflammasome activation also increased in the macrophages of diabetic miR-146a(-/-) mice. These studies suggest that in early DN, miR-146a upregulation exerts a protective effect by downregulating target inflammation-related genes, resulting in suppression of proinflammatory and inflammasome gene activation. Loss of this protective mechanism in miR-146a(-/-) mice leads to accelerated DN. Taken together, these results identify miR-146a as a novel anti-inflammatory noncoding RNA modulator of DN.

Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium(IV) Oxide on Graphene Oxide: Probing Interfacial Chemistry and Nucleation by using X-ray Absorption and Photoelectron Spectroscopies.

Interfacing graphene with metal oxides is of considerable technological importance for modulating carrier density through electrostatic gating as well as for the design of earth-abundant electrocatalysts. Herein, we probe the early stages of the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of HfO2 on graphene oxide using a combination of C and O K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Dosing with water is observed to promote defunctionalization of graphene oxide as a result of the reaction between water and hydroxyl/epoxide species, which yields carbonyl groups that further react with migratory epoxide species to release CO2 . The carboxylates formed by the reaction of carbonyl and epoxide species facilitate binding of Hf precursors to graphene oxide surfaces. The ALD process is accompanied by recovery of the π-conjugated framework of graphene. The delineation of binding modes provides a means to rationally assemble 2D heterostructures.

[Effect of tianma gouteng decoction on the endothelial function and the renal protein expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats].

OJECTIVE: To observe the effect of tianma gouteng decoction (TGD) on the endothelial function and the renal protein expression of spontaneously hypertensive rats, and to analyze its possible mechanism. METHODS: Totally 18 6-week-old SHR were randomly divided into 3 groups according to randomized block design, the SHR control group, the TGD group, and the captopril group, 6 in each group. Meanwhile, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats of the same age were recruited as a WKY control group. Rats in the TGD group were administered with TGD at the daily dose of 10. 260 g/kg. Rats in the captopril group were administered with captopril at the daily dose of 3. 375 g/kg. 2 mL/100 g distilled water was administered to rats in the SHR control group and the WKY control group. All medication was performed by gastrogavage once per day till rats were 24 weeks old. Changes of blood pressure were measured once per two weeks. The relaxation of the thoracic aorta and the superior mesenteric artery was determined by vascular ring in vitro to reflect the endothelial function. The total renal protein was separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The significantly deviated protein was verified by Western blot. RESULTS: (1) Compared with the SHR control group, blood pressure was significantly lowered in rats (10 - 24 weeks old) of the captopril group (P <0.01, P <0.05). The hypotensive effect of TGD was obvious at the beginning of hypertension (10 -12 weeks) (P <0. 01). But along with the progression of hypertension, its hypotensive effect was not obvious (P>0. 05). (2) Compared with the SHR control group, the relaxation of the superior mesenteric artery was obviously improved in the TGD group (P <0. 05); the relaxation of the thoracic aorta and the superior mesenteric artery was obviously superior in the WKY control group (P <0. 01, P <0. 05). But there was no statistical difference in each relaxation index between the captopril group and the SHR control group (P >0. 05).(3) RESULTS: of 2-DE found 16 significantly differential renal protein, mainly involved nitric oxide (NO) system, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton-related proteins. Results of Western blot showed that TGD could significantly improve expressions of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), N(G, N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 (DDAH2), and pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase 1 (PCBD1) (P <0. 05). CONCLUSION: GTD could protect the endothelial function of the superior mesenteric artery in SHR, and its intervention mechanism of hypertension induced early renal injury might be relevant to regulating the NO system and antioxidative stress.

[Analysis of renal protein expressions of spontaneously hypertensive rat intervention by three different Chinese medicine compounds for hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the differential protein expression profile of three different Chinese medicine compounds on spontaneous hypertensive rat, which were Banxiabaizhutianma Decoction, Dihuangyinzi Decoction and Tianmagouteng Decoction, and to elaborate their function characters and regulation pathway using the principal component analysis and analyze the basic theory of different treatment of hypertension. METHODS: Give three compounds to 6-week-old SHR (Spontaneous hypertensive rat) as experimental group and captopril to 6-week-old WKY (Wistar-Kyoto rat) as control group by gavage. Monitor the blood pressure of rat tail to 24-week-old and then all rats were decapitated. Extracte the rental protein to finish two-dimensional electrophoresis experiments and get the differential protein spots using PDQuest software. Study the three different compounds' effect of trend on SHR blood pressure using PCAC principal component analysis. RESULTS: The blood pressure of SHR remained rising from 6-week-old to 10-week-old, when Tianmagouteng Decoction had a significant anti-hypertension effect. But as the blood pressure of SHR remained high, Banxiabaizhutianma Decoction and Dihuangyinzi Decoction performed better in lowering blood pressure. At last, renal protein expression profile analysis showed that there were 84 significantly different proteins between SHR and WKY of 24-week-old and the PCA result showed that the principal component extraction was 95.951%, it was sure that Tianmagouteng Decoction and Banxiabaizhutianma Decoction had significantly changed rental protein spots on SHR while Dihuangyinzi Decoction had not. CONCLUSION: In the early stages of rising blood pressure, Tianmagouteng Decoction has significant anti-hypertensive effect. But when the blood pressure remain high, Banxiabaizhutianma Decoction and Dihuangyinzi Decoction are superior to Tanmagouteng Decoction in anti-hypertension. Banxiabaizhutianma Decoction and Tianmagouteng Decoction can significantly improve rental protein spots on SHR while Dihuangyinzi Decoction can not.