ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5-KIP-RELATED PROTEIN 1-SHOOT MERISTEMLESS modulates reproductive development of Arabidopsis.

Soil (or plant) water deficit accelerates plant reproduction. However, the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain unknown. By modulating cell division/number, ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5), a key bZIP (basic (region) leucine zippers) transcription factor, regulates both seed development and abiotic stress responses. The KIP-RELATED PROTEIN (KRP) cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play an essential role in controlling cell division, and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) plays a key role in the specification of flower meristem identity. Here, our findings show that abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and/or metabolism in adjust reproductive outputs (such as rosette leaf number and open flower number) under water-deficient conditions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Reproductive outputs increased under water-sufficient conditions but decreased under water-deficient conditions in the ABA signaling/metabolism mutants abscisic acid2-1 (aba2-1), aba2-11, abscisic acid insensitive3-1 (abi3-1), abi4-1, abi5-7, and abi5-8. Further, under water-deficient conditions, ABA induced-ABI5 directly bound to the promoter of KRP1, which encodes a CDK that plays an essential role in controlling cell division, and this binding subsequently activated KRP1 expression. In turn, KRP1 physically interacted with STM, which functions in the specification of flower meristem identity, promoting STM degradation. We further demonstrate that reproductive outputs are adjusted by the ABI5-KRP1-STM molecular module under water-deficient conditions. Together, our findings reveal the molecular mechanism by which ABA signaling and/or metabolism regulate reproductive development under water-deficient conditions. These findings provide insights that may help guide crop yield improvement under water deficiency.

Phaeotremella camelliae sp. nov. (Phaeotremellaceae, Tremellales), A Novel Yeasts Isolated from Tea-Oil Fruits in Jiangxi Province, China.

Sixty-two isolates among the 65 yeast strains isolated from Jiangxi province, China, were identified into 15 known species based on the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA and ITS region. The other three strains, GaoanZ14, GaoanC57, and GaoanC191, isolated from tea-oil fruits, were identified as two undescribed species of Phaeotremella based on the multiple gene sequence analysis, physiological, and biochemical comparisons. Strains GaoanC57 and GaoanC191 had one substitution difference both in the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA and ITS region. They formed a separate branch from the other Phaeotremella species in the D1/D2 and multiple genes trees, and differed from the known species by at least 10 nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 domains and more than 6% mismatches in the ITS region. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that those two strains represent a novel species of Phaeotremella, for which the names Phaeotremella camelliae sp. nov. (Holotype CGMCC 2.6141, Mycobank MB832699) is proposed. Only one strain, GaoanZ14, represents the other undescribed species of Phaeotremella, so it will be described in latter when more strains are found.

Nocardia rhizosphaerihabitans sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a coastal soil.

An actinomycete strain, designated KLBMP S0039T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Lycium Linn., collected from the coastal region in Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, eastern PR China, and was studied to determine its taxonomic position. The isolate showed a combination of morphological and chemotaxonomic properties typical of the members of the genus Nocardia. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and the whole-cell sugars were galactose, arabinose, glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-8(H4ω-cycl). The diagnostic phospholipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and unknown lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were identified as C16 : 0, C18 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, and 10-methyl C18 : 0 [tuberculostearic acid (TBSA)]. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 68.2 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that KLBMP S0039T was most closely related to Nocardia neocaledoniensis NBRC 108232T (99.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Nocardia asteroides NBRC 15531T (99.2 %), similarities to other type strains of species of the genus Nocardia were found to be less than 98.6 %. However, DNA-DNA relatedness values and phenotypic data indicated that KLBMP S0039T could be clearly distinguished from the closely related species of the genus Nocardia. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic data, it is concluded that KLBMP S0039T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardiarhizosphaerihabitans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP S0039T (=KCTC 39693T=CGMCC 4.7329T).

Glutamicibacter halophytocola sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the roots of a coastal halophyte, Limonium sinense.

A novel actinobacterium, designated KLBMP 5180T, was isolated from the surface-sterilized root of a coastal halophyte, Limonium sinense, collected from the city of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, eastern China. The isolate was Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and non-motile. The components of the cell-wall peptidoglycan were lysine, glutamic acid and alanine. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, one unknown phospholipid, one unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified lipids. anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 were the major cellular fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain KLBMP 5180T was 60.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KLBMP 5180T belongs to the genus Glutamicibacter and was related most closely to Glutamicibacter nicotianae DSM 20123T (99.3 % similarity), Glutamicibacterarilaitensis Re117T (99.3 %) and Glutamicibacter mysorens LMG 16219T (99.1 %); similarity to other type strains of the genus Glutamicibacter was lower than 98.5 %. However, DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain KLBMP 5180T, G . nicotianae DSM 20123T, G. arilaitensis Re117T and G. mysorens LMG 16219T were 47.5±2.6, 51.3±3.1 and 41.2±4.3 %, respectively. The combination of DNA-DNA hybridization, phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the suggestion that strain KLBMP 5180T represents a novel species of the genus Glutamicibacter, for which the name Glutamicibacterhalophytocola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 5180T (=DSM 101718T=KCTC 39692T).

Nocardiajiangsuensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from coastal soil.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated strain KLBMP S0027T, was isolated from a coastal soil collected from the coastal region of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, in east China, and was studied in detail for its taxonomic position. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that this strain belonged to the genus Nocardia and was most closely related to Nocardia harenae WS-26T (98.5 %), Nocardiaasiatica NBRC 100129T (98.5 %), Nocardiaabscessus NBRC 100374T (98.2 %), Nocardia brasiliensis NBRC 14402T (98.2 %) and Nocardiacyriacigeorgica NBRC 100375T (98 %), respectively. The strain showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological properties typical of the genus Nocardia. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid (type IV), and whole-cell sugars were arabinose, galactose, glucose and ribose. Strain KLBMP S0027T contained MK-8(H4ω-cycl) as the predominant menaquinone; C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, C18 : 0 10-methyl (TBSA) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) were the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, one unknown glycolipid and two unknown lipids. Mycolic acids were detected. The G+C content of the DNA was 70.5 %. However, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization and phenotypic data demonstrated that strain KLBMP S0027T could be clearly distinguished from the type strain of the most closely related species, N. harenae WS-26T. On the basis of the data presented from a polyphasic study, it was evident that this strain should be assigned to a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia jiangsuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP S0027T (=CGMCC 4.7330T=KCTC 39691T).

Tamaricihabitans halophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete of the family Pseudonocardiaceae.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated KLBMP 1356T, was isolated from the root of halophyte Tamarix chinensis Lour. collected from the coastal area of Jiangsu province, PR China. The isolate was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain KLBMP 1356T was phylogenetically related to members of the family Pseudonocardiaceae and formed a distinct monophyletic clade between the genera Amycolatopsis (93.1-94.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Prauserella (93.6-95.1 %) and Saccharomonospora (93.2-94.3 %). The isolate displayed long spore chains containing rod-shaped and smooth-surfaced spores. Strain KLBMP 1356T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and galactose, arabinose and glucose as the whole-cell sugars. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4) and the fatty acid profile was characterized by the predominance of iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c, C17 : 1ω6c and C17 : 0. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, unknown aminophospholipids and an unknown glycolipid. Mycolic acids were not present. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 67.2 mol%. On the basis of the evidence from this polyphasic study, strain KLBMP 1356T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Pseudonocardiaceae, for which the name Tamaricihabitans halophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is KLBMP 1356T ( = DSM 45765T = NBRC 109361T).

Receptor analysis of differential sensitivity change to succinylcholine induced by nerve injury in rat gastrocnemius.

BACKGROUND: Urgent tracheal intubation is common in intensive care units and the emergency room, and succinylcholine is a first-line neuromuscular blocker used in these situations. Paraplegic or critically ill patients may be at a high risk of receiving succinylcholine because the denervation stage changes nicotinic receptors, which affect the efficacy and safety of succinylcholine. The objective of this study was to determine the receptor subtypes associated with changes in the pharmacodynamics of succinylcholine and its time-line trend. METHODS: Denervated gastrocnemius was collected from tibial nerve transected rats. To determine the 50% effective dose of succinylcholine and rocuronium at 0 (control), 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 d after denervation, action potential amplitude was monitored by an intracellular recording method. Subunits α1, α7, ε, and γ of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Receptor amount and pharmacodynamic changes were analyzed by correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS: The pharmacodynamic change in succinylcholine was a dynamic process, and at the same time α7, ε, and γ-nicotinic AChR genes in denervated muscle were significantly changed but only α7 was closely correlated with the action of succinylcholine. Subunit γ and α7 were related to pharmacodynamic change in the nondepolarizing neuromuscular agent, rocuronium. CONCLUSIONS: Nerve injury may alter nicotinic AChR subtypes in skeletal muscle at different stages, which probably affected the pharmacodynamics of neuromuscular blockers in different ways. Denervation time and stage and the type of neuromuscular blocker and dosage should be taken into consideration when using these drugs in patients with nerve injury.

Lentzea guizhouensis sp. nov., a novel lithophilous actinobacterium isolated from limestone from the Karst area, Guizhou, China.

A novel filamentous actinobacterium, designated strain DHS C013(T), was isolated from limestone collected in Guizhou Province, South-west China. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the strain support its assignment to the genus Lentzea. Phylogenetic analyses showed that strain DHS C013(T) is closely related to Lentzea jiangxiensis FXJ1.034(T) (98.7 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Lentzea flaviverrucosa 4.0578(T) (98.0 % 16S rRNA gene similarity), but it can be distinguished from these strains based on low levels of DNA:DNA relatedness (~44 and ~37 %, respectively). Physiological and biochemical tests also allowed phenotypic differentiation of the novel strain from these closely related species. On the basis of the evidence presented here, strain DHS C013(T) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Lentzea, for which the name Lentzea guizhouensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DHS C013(T) (=KCTC 29677(T) = CGMCC 4.7203(T)).

Nocardia rhizosphaerae sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the coastal rhizosphere of Artemisia Linn., China.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain KLBMP S0043(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Artemisia Linn. collected from the coastal region of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, in east China and was studied in detail for its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain KLBMP S0043(T) is a member of the genus Nocardia. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain KLBMP S0043(T) is closely related to Nocardia asteroides NBRC 15531(T) (97.61 %) and Nocardia neocaledoniensis SBHR OA6(T) (97.38 %); similarity to other type strains of the genus Nocardia was found to be less than 97.2 %. The organism has chemical and morphological features consistent with its classification in the genus Nocardia such as meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan and arabinose and galactose as the diagnostic sugars. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-8(H4ω-cycl). Mycolic acids were detected. The diagnostic phospholipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The predominant cellular fatty acids were identified as C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω9c, 10-methyl C18:0 [tuberculostearic acid (TBSA)] and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 71.4 mol%. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the strain from its most closely related strains. Based on morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain KLBMP S0043(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP S0043(T) (=CGMCC 4.7204 (T) = KCTC 29678(T)).

Streptomyces halophytocola sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the surface-sterilized stems of a coastal halophyte Tamarix chinensis Lour.

A novel actinomycete, designated KLBMP 1284(T), was isolated from the surface-sterilized stems of a coastal halophyte Tamarix chinensis Lour. collected from the city of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, east China. The strain was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of members of the genus Streptomyces. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KLBMP 1284(T) revealed that the strain formed a distinct clade within the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the highest sequence similarity (99.43 %) was to Streptomyces sulphureus NRRL B-1627(T). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to other species of the genus Streptomyces was lower than 97 %. Based on DNA-DNA hybridization values and comparison of morphological and phenotypic data, KLBMP 1284(T) could be distinguished from the closest phylogenetically related species, Streptomyces sulphureus NRRL B-1627(T). Thus, based on these data, it is evident that strain KLBMP 1284(T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces halophytocola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1284(T) (= KCTC 19890(T) = NBRC 108770(T)).

Modestobacter roseus sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the coastal halophyte Salicornia europaea Linn., and emended description of the genus Modestobacter.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain KLBMP 1279(T), was isolated from surface-sterilized roots of a coastal halophyte, Salicornia europaea Linn., collected from Jiangsu Province, in the east of China. The taxonomic status of this organism was established using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain KLBMP 1279(T) was closely related to Modestobacter marinus 42H12-1(T) (99.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Modestobacter versicolor CP153-2(T) (98.4%) and Modestobacter multiseptatus AA-826(T) (97.5%). Chemotaxonomic characteristics were consistent with its assignment to the genus Modestobacter in that the isolate had meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall, MK-9(H4) as major menaquinone and a polar lipid profile containing diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two unknown aminophospholipids and an unknown phospholipid. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C16:0, iso-C15:0 and C17:1ω8c. The DNA G+C content was 71.7 mol%. However, DNA-DNA hybridization assays as well as physiological and biochemical analyses differentiated strain KLBMP 1279(T) from its closest phylogenetic relatives. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence, the isolate KLBMP 1279(T) represents a novel species of the genus Modestobacter, for which the name Modestobacter roseus sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is KLBMP 1279(T) (=KCTC 19887(T)=NBRC 108673(T)=DSM 45764(T)). An emended description of the genus Modestobacter is also proposed.

Denervation stage differentially influences resistance to neuromuscular blockers in rat gastrocnemius.

BACKGROUND: Muscle denervation was common in clinical surgery patients, which was mostly caused by trauma, paraplegia, and other factors. Denervated muscle in patients could lead to significant differential reaction to neuromuscle blockers due to the time of denervation and affected muscle area. We tested the hypothesis that resistance to non-depolarizing muscle relaxants (NDMRs) changes with time, and is related to the expression of immature and total acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study evaluated the effect change of neuromuscular blockers in tibial nerve transected rat model. To determine 50% effective dose of NDMRs and succinycholine at 1, 7, 14, 28, and 35 days after denervation, action potential amplitude was monitorted by intracellular recording method. The messenger DNA that encodes the AChR-γ and AChR-ε subunits and the protein of the -γ and -ε subunits were quantified in the gastrocnemius by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting respectively. Receptor number and pharmacodynamic changes was analyzed by correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS: Increased AChR-γ correlated with total AChRs, suggesting that the up-regulated AChRs may contain the immature isoform. The 50% effective dose of vecuronium and atracurium increased 1.2- to 1.5-fold at all time periods and correlated significantly with AChRs and AChR-γ. CONCLUSIONS: After denervation, resistance to NDMRs occurred earlier, was more marked from 14 days, and changes in resistance to NDMRs in skeletal muscle after nerve injury is dependent on the level of expression of immature and total AChRs. Denervation time should be of concern when such patients undergo surgery.

Amycolatopsis jiangsuensis sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from a coastal plant in Jiangsu, China.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain KLBMP 1262(T), was isolated from a coastal plant Dendranthema indicum (Linn.) Des Moul collected from the coastal region of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, in east China and was studied in detail for its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain KLBMP 1262(T) is a member of the genus Amycolatopsis. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain KLBMP 1262(T) is most closely related to Amycolatopsis sulphurea DSM 46092(T) (97.96 %), Amycolatopsis ultiminotia RP-AC36(T) (97.50 %) and Amycolatopsis jejuensis N7-3(T) (97.44 %); similarity to other type strains of the genus Amycolatopsis was less than 97.0 %. The organism was determined to have chemical and morphological features consistent with its classification in the genus Amycolatopsis such as meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan and arabinose and galactose as the diagnostic sugars. The predominant menaquinone was determined to be MK-9 (H(4)). The polar lipids detected were phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminophospholipid, two unknown glycolipids and several unknown lipids. The major fatty acids were found to be C(16:0), iso-C(16:0) and iso-C(15:0). DNA-DNA relatedness data, together with phenotypic differences, clearly distinguished the isolate from its closest relatives. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name A. jiangsuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1262(T) (=KCTC 19885 (T) = NBRC 108679(T)).

Saccharopolyspora dendranthemae sp. nov. a halotolerant endophytic actinomycete isolated from a coastal salt marsh plant in Jiangsu, China.

A halotolerant actinomycete strain, designated strain KLBMP 1305(T), was isolated from a salt marsh plant Dendranthema indicum (Linn.) Des Moul collected from the coastal region of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, in east China and was studied in detail for its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain KLBMP 1305(T) is a member of the genus Saccharopolyspora. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain KLBMP 1305(T) was most closely related to 'Saccharopolyspora pathumthaniensis' S582(T) (99.31 %), 'Saccharopolyspora endophytica' YIM 61095(T) (99.17 %) and Saccharopolyspora tripterygii YIM 65359(T) (99.15 %); similarity to other type strains of the genus Saccharopolyspora was <97.2 %. The organism had chemical and morphological features consistent with its classification in the genus Saccharopolyspora such as meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan and arabinose and galactose as the diagnostic sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4). The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unknown glycolipid and an unknown lipid. The major fatty acids were iso-C16:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0 and sum in feature 8 (18:1ω7c/18:1ω6c). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the type strain was 68.7 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness data, together with phenotypic differences, clearly distinguished the isolate from its closest relatives. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, the isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Saccharopolyspora dendranthemae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1305(T) (=KCTC 19889(T) = NBRC 108675(T)).

Promicromonospora xylanilytica sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from surface-sterilized leaves of the medicinal plant Maytenus austroyunnanensis.

A novel xylan-degrading actinomycete, strain YIM 61515(T), was isolated from surface-sterilized leaves of the medicinal plant Maytenus austroyunnanensis. Cells were Gram-positive and non-spore-forming, produced primary branches and formed white to yellowish white colonies on the media tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 61515(T) was most similar to Promicromonospora aerolata V54A(T) and Promicromonospora vindobonensis V45(T) (99.4 and 99.1% sequence similarity, respectively). The isolate formed a separate lineage in a cluster containing P. aerolata V54A(T). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the isolate and other members of the genus Promicromonospora ranged from 96.3 to 98.4%. Chemotaxonomic data, including major menaquinones, fatty acid compositions and polar lipid profiles, supported the placement of strain YIM 61515(T) in the genus Promicromonospora. DNA-DNA relatedness, physiological and biochemical data showed that strain YIM 61515(T) could be distinguished from members of all known species of the genus Promicromonospora and therefore represented a novel species. The name Promicromonospora xylanilytica sp. nov. is proposed, with YIM 61515(T) (=DSM 21603(T)=CCTCC AA 208046(T)) as type strain.

Nocardioides panzhihuaensis sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from medicinal plant Jatropha curcas L.

A novel Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and mycelia-producing bacterial strain, designated KLBMP 1050(T), was isolated from the stem of the oil-seed plant Jatropha curcas L. collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate KLBMP 1050(T) belonged to the genus Nocardioides, with the highest sequence similarity to Nocardioides albus KCTC 9186(T) (99.38 %) and Nocardioides luteus KCTC 9575(T) (99.03 %). However, the DNA-DNA relatedness of isolate KLBMP 1050(T) to these two type strains were 37.5 ± 3.5 and 33 ± 2.3 %, respectively. Strain KLBMP 1050(T) grew at the pH range 6-11, temperature range 10-32 °C and with 0-12 % NaCl. The physiological properties of strain KLBMP 1050(T) differ from those of N. albus KCTC 9186(T) and N. luteus KCTC 9575(T). The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained LL: -diaminopimelic acid and MK-8(H(4)) was the major respiratory quinone. The predominant cellular fatty acid of strain KLBMP 1050(T) was iso-C(16:0) (23.3 %). The total DNA G+C content was 70.1 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain KLBMP 1050(T) represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides panzhihuaensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1050(T) (= KCTC 19888(T) = NBRC 108680(T)).

Streptomyces phytohabitans sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from medicinal plant Curcuma phaeocaulis.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain KLBMP 4601(T), was isolated from the root of the medicinal plant Curcuma phaeocaulis collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China. The strain produced extensively branched substrate and aerial hyphae that carried straight to flexuous spore chains. Chemotaxonomic properties of this strain were consistent with those of members of the genus Streptomyces. The cell wall of strain KLBMP 4601(T) contained LL-diaminopimelic acid as the characteristic diamino acid. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H(4)), with minor amounts of MK-9(H(6)), MK-9(H(8)) and MK-10(H(2)). The major fatty acids were C(16:0), iso-C(16:0), C(18:1)ω9c and C(16:1), iso G. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain KLBMP 4601(T) belongs to the genus Streptomyces and is most closely related to Streptomyces armeniacus JCM 3070(T) (97.9 %), Streptomyces pharmamarensis PM267(T) (97.6 %) and Streptomyces artemisiae YIM 63135(T) (97.5 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain KLBMP 4601(T) and other members of this genus were lower than 97.5 %. DNA-DNA hybridization studies of strain KLBMP 4601(T) with the three closest species showed relatedness values of 36.3 ± 4.2 %, 27.3 ± 0.6 %, and 30.9 ± 2.5 %, respectively. On the basis of chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, it is evident that strain KLBMP 4601(T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces phytohabitans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 4601(T) (=KCTC 19892(T) = NBRC 108772(T)).

Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from oil-seed plant Jatropha curcas L. containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain KLBMP 1111(T), was isolated from the root of the oil-seed plant Jatropha curcas L. collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China. Strain KLBMP 1111(T) formed a distinct branch in the 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic tree together with the type strains in the genus Kibdelosporangium, with the highest similarity to Kibdelosporangium aridum subsp. aridum DSM 43828(T) (98.8%), K. aridum subsp. largum DSM 44150(T) (98.1%) and Kibdelosporangium philippinense DSM 44226(T) (98.1%). The organism produced sporangium-like structures, the typical morphological characteristic of the genus Kibdelosporangium. The chemotaxonomic properties of this strain were also consistent with those of the genus Kibdelosporangium: the peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid; the predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H(4)); phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and an unknown phospholipid; iso-C(16:0), C(16:0), anteiso-C(15:0) and iso-C(15:0) as the predominant cellular fatty acids and the G+C content was 67.2 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain KLBMP 1111(T) and the three Kibdelosporangium species were less than 50%. This strain had the ability to produce a siderophore, utilized 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) as sole source of nitrogen and possessed ACC deaminase enzyme. Based on genotypic and phenotypic data, strain KLBMP 1111(T) represents a novel species in the genus Kibdelosporangium. We propose the name Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans sp. nov. for this species. The type strain is the strain KLBMP 1111(T) (=KCTC 19775(T) = CCTCC AA 2010001(T)).

Kineococcus endophytica sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from a coastal halophyte in Jiangsu, China.

A novel Gram-positive, motile, non-spore-forming coccus-shaped bacterial strain, designated KLBMP 1274(T), was isolated from a halophytic plant (Limonium sinense) collected from the coastal region of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, in east China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain KLBMP 1274(T) belongs to the genus Kineococcus and is closely related to Kineococcus rhizosphaerae RP-B16(T) (98.72 %), Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268(T) (98.71 %), Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS30216(T) (98.69 %) and Kineococcus gynurae KKD096(T) (97.33 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to other species of the genus Kineococcus was <97 %. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, with arabinose and galactose as the characteristic sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H(2)). The polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, an unknown phospholipid, an unknown glycolipid, and three unknown lipids. Major cellular fatty acids were found to be anteiso-C(15: 0) and iso-C(14: 0). The chemotaxonomic data for strain KLBMP 1274(T) were typical of the genus Kineococcus. The total DNA G+C content was 73.4 mol %. DNA-DNA relatedness and differential phenotypic data demonstrated that strain KLBMP 1274(T) was clearly distinguished from all closely related species of the genus Kineococcus. Thus, strain KLBMP 1274(T) represents a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1274(T) (=KCTC 19886 (T) = NBRC 108674(T)).

Pseudonocardia nantongensis sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from the coastal halophyte Tamarix chinensis Lour.

A novel isolate, designated strain KLBMP 1282(T) was isolated from the surface-sterilized leaves of a coastal halophyte Tamarix chinensis Lour., collected from Nantong, Jiangsu Province, east of China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that this strain belongs to the genus Pseudonocardia, being most closely related to Pseudonocardia kongjuensis LM 157(T) (98.33 %), Pseudonocardia autotrophica IMSNU 20050(T) (97.77 %), Pseudonocardia endophytica YIM 56035(T) (97.63 %), Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans H9 (T) (97.62 %) and Pseudonocardia compacta IMSNU 20111(T) (97.56 %); similarity to other type strains of the genus Pseudonocardia was <97.5 %. Chemotaxonomic data confirmed the affiliation of strain KLBMP 1282(T) to the genus Pseudonocardia. Strain KLBMP 1282(T) contained MK-8(H(4)) as the predominant ubiquinone and iso-C(16:0) as the major fatty acid. The polar lipids detected in strain KLBMP 1282(T) were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, one unknown phospholipid and four unknown glycolipids. The DNA G + C content of strain KLBMP 1282(T) was 73.1 mol %. The results of DNA-DNA hybridizations and the phylogenetic analysis, together with the phenotypic and biochemical tests, allowed the differentiation of strain KLBMP 1282(T) from strains of other recognized Pseudonocardia species. Therefore, strain KLBMP 1282(T) represents a novel species of the genus Pseudonocardia, for which the name Pseudonocardia nantongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1282(T) (=KCTC 29053(T) = NBRC 108677(T)).