Immunohistochemical p16 overexpression and Rb loss correlate with high-risk human papillomavirus infection in endocervical adenocarcinomas.

AIMS: p16 is a sensitive surrogate marker for transcriptionally active high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in endocervical adenocarcinoma (ECA); however, its specificity is not perfect. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined p16 and Rb expressions by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the transcriptionally active HR-HPV infection by mRNA in-situ hybridisation (ISH) with histological review in 108 ECA cases. Thirteen adenocarcinomas of endometrial or equivocal origin (six endometrioid and seven serous carcinomas) were compared as the control group. HR-HPV was detected in 83 of 108 ECA cases (77%), including five HPV-associated adenocarcinomas in situ and 78 invasive HPV-associated adenocarcinomas. All 83 HPV-positive cases showed consistent morphology, p16 positivity and partial loss pattern of Rb. Among the 25 cases of HPV-independent adenocarcinoma, four (16%) were positive for p16, and of these four cases, three of 14 (21%) were gastric type adenocarcinomas and one of 10 (10%) was a clear cell type adenocarcinoma. All 25 HPV-independent adenocarcinomas showed preserved expression of Rb irrespective of the p16 status. Similarly, all 13 cases of the control group were negative for HR-HPV with preserved expression of Rb, even though six of 13 (46%) cases were positive for p16. Compared with p16 alone, the combination of p16 overexpression and Rb partial loss pattern showed equally excellent sensitivity (each 100%) and improved specificity (100 versus 73.6%) and positive predictive values (100 versus 89.2%) in the ECA and control groups. Furthermore, HR-HPV infection correlated with better prognosis among invasive ECAs. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the combined use of p16 and Rb IHC could be a reliable method to predict HR-HPV infection in primary ECAs and mimics. This finding may contribute to prognostic prediction and therapeutic strategy.

A clinical analysis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a single-institution's experience.

PURPOSE: We herein report the treatment outcome of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) at Kyushu University Hospital, the total number of OPSCC cases, and changes in the proportion of human papilloma virus (HPV)-related carcinomas over time. METHOD: We performed a retrospective analysis of 237 cases treated for OPSCC at Kyushu University Hospital between 2013 and 2019. We performed HPV-mRNA in situ hybridization and p16 immunohistochemistry. RESULT: This study included 197 males (82.1%) and 40 females (17.9%). The disease-specific, progression-free and overall survival (OS) were 69%, 62% and 61%, respectively, over the decade-long study period. p16-Immunohistochemistory and highrisk HPV mRNA in situ hybridization were positive in 114 (48.1%) and 105 (44.3%) cases, respectively. The number of HPV-related OPSCC cases increased according to an annual analysis. HPV+ cases had a significantly better prognosis than HPV- cases. In addition, p16+/HPV- cases had a significantly worse prognosis than p16+/HPV+ cases (OS: p = 0.0484). HPV+ OPSCC cases were associated with a younger age (< 60 years old) (p = 0.0429), non-smoker (p = 0.0001), lateral tumor site (< 0.00001), lymphoid metastasis (< 0.0001) and low clinical stage (< 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The frequency of HPV-related OPSCC cases is increasing in Japan as well as worldwide, and such cases are characterized by no smoking habit, a young age, and a good prognosis. Even in p16+ OPSCC, HPV- cases had a poor prognosis, suggesting the importance of accurate HPV determination. To determine the intensity of treatment for HPV-related and non-related OPSCC, it is necessary to accumulate cases for the accurate HPV determination and comparison of treatment effects.

PD-L1 expression, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, mismatch repair deficiency, EGFR alteration and HPV infection in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.

The antitumor efficacies of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and the usefulness of potential predictive markers such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and microsatellite instability (MSI) in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) have not been fully elucidated. We retrospectively analyzed 131 SNSCCs with immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 expression, TIL subpopulations and loss of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins as a surrogate for MSI-high. We also comprehensively evaluated the mutual relationships among these immuno-markers, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene status, and KRAS mutation. PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score ≥ 1%) was detected in 60 (45.8%) SNSCC cases and was significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS) (p = 0.0240). High density of cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)-positive TILs was significantly associated with better progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.0368), and high density of forkhead box protein P3-positive TILs was significantly associated with better PFS and OS (p = 0.0007 and 0.0143, respectively). With respect to the combination of CD8 + TIL and PD-L1 expression, the high-CD8/PD-L1-negative group showed the most favorable prognosis, whereas the low-CD8/PD-L1-positive group showed the worst prognosis. MMR loss was detected in 3 (2.3%) of the 131 cases. HPV infection (6.1%), EGFR mutation (14.5%), EGFR copy number gain (26%), and MMR loss were essentially mutually exclusive; patients in these molecular groups showed significant differences in prognosis but not in the degree of PD-L1 expression or TILs. Among the nine ICI-treated patients, three (33.3%) were responders, and the EGFR-wild type cases (n = 7) showed better clinical responses to an ICI compared to the EGFR-mutant cases (n = 2). Among the patients with residual/recurrent EGFR-wild type tumors (n = 43), ICI treatment significantly improved OS (p = 0.0281). The results suggest that the evaluation of immuno-markers and molecular subclassification may be helpful for prognostic prediction and selecting an individualized therapeutic strategy for patients with SNSCC.

p16 overexpression and Rb loss correlate with high-risk HPV infection in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

AIMS: p16 is a sensitive surrogate marker for transcriptionally active high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), but it is not sufficient in all clinical settings. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the p16 and Rb expression status in 177 OPSCC cases by immunohistochemistry and the presence of transcriptionally active HR-HPV infection by mRNA in-situ hybridisation. The 177 cases were divided into p16+ /HPV+ (n = 105, 59.3%), p16+ /HPV- (n = 8, 4.5%) and p16- /HPV- (n = 64, 36.2%) groups. The p16+ /HPV- and p16- /HPV- groups had a trend towards worse overall survival (OS) or significantly worse OS than the p16+ /HPV+ group (n = 105) (P = 0.0610, P = 0.0004, respectively). We divided the Rb status into preserved expression (> 90%, n = 68), partial loss (PL) (10-90%, n = 97) and complete loss (CL) (< 10%, n = 12). Among the HPV-positive cases (n = 105), the Rb pattern was typically PL (n = 97, 92.4%) and rarely CL (n = 8, 7.6%), but never preserved expression (0%). In contrast, among the HPV-negative cases (n = 72), the Rb pattern was typically preserved expression (n = 68, 94.4%) and rarely CL (n = 4, 5.6%), but never PL (0%). Compared to p16 alone, the combination of p16 overexpression and Rb-PL/CL showed equally excellent sensitivity (each 100%) and improved specificity (97.2 versus 88.9%) and positive predictive values (98.1 versus 92.9%). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the combined use of p16 and Rb immunohistochemistry could be a reliable, cost-effective method to predict HR-HPV infection in OPSCCs; however, HPV specific testing is necessary on inconclusive cases. We propose a diagnostic algorithm for practical use of these markers.

Clinical Analysis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Single-institution Experience.

Background/Aim: There is limited evidence about the significance of head and neck surgical observation at the time of diagnosis and follow-up of oral cancer after treatment. The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognosis and prognostic factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), analyze cases of double cancers, and highlight the importance of examinations during both diagnosis and post-treatment for OSCC. Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 272 OSCC cases treated for the first time during a 10-year period from April 2013 to March 2023 at Kyushu University Hospital. Information obtained in the clinical setting, such as age, stage, prognosis, and presence of double cancers, was used in the analysis. Results: The mean age of 272 patients was 69 years; 203 patients were males and 69 were females. The most common oral cancer sites were the tongue (54.4%). The 5-year overall survival rate was 63.8%. Double cancer was found in 93 patients (34.2%). Synchronous double cancers were found in 38 patients (14.0%), 50% of whose cancer types were head and neck cancers. Conclusion: We analyzed 272 OSCC patients treated at the Kyushu University Hospital, and the results were comparable to those reported by other institutions. Tumor site, age, and stage were identified as prognostic factors. Half of the patients with synchronous double cancers had head and neck cancer, and 3-10% of patients with double cancers after treatment for OSCC also had head and neck cancer, suggesting the importance of otorhinolaryngological observation at the time of the diagnosis and after treatment.

The combination of p16 and Rb expression pattern is helpful to predict high-risk HPV infection and the primary site in lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma.

Identifying the primary site of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in lymph nodes can be challenging. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis recently revealed that high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) typically show overexpression of p16 protein and a partial loss pattern of Rb. Nevertheless, the status of these markers in metastatic lesions is still unclear. In this study, we examined p16 and Rb expression status by IHC and transcriptionally active HR-HPV infection by mRNA in situ hybridization in paired primary and metastatic SCC lesions. A total of 50 patients with OPSCCs (n=17), hypopharyngeal SCCs (n=16), laryngeal SCCs (n=6), or uterine cervical SCCs (n=11) were enrolled. HR-HPV and p16 were positive in 21/50 (42 %) and 23/50 (46 %) patients, respectively. Primary and metastatic lesions showed concordant results for those three markers in individual patients. Among the p16-positive patients (n=23), HPV-positive cases typically showed a partial loss of Rb (n=20) and, rarely, a complete loss of Rb (n=1), whereas HPV-negative cases showed preserved Rb expression (n=2). All 27 p16-negative cases lacked HPV infection, while preserved expression and complete loss of Rb were observed in 26 and 1 of the p16-negative cases, respectively. Compared to standalone p16, the combination of p16 overexpression and Rb-partial/complete loss showed equally excellent sensitivity and negative predictive value (each 100 %) as well as improved specificity (100 % versus 93.1 %) and positive predictive value (100 % versus 91.3 %). Our results suggest that combining p16 and Rb expression patterns may be helpful in screening for HR-HPV infection in metastatic lymph nodes and in estimating the primary site of SCC.

Correction: Effectiveness and safety of weekly paclitaxel and cetuximab as a salvage chemotherapy following immune checkpoint inhibitors for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a multicenter clinical study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271907.].

Cholesterol granuloma of the anterior mediastinum: A case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Cholesterol granulomas, which frequently present in the temporal bone of the skull, are recognized as benign lesions occurring due to chronic inflammation or hemorrhage. However, cholesterol granuloma of the mediastinum is extremely rare. PRESENTATION OF CASE: An asymptomatic 43-year-old man with an incidental finding of anterior mediastinal mass by positron emission tomography scan was referred to our hospital. Preoperative computed tomography showed a well-circumscribed nodule 2 cm in size in the anterior mediastinum. A total tumor resection through a suprasternal approach was performed. Microscopically, numerous cholesterol clefts with an alveolar-like growth pattern and foreign body reaction were observed, indicating a pathological diagnosis of cholesterol granuloma. DISCUSSION: Cholesterol granuloma is generally thought to be initiated by cell degeneration and hemorrhage resulting from trauma or inflammation. The patient's long-term rugby experience may have played a role in the development of cholesterol granuloma. It is difficult to diagnose a cholesterol granuloma based on preoperative imaging alone, and anatomy often makes preoperative biopsy or cytology difficult. CONCLUSION: Complete resection and pathological examination may be unavoidable for diagnosis and treatment.

Utility of Precision Oncology Using Cancer Genomic Profiling for Head and Neck Malignancies.

BACKGROUND/AIM: In recent years, individual patient cancer genomic profiling (CGP) has become more accessible, allowing determination of therapeutic strategies using driver gene mutations in cancer therapy. However, this precision oncology approach, tailored to specific patients, remains experimental. In this study, we verified the feasibility and benefit of using CGP to guide treatment of malignant head and neck tumors. We aimed to evaluate the profiling and clinical courses of patients with head and neck malignancies who underwent CGP and determine the extent to which CGP for head and neck malignancies has resulted in beneficial drug administration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed CGP results, prognosis, and drug administration status in 27 patients. These patients had completed (or were expected to complete) standard therapy or had rare cancers without standard therapy. RESULTS: At least one somatic actionable gene alteration was seen in 25 (92.6%) patients, with a median number of actionable alterations per patient of 4 (range=0-11). Drugs in clinical trials were recommended to 22 (81.5%) patients, but none could participate. However, 3 patients (11.1%) could use approved drugs off-label based on CGP results. The most common genetic abnormality was TP53 (66.7%), with TP53 mutations leading to poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: CGP is clinically useful and serves as a bridge to increase the number of therapeutic options. However, candidate drugs confirmed using CGP may be ineffective when administered. Therefore, oncologists should not blindly accept CGP therapeutic recommendations but should make recommendations that lead to optimal therapies after proper verification.

Clinical Management of Early-Stage Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Single-Institution Clinical Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Early detection of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is important for both an improved prognosis and less-invasive treatment. We retrospectively analyzed the detection rates of early hypopharyngeal SCCs according to the evaluation methods and the clinical management of early hypopharyngeal SCCs. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with early hypopharyngeal SCC who were diagnosed were reviewed. RESULTS: The number of early hypopharyngeal cancer patients with asymptomatic or synchronous or metachronous esophageal cancer examined by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (NBI) was significantly higher than those examined by laryngopharyngeal endoscopy with NBI. The 3-year disease-specific survival rates according to T classification were as follows: Tis, 100%; T1, 100%; T2, 79.8%; and overall, 91.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Early-stage hypopharyngeal SCC can be cured by minimally invasive transoral surgery or radiotherapy. Observation of the pharynx using NBI in patients with a history of head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, or pharyngeal discomfort is very important, and routinely examining the pharynx with NBI, even in patients undergoing endoscopy for screening purposes, is recommended.

Utility of FDG PET at the Initial Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has a good prognosis, except in the case of patients with radioiodine therapy (RIT)-refractory cancer. However, since DTC is essentially a slowly progressing cancer, it is usually judged to be a DTC with a poor prognosis after multiple RITs and yearly follow-up with echo, computed tomography (CT), and serum thyroglobulin values. This study investigated whether fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT (FDG PET/CT) combined with initial RIT could identify early-stage patients with poor prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 100 patients with high-risk DTC who underwent total thyroidectomy and received RIT at our institution. We analyzed the clinical outcomes of patients and 18F-FDG accumulation using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: The 10-year overall survival (OS) was 87.9%, with no significant difference in OS between 18F-FDG accumulation at pre-total or near-total thyroidectomy (NTT) (p=0.180) and 131I accumulation at initial RIT (p=0.577). However, 18F-FDG positive patients had a significantly worse prognosis than negative patients (p=0.005) at initial RIT. CONCLUSION: 18F-FDG PET/CT plays an important role in both the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of RIT refractory disease in DTC patients. 18F-FDG PET/CT can be a useful tool particularly at the time of initial RIT since the 18F-FDG accumulation enables the screening of high-risk DTC with poor prognosis at a very early time stage.

Lacrimal Sac Tumors: A Single-institution Experience, Including New Insights.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Lacrimal sac tumors are rare tumor types, with a long time interval from disease onset to diagnosis. We aimed to investigate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with lacrimal sac tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 25 patients with lacrimal sac tumors initially treated at the Kyushu university hospital from January 1996 to July 2020 were reviewed. RESULTS: Our analysis included 3 epithelial benign tumors (12.0%) and 22 malignant (88.0%) tumors (squamous cell carcinoma, n=6; adenoid cystic carcinoma, n=2; sebaceous adenocarcinoma, n=2; mucoepidermoid carcinoma, n=1; malignant lymphoma, n=10). The average time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 14.7 months (median=8 months; range=1-96 months). The analysis of patients revealed that lacrimal sac mass (22/25, 88.0%) was the most frequent symptom and a possible tumor marker. Most epithelial benign (n=3) and malignant epithelial (n=12) tumors were treated surgically (14/15, 93.3%). One malignant case was treated with heavy ion beam therapy. Eight patients were treated with postoperative (chemo)radiation therapy because of positive surgical margins (including one unanalyzed case). Local control was ultimately achieved in all but one case. The patient survived for 24 months with immune checkpoint inhibitors and subsequent chemotherapy for local and metastatic recurrence. CONCLUSION: We report our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of lacrimal sac tumors and analyze the clinical trends in cases involving these tumors. Postoperative radiotherapy and pharmacotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, may be useful for recurrent cases.

HPV Infection in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx, Larynx, and Oropharynx With Multisite Involvement.

The prevalence and prognostic significance of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) have been well-established in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), but not in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC) or laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Moreover, HR-HPV infection in squamous cell carcinoma with multisite involvement has not been examined. To clarify these issues, we retrospectively collected 480 invasive tumors from 467 patients with HPSCC, LSCC, or OPSCC, and comprehensively analyzed the detailed tumor localization, transcriptionally active HR-HPV infection by messenger RNA in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining for p16 and Rb. HR-HPV infection was observed in 115/480 tumors (24%). Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cases were closely related with p16 positivity and the partial loss pattern of Rb. HR-HPV was detected in 104 of 161 tumors (64.6%) in the pure OPSCC group and only 1 of 253 tumors (0.4%) in the pure HP/LSCC group; the positive case occurred in the vocal cords. In the multisite-involving combined-type squamous cell carcinoma group, HPV infection was observed in 10/40 (25%) cases, and the 10 HPV-positive cases had OPSCC extending to the larynx or hypopharynx. Among high T-stage (T3/T4) cases of pure OPSCC, HPV-positive cases showed a better prognosis ( P =0.0144), whereas the HPV-positive combined OPSCC group did not show a better prognosis ( P =0.9428), as compared with HPV-negative counterpart. The results suggest that HR-HPV infection in pure HPSCC and LSCC may be extremely rare. HR-HPV infection seems to be present in a substantial proportion of patients with combined OPSCC and HPSCC/LSCC, but it may not improve prognosis at such advanced disease stages. Confirmation of these points awaits future studies with larger cohorts.

Pembrolizumab Monotherapy Versus Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy in Patients With Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab with chemotherapy (combination therapy) are standard treatments for recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M-HNSCC). This study aimed to explore which of the two, pembrolizumab monotherapy or combination therapy is superior for long-term use. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants of the study were 139 patients with histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma who had been treated with pembrolizumab monotherapy or combination therapy at the Kyushu University and related facilities. We analysed differences regarding long-term survival rate and adverse events (AEs) between the pembrolizumab monotherapy and combination therapy groups. RESULTS: The overall 2-year progression-free survival and 2-year overall survival were 28.6% and 41.8%, respectively; these results were not significantly different between the two groups. Patients in the monotherapy group with AEs had a significantly better prognosis than those without AEs (in both the monotherapy and combination therapy groups). In the combination therapy group, there was no difference in prognosis between those with AEs and those without AEs (p=0.636). CONCLUSION: Considering the treatment of R/M-HNSCC from a long-term perspective, we identified that it is better to use pembrolizumab as monotherapy than to use it in combination with chemotherapy. Combination therapy did not improve prognosis; moreover, it can also cause additional adverse effects.

Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Current and Emerging Treatment Options.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has seen improved treatment outcomes and a decrease in incidence worldwide in recent years due to developments in medicine and improved public health. However, 70% of cases are still diagnosed at advanced stages and these advanced NPC cases show a poor prognosis. Reports on current and future treatment in advanced NPC are summarized. Chemoradiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for advanced NPC. The administration of platinum agents as a concurrent drug and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is the most appropriate irradiation method, and is associated with high local control rates. For induction and adjuvant chemotherapy, platinum-based two- or three-drug combination chemotherapy is recommended. The tumour volume, plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA levels, and the tumour site are used to determine the indication for adjuvant and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. The tolerability of induction chemotherapy is controversial, and the indications and timing should be carefully considered in each case. Chemotherapy is used for patients with distant metastasis. Gemcitabine/cisplatin is the first-line regimen. The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment has recently been reported for NPC and, as in other areas of the head and neck, it is expected to be effective for patients with recurrent/distant metastasis. Trials are underway for various uses of ICIs, including induction chemotherapy, postoperative treatment, and use in combination with chemoradiotherapy. Immunotherapy for NPC, an EBV-associated cancer, has been reported to have some efficacy with immunotherapy used in other EBV-associated cancers. Immunotherapy may be introduced for NPC in the future, depending on the results of clinical trials. Future changes in the treatment of NPC are expected to include risk classification based on plasma EBV-DNA levels and the development of personalized treatment with individual selection of timing and type of therapy.

Delayed pharyngocutaneous fistula caused by molecular targeted therapy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Molecular-targeted agents used as a treatment for cancer can cause some rare and serious adverse events such as, delayed wound healing. Depending on the anticancer drug used, temporary withdrawal may be recommended before and after surgery to avoid complications. Once a surgical incision has healed and closed completely, wounds rarely open because of the initiation of molecular targeted therapy several months to years after surgery. Here, we aimed to describe a rare complication of pharyngocutaneous fistula in two patients that was thought to be caused by molecular targeted therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: Case 1 involved a 64-year-old asian man who developed a delayed pharyngocutaneous fistula 3 months after total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer. Ramucirumab, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor used for recurrent gastric cancer, was speculated to be involved. Case 2 involved a 71-year-old japanese man who developed a delayed pharyngocutaneous fistula 2 years and 1 month after total pharyngeal laryngectomy for pharyngeal cancer. It was speculated that imatinib, a platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha inhibitor used for chronic myeloid leukemia, was involved. CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidence of late drug-induced anastomotic leakage is very low, when it occurs, it makes oral intake impossible for an extended period and interferes with the appropriate cancer treatment. In this report, we demonstrate the details of these two patients with such a rare complication, which may help accumulate essential data on this topic.

Inflammation-based Prognostic Score as a Prognostic Biomarker in Patients With Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated With Nivolumab Therapy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The inflammation-based prognostic score (IBPS) has attracted attention recently as a prognostic biomarker for head and neck cancer patients. However, as the IBPS often changes after anticancer drug therapy, its independent prognostic value remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the IBPS and prognosis in recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (RMHNSCC) treated with nivolumab, and investigate changes in the IBPS before and after nivolumab treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Total of 164 patients with RMHNSCC received nivolumab therapy were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Univariate analysis among the 164 patients revealed that the performance status (PS), immune-related adverse event (irAE) status, pre- and post-therapy Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and post-eosinophil count, were all significant predictors of overall survival (OS) (p<0.05). A multivariate analysis revealed that PS, irAEs, post-GPS, post-NLR, post-CAR, and post-eosinophil count were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION: Post-treatment factors were identified as independent prognostic factors for RMHNSCC and can more accurately predict prognosis compared to nivolumab-treated RMHNSCC pre-treatment factors.

Five-year Follow-up of Patients With Head and Neck Cancer Treated With Nivolumab and Long-term Responders for Over Two Years.

BACKGROUND/AIM: A long-term effect has been confirmed in clinical practice since the introduction of nivolumab for treating various malignant tumors. A similar phenomenon is speculated to occur in head and neck cancer; however, details remain unclear due to the lack of long-term reports. We aimed to investigate the five-year outcomes in long-term responders for over two years, and evaluate the optimal duration of therapy with nivolumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed 203 cases of recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/MHNSCC), including 33 long-term responders. RESULTS: The median overall survival (OS), 5-year OS, median progression-free survival (PFS), and 5-year PFS values in the 203 cases were 13.1 months, 19.2%, 3.1 months, and 13.2%, respectively. Of the 33 long-term responders, 14 (42.4%) continued using nivolumab for more than 2 years. The remaining 19 patients (57.6%) discontinued nivolumab. The most common reason for discontinuation was severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs) (9 cases; 27.3%); in these 9 cases, the median disease-free survival was 33.2 (range=10.7-44.3) months. Nine patients (21.2%) were considered to have progressive disease (PD) after at least 2 years of administration, and 3 patients (9.1%) requested to discontinue treatment because a complete response (CR) was achieved. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the durable and long-term benefit of nivolumab in R/MHNSCC. In the future, we aim to accumulate real-world data for the establishment of criteria for completion of nivolumab treatment in long-term responders.

High-risk HPV-related Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Conjunctiva and Lacrimal sac: Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Diagnostic Utility of p16 and Rb Immunohistochemistry.

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in conjunctival and lacrimal sac squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) has been sporadically reported; however, its prevalence, clinicopathologic significance and surrogate markers have not been fully elucidated. Here, we attempted to clarify these questions in Japanese patients with conjunctiva and lacrimal sac SCCs. We retrospectively collected 51 conjunctival SCC and 7 lacrimal sac SCC samples and analyzed them for (1) transcriptionally active high-risk HPV infection using messenger RNA in situ hybridization and (2) protein expressions of p16 and Rb using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Among a total of 58 cases, 25 (43.1%) and 16 (27.6%) tumors were positive for p16-IHC and HPV in situ hybridization, respectively. Ten (19.6%) of the 51 conjunctival SCCs, especially in the palpebral conjunctiva, and 6 (85.7%) of the 7 lacrimal sac SCCs were positive for high-risk HPV. High-risk HPV infection was significantly associated with younger patients, nonkeratinizing SCC histology, p16-positivity and partial loss of Rb expression, but not with recurrence risk. Notably, p16-IHC was not a perfect surrogate marker for high-risk HPV infection; only 64% (16/25) of p16-positive tumors were positive for high-risk HPV. In contrast, the p16+/Rb partial loss pattern was exclusively correlated with high-risk HPV-positivity. The results suggest that the combination of p16 and Rb expression patterns by IHC could be a useful method to predict high-risk HPV infection in conjunctival and lacrimal sac SCCs. HPV infection may be of less prognostic value in this field of cancers.

Effectiveness and safety of weekly paclitaxel and cetuximab as a salvage chemotherapy following immune checkpoint inhibitors for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A multicenter clinical study.

OBJECTIVES: The benefit of sequential therapy after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) has been recently reported. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in the impact of cetuximab (Cmab)-containing salvage chemotherapy (SCT) and the therapeutic efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of Cmab administration prior to ICI administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 52 patients with R/M HNSCC treated with SCT (weekly paclitaxel [PTX], n = 7, or weekly PTX and Cmab [PC], n = 45). RESULTS: The objective response rate (ORR) and a disease control rate (DCR) was 53.3% and 91.1% in the PC group and 42.9% and 57.1% in the PTX group, respectively. There was a significant difference in the DCR between the PC and PTX groups (p = 0.0143). The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival were significantly better in the PC group than in the PTX group. On the other hand, the incidence of drug-induced interstitial pneumonia (DI-IP) in R/M HNSCC patients who received SCT was 21.2%. Patients in the PC group were divided according to whether they received Cmab (Group A) or did not receive Cmab (Group B) as palliative therapy prior to ICIs. Group B had a significantly better OS than Group A. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the incidence rate of DI-IP during SCT might be higher in Group B. CONCLUSION: Although PC following ICIs shows dramatic efficacy, careful monitoring of AEs, including DI-IP, is recommended.