RESUMO
The 3-isoxazolol amino acids (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolyl)propionic acid [(S)-AMPA, 2] and (R,S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)acetic acid (AMAA, 5a) (Figure 1) are potent and specific agonists at the AMPA and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) subtypes, respectively, of (S)-glutamic acid (1) receptors. A number of amino acids and diacids structurally related to AMAA were synthesized and tested electrophysiologically and in receptor-binding assays. The hydroxymethyl analogue 7c of AMAA was an NMDA agonist approximately equipotent with AMAA in the [3H]CPP-binding assay (IC50 = 7 +/- 3 microM) and electropharmacologically in the rat cortical wedge model (EC50 = 8 +/- 2 microM). In contrast to this, the tertbutyl analogue 7a of AMAA turned out to be an antagonist at NMDA and AMPA receptors. The conformational characteristics of AMAA and 7a, c were studied by molecular mechanics calculations. Compound 7a possesses extra steric bulk and shows significant restriction of conformational flexibility compared to AMAA and 7c, which may be determining factors for the observed differences in biological activity. Although the nitrogen atom of quinolinic acid (6) has very weak basic character, 6 is a, perhaps subtype-selective, NMDA receptor agonist and a potent neurotoxic agent. These aspects prompted us to synthesize and test the diacids 8a, b, in which the amino group of AMAA has been replaced by a methylthio and methoxy group, respectively. Neither compound showed significant affinity for nor depolarizing effects at NMDA receptors. The hydroxymethyl AMPA analogue 3c showed no interaction with NMDA receptors and only weak AMPA agonist effects.
Assuntos
Acetatos/química , Isoxazóis/química , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Acetatos/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacologia , Animais , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Maleato de Dizocilpina/metabolismo , Glicina/metabolismo , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Isoxazóis/metabolismo , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Ligantes , Conformação Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , N-Metilaspartato/farmacologia , Ratos , Receptores de AMPA/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/efeitos dos fármacos , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Termodinâmica , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/farmacologiaRESUMO
(R,S)-2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)acetic acid [(R,S)-AMAA, 4] is a potent and selective agonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) subtype of excitatory amino acid receptors. Using the Ugi "four-component condensation" method, the two diastereomers (2R)- and (2S)-2-[3-(benzyloxy)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl]N-tert-butyl-2- [N-[(S)-1-phenylethyl]benzamido]-acetamide (16 and 17, respectively) were synthesized and separated chromatographically. The absolute stereochemistry of 16 was confirmed by an X-ray analysis. Deprotection of these intermediates did, however, provide (R)- (8) and (S)- (9) AMAA, respectively, in extensively racemized forms. N-BOC-protected (R,S)-AMAA (21) was successfully resolved via diastereomeric salt formation using cinchonidine. The stereochemical purity and stability of 8 and 9 obtained via this resolution were determined using chiral HPLC. (R)-AMAA (8) showed peak affinity for [3H]AMPA receptor sites (IC50 = 72 +/- 13 microM) and was shown to be a more potent inhibitor of [3H]CPP binding (IC50 = 3.7 +/- 1.5 microM) than (S)-AMAA (9) (IC50 = 61 +/- 6.4 microM). Neither enantiomer of AMAA affected [3H]kainic acid receptor binding significantly. In electrophysiological studies using rat brain tissue, 8 (EC50 = 7.3 +/- 0.3 microM) was 1 order of magnitude more potent than 9 (EC50 = 75 +/- 9 microM) as an NMDA receptor agonist.
Assuntos
Acetatos/farmacologia , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/agonistas , Acetatos/síntese química , Acetatos/química , Animais , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cristalografia por Raios X , Eletrofisiologia , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/síntese química , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Técnicas In Vitro , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Isoxazóis/química , Estrutura Molecular , Ratos , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Receptores de Ácido Caínico/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
(RS)-5-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)pentanoic acid (10) and the R-form (11) and S-form (12) of (RS)-5-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)pentanoic acid, which are homologues of the 4-aminobutanoic acidB (GABAB) receptor agonist (RS)-4-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)butanoic acid (baclofen), were synthesized. Compound 10 was synthesized by homologation at the carboxyl end of baclofen using a seven-step reaction sequence. N-Boc-protected (4R, 5R)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2-piperidone (18) was deoxygenated via a modified Barton-McCombie reaction to give N-Boc-protected (R)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-piperidone (20), which was ring opened and deprotected to give 11.HCl. The corresponding S-enantiomer, 12.HCl, was synthesized analogously from the 4S,5S-enantiomer of 18, compound 21. The enantiomeric purities of 11.HCl (ee = 99.8%) and 12. HCl (ee = 99.3%) were determined by chiral HPLC. Compound 10 did not show detectable affinity for GABAA or GABAB receptor sites and was inactive as an agonist or an antagonist at GABAB receptors in the guinea pig ileum. Like the enantiomers of baclofen, neither 11 nor 12 showed detectable affinity for GABAA receptor sites, and in agreement with the findings for (S)-baclofen, 12 did not interact significantly with GABAB receptor sites. Compound 11 (IC50 = 7.4 +/- 0.6 microM), a homologue of (R)-baclofen (2), was shown to be some 50 times weaker than 2 (IC50 = 0.14 +/- 0.01 microM) as an inhibitor of GABAB binding. Accordingly, 11 (EC50 = 150 +/- 23 microM) was shown to be weaker than 2 (EC50 = 11 +/- 1 microM) as an inhibitor of electrically induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum. However, whereas this effect of 2 was sensitive to the GABAB antagonist, CGP35348 (4), the inhibition by 11 was not significantly affected. Furthermore, 12 (EC50 = 310 +/- 16 microM) was shown to be one-half as potent as 11 in this test system, and this effect of 12 also was insensitive to 4. The dissimilarities of the pharmacological effects of 2 and compounds 11 and 12 were emphasized by the observation that whereas 2 only inhibits the ileum contraction by 59 +/- 5%, 11 as well as 12 were shown to inhibit this response by approximately 94%. Neither 11 nor 12 appeared to affect significantly cholinergic mechanisms in the ileum, and their mechanism(s) of action remain enigmatic.
Assuntos
Baclofeno/química , GABAérgicos/síntese química , Ácidos Pentanoicos/síntese química , Animais , Ligação Competitiva , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/ultraestrutura , GABAérgicos/química , GABAérgicos/metabolismo , GABAérgicos/farmacologia , Cobaias , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/fisiologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/fisiologia , Ácidos Pentanoicos/química , Ácidos Pentanoicos/metabolismo , Ácidos Pentanoicos/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de GABA-A/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Receptores de GABA-B/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de GABA-B/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Membranas Sinápticas/metabolismoRESUMO
Using ibotenic acid (2) as a lead, two series of 3-isoxazolol amino acid ligands for (S)-glutamic acid (Glu, 1) receptors have been developed. Whereas analogues of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid [AMPA, (RS)-3] interact selectively with ionotropic Glu receptors (iGluRs), the few analogues of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolyl)propionic acid [HIBO, (RS)-4] so far known typically interact with iGluRs as well as metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluRs). We here report the synthesis and pharmacology of a series of 4-substituted analogues of HIBO. The hexyl analogue 9 was shown to be an antagonist at group I mGluRs. The effects of 9 were shown to reside exclusively in (S)-9 (K(b) = 30 microM at mGlu(1) and K(b) = 61 microM at mGlu(5)). The lower homologue of 9, compound 8, showed comparable effects at mGluRs, but 8 also was a weak agonist at the AMPA subtype of iGluRs. Like 9, the higher homologue, compound 10, did not interact with iGluRs, but 10 selectively antagonized mGlu(1) (K(b) = 160 microM) showing very weak antagonist effect at mGlu(5) (K(b) = 990 microM). The phenyl analogue 11 turned out to be an AMPA agonist and an antagonist at mGlu(1) and mGlu(5), and these effects were shown to originate in (S)-11 (EC(50) = 395 microM, K(b) = 86 and 90 microM, respectively). Compound 9, administered icv, but not sc, was shown to protect mice against convulsions induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA). Compounds 9 and 11 were resolved using chiral HPLC, and the configurational assignments of the enantiomers were based on X-ray crystallographic analyses.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/síntese química , Anticonvulsivantes/síntese química , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/síntese química , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Propionatos/síntese química , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/antagonistas & inibidores , Aminoácidos/química , Aminoácidos/farmacologia , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/química , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Células CHO , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cricetinae , Cristalografia por Raios X , Eletrofisiologia , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Ligantes , Masculino , Camundongos , Propionatos/química , Propionatos/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptor de Glutamato Metabotrópico 5 , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
(RS)-2-Amino-3-(4-butyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)propionic acid (Bu-HIBO, 6) has previously been shown to be an agonist at (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors and an inhibitor of CaCl2-dependent [3H]-(S)-glutamic acid binding (J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 3512-3519). To elucidate the pharmacological significance of this latter binding affinity, which is also shown by quisqualic acid (3) but not by AMPA, we have now resolved Bu-HIBO via diastereomeric salt formation using the diprotected Bu-HIBO derivative 11 and the enantiomers of 1-phenylethylamine (PEA). The absolute stereochemistry of (S)-Bu-HIBO (7) (ee = 99.0%) and (R)-Bu-HIBO (8) (ee > 99.6%) were established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of compound 15, a salt of (R)-PEA, and diprotected 8. Circular dichroism spectra of 7 and 8 were recorded. Whereas 7 (IC50 = 0.64 microM) and 8 (IC50 = 0.57 microM) were equipotent as inhibitors of CaCl2-dependent [3H]-(S)-glutamic acid binding, neither enantiomer showed significant affinity for the synaptosomal (S)-glutamic acid uptake system(s). AMPA receptor affinity (IC50 = 0.48 microM) and agonism (EC50 = 17 microM) were shown to reside exclusively in the S-enantiomer, 7. Compounds 7 and 8 did not interact detectably with kainic acid or N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor sites. Neither 7 nor 8 affected the function of the metabotropic (S)-glutamic acid receptors mGlu2 and mGlu4a, expressed in CHO cells. Compound 8 was shown also to be inactive at mGlu1 alpha, whereas 7 was determined to be a moderately potent antagonist at mGlu1 alpha (Ki = 110 microM) and mGlu5a (Ki = 97 microM). Using the rat cortical wedge preparation, the AMPA receptor agonist effect of 7 was markedly potentiated by coadministration of 8 at 21 degrees C, but not at 2-4 degrees C. These observations together indicate that the potentiation of the AMPA receptor agonism of 7 by 8 is not mediated by metabotropic (S)-glutamate receptors but rather by the CaCl2-dependent (S)-glutamic acid binding system, which shows the characteristics of a transport mechanism. After intravenous administration in mice, 7 (ED50 = 44 mumol/kg) was slightly more potent than AMPA (1) (ED50 = 55 mumol/kg) and twice as potent as Bu-HIBO (6) (ED50 = 94 mumol/kg) as a convulsant, whereas 8 was inactive. After subcutaneous administration in mice, Bu-HIBO (ED50 = 110 mumol/kg) was twice as potent as AMPA (ED50 = 220 mumol/kg) as a convulsant. Since 7 and Bu-HIBO (EC50 = 37 microM) are much weaker than AMPA (EC50 = 3.5 microM) as AMPA receptor agonists in vitro, the presence of a butyl group in the molecules of Bu-HIBO and 7 seems to facilitate the penetration of these compounds through the blood-brain barrier.
Assuntos
Alanina/análogos & derivados , Cloreto de Cálcio/metabolismo , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de Glutamato/efeitos dos fármacos , Alanina/química , Alanina/metabolismo , Alanina/farmacologia , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/química , Anticonvulsivantes/metabolismo , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Células CHO , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cricetinae , Cristalografia por Raios X , Eletrofisiologia , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/metabolismo , Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Conformação Molecular , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/biossíntese , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/efeitos dos fármacos , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Our previous publication (J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 3188-3194) described (RS)-2-amino-4-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)butyric acid (Homo-AMPA) as a highly selective agonist at the mGlu6 subtype of metabotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors. Homo-AMPA has already become a standard agonist for the pharmacological characterization of mGlu6 (Trends Pharmacol. Sci. Suppl. 1997, 37-39), and we here report the resolution, configurational assignment, and pharmacology of (S)- (6) and (R)- (7) Homo-AMPA. Using the "Ugi four-component condensation", 3-(3-ethoxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propanal (10) was converted into the separable diastereomeric derivatives of 6 and 7, compounds 12 and 11, respectively. Deprotection of 12, in one or two steps, gave extensively racemized 6, which was converted in low yield into 6 (99.0% ee) through several crystallizations. 6 (99.7% ee) and 7 (99.9% ee) were finally obtained by preparative chiral HPLC. The configurational assignments of 6 and 7 were based on 1H NMR spectroscopic studies on 12 and 11, respectively, and circular dichroism studies on 6 and 7. Values of optical rotations using different solvents and the chiral HPLC elution order of 6 and 7 supported the results of the spectroscopic configurational assignments. The activities of 6 and 7 at ionotropic EAA (iGlu) receptors and at mGlu1-7 were studied. (S)-Homo-AMPA (6) was shown to be a specific agonist at mGlu6 (EC50 = 58 +/- 11 microM) comparable in potency with the endogenous mGlu agonist (S)-glutamic acid (EC50 = 20 +/- 3 microM). Although Homo-AMPA did not show significant effects at iGlu receptors, (R)-Homo-AMPA (7), which was inactive at mGlu1-7, turned out to be a weak N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist (IC50 = 131 +/- 18 microM).
Assuntos
Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/agonistas , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/análogos & derivados , Animais , Células CHO , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cricetinae , AMP Cíclico/biossíntese , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Hidrólise , Técnicas In Vitro , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfatidilinositóis/metabolismo , Ratos , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/classificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/agonistas , Proteínas Recombinantes/classificação , Estereoisomerismo , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/química , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/farmacologiaRESUMO
We have previously shown that (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid [(S)-APPA, 2] is a weak agonist at (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, specifically activated by (S)-AMPA (1), whereas (S)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-pyridyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid [(S)-2-Py-AMPA, 5] and (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-thiazolyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid (4) are potent AMPA agonists. On the other hand, (R)-APPA (3) and (R)-2-Py-AMPA (6) have been shown to be weak AMPA antagonists. We now report the synthesis of 2-Py-AMPA (7a) and the isomeric compounds 3-Py-AMPA (7b) and 4-Py-AMPA (7c) as well as the 7a analogues, (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)-4-isoxazolyl]p ropion ic acid (7d) and (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-quinolinyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid (7e). Furthermore, (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-furyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid (2-Fu-AMPA, 7f) and its 5-bromo-2-furyl derivative (7g) were synthesized, and (S)-2-Fu-AMPA (8) and (R)-2-Fu-AMPA (9) were prepared by semipreparative chiral HPLC resolution of 7f. HPLC analyses and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated the absolute stereochemistry of 8 and 9 to be S and R, respectively. This was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of 9.HCl. In receptor binding (IC50 values) and rat cortical wedge electrophysiological (EC50 values) studies, 7c (IC50 = 5.5 +/- 0.6 microM; EC50 = 96 +/- 5 microM) was shown to be markedly weaker than 7a (IC50 = 0.57 +/- 0.16 microM; EC50 = 7.4 +/- 0.2 microM) as an AMPA agonist, whereas 7b,d,e were inactive. The very potent AMPA agonist effect of 7f (IC50 = 0.15 +/- 0.03 microM; EC50 = 1.7 +/- 0. 2 microM) was shown to reside exclusively in 8 (IC50 = 0.11 +/- 0.01 microM; EC50 = 0.71 +/- 0.11 microM), whereas 9 did not interact significantly with AMPA receptors, either as an agonist or as an antagonist. 8 was shown to be photochemically active and is a potential photoaffinity label for the recognition site of the AMPA receptors. Compound 7g turned out to be a very weak AMPA receptor agonist (IC50 = 12 +/- 0.7 microM; EC50 = 160 +/- 15 microM). None of these new compounds showed detectable effects at N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) or kainic acid receptors in vitro. The present studies have emphasized that the presence of a heteroatom in the 2-position of the heteroaryl 5-substituent greatly facilitates AMPA receptor agonist activity.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/síntese química , Furanos/síntese química , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Receptores de AMPA/agonistas , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/síntese química , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Dicroísmo Circular , Cristalografia por Raios X , Eletrofisiologia , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/síntese química , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Marcadores de Fotoafinidade/síntese química , Marcadores de Fotoafinidade/química , Marcadores de Fotoafinidade/farmacologia , Fotoquímica , Ratos , Receptores de AMPA/antagonistas & inibidores , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/análogos & derivados , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/química , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/farmacologiaRESUMO
We have studied the pharmacological effects of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) and the enantiomers of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-1,2, 5-thiadiazol-4-yl)propionic acid (TDPA) on cloned human excitatory amino acid transporter subtypes 1, 2 and 3 (EAAT1-3) expressed in Cos-7 cells. Whereas AMPA and (R)-TDPA were both inactive as inhibitors of [3H]-(R)-aspartic acid uptake on all three EAAT subtypes, (S)-TDPA was shown to selectively inhibit uptake by EAAT2 with a potency equal to that of the endogenous ligand (S)-glutamic acid. (S)-TDPA thus represents a new structural class of EAAT2 inhibitor that will serve as a lead for the design of EAAT selective inhibitors.
Assuntos
Receptores de Neurotransmissores/antagonistas & inibidores , Simportadores , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/farmacologia , Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Sistema X-AG de Transporte de Aminoácidos , Animais , Ácido Aspártico/química , Ácido Aspártico/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Aspártico/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Células COS , Proteínas de Transporte/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , DNA Recombinante/genética , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório , Proteínas de Transporte de Glutamato da Membrana Plasmática , Receptores de Neurotransmissores/genética , Receptores de Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Trítio , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/químicaRESUMO
The pharmacology of (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid, (2S,4S)-4-methylglutamic acid and (S)- and (R)-4-methyleneglutamic acids (obtained in high chemical and enantiomeric purity from racemic 4-methyleneglutamic acid by chiral HPLC using a Crownpak CR(+) column), was examined in binding experiments using rat brain ionotropic glutamate receptors, and in functional assays using cloned metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. As a notable result of these studies, (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid and (2S,4S)-4-methylglutamic acid were shown to be selective for kainic acid receptors and mGlu receptors (subtypes 1alpha and 2), respectively, whereas (S)-4-methyleneglutamic acid showed high but rather non-selective affinity for the (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA), kainic acid, NMDA and mGlu receptors (subtypes 1alpha and 2). Although none of the compounds were specific for any of the receptor subtypes, the results demonstrate that each of these structurally related compounds has a distinct pharmacological profile.
Assuntos
Glutamatos/farmacologia , Receptores de Glutamato/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Células CHO , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cricetinae , Glutamatos/isolamento & purificação , Glutamatos/metabolismo , Ratos , Receptores de AMPA/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismo , Receptores de Ácido Caínico/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Ácido Caínico/metabolismo , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
The two heterocyclic aspartic acid and glutamic acid analogues derived from ibotenic acid, (RS)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic acid (AMAA) and (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) have previously been shown to be selective agonists at N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and AMPA receptors, respectively. Two analogous series of AMAA and AMPA derivatives have now been synthesized and characterized in receptor binding studies and neuropharmacological experiments. AMAA was shown to be a very potent NMDA agonist in cortical tissue preparations, slightly more active than NMDA, whereas N-methyl-AMAA was less potent and N,N-dimethyl-AMAA almost inactive. (RS)-3-Hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (4-HPCA), a bicyclic analogue of AMAA, exhibited weak NMDA agonist effects similar to those of quinolinic acid. The relative potency as AMPA receptor agonists of AMPA, N-methyl-AMPA, N,N-dimethyl-AMPA and (RS)-3-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (5-HPCA), a bicyclic analogue of AMPA, was distinctly different from that of the AMAA series of compounds as NMDA agonists. The pharmacological and toxicological profiles of AMAA and 4-HPCA, compared with those of quinolinic acid, are consistent with heterogeneity of NMDA receptors.
Assuntos
Ácido Ibotênico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Ibotênico/farmacologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/induzido quimicamente , Sistema Nervoso/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Colina O-Acetiltransferase/metabolismo , Corpo Caloso/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Caloso/metabolismo , Maleato de Dizocilpina/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/fisiopatologia , Piperazinas/metabolismo , Ratos , Receptores de Glicina , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/química , Receptores de Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Estimulação Química , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol PropiônicoRESUMO
(RS)-2-Amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4-isothiazolyl)propionic acid (thio-ATPA), a 3-isothiazolol analogue of (RS)-2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (ATPA), has previously been shown to be a relatively weak AMPA receptor agonist at native (S)-glutamic acid ((S)-Glu) receptors (EC(50)=14 microM), comparable in potency with ATPA (EC(50)=34 microM). Recent findings, that (S)-ATPA is a potent (EC(50)=0.48 microM) and selective agonist at homomerically expressed ionotropic GluR5, prompted us to resolve thio-ATPA using chiral chromatography and pharmacologically characterize the two enantiomers at native as well as cloned ionotropic glutamate receptors. The enantiomers, (S)- and (R)-thio-ATPA, were obtained in high enantiomeric excess, and their absolute stereochemistry established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. Electrophysiologically, the two enantiomers were evaluated in the rat cortical wedge preparation, and the S-enantiomer was found to be an AMPA receptor agonist (EC(50)=8.7 microM) twice as potent as the racemate, whereas the R-enantiomer was devoid of activity. In accordance with this, (S)-thio-ATPA proved to be an agonist at homomerically expressed recombinant AMPA receptors (GluR1o, GluR3o, and GluR4o) with EC(50) values of 5, 32 and 20 microM, respectively, producing maximal steady state currents of 78--168% of those maximally evoked by kainic acid, and 120-1600% of those maximally evoked by (S)-ATPA. At homomerically expressed GluR5, (S)-thio-ATPA was found to be a potent agonist (EC(50)=0.10 microM), thus being approximately five times more potent than (S)-ATPA. (R)-Thio-ATPA induced saturating currents with an estimated EC(50) value of 10 microM, most likely due to a contamination with (S)-thio-ATPA. At heteromerically expressed GluR6+KA2 receptors, (S)-thio-ATPA showed relatively weak agonistic properties (EC(50)=4.9 microM). Thus, (S)-thio-ATPA has been shown to be a very potent agonist at GluR5, and may be a valuable tool for the investigation of desensitization properties of AMPA receptors.
Assuntos
Alanina/química , Alanina/farmacologia , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Tiazóis/química , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Clonagem Molecular , Técnicas In Vitro , Cinética , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Conformação Molecular , Oócitos/metabolismo , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Ratos , Receptores de AMPA/agonistas , Estereoisomerismo , Transcrição Gênica , Xenopus laevisRESUMO
(RS)-2-Amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (ATPA), an analogue of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA). has previously been shown to be a relatively weak AMPA receptor agonist and a very potent agonist at the GluR5 subtype of kainic acid-preferring (S)-glutamic acid ((S)-Glu) receptors. We report here the separation of (+)- and (-)-ATPA, obtained at high enantiomeric purity (enantiomeric excess values of 99.8% and > 99.8%, respectively) using chiral chromatography, and the unequivocal assignment of the stereochemistry of (S)-(+)-ATPA and (R)-(-)-ATPA. (S)- and (R)-ATPA were characterized in receptor binding studies using rat brain membranes, and electrophysiologically using the rat cortical wedge preparation and cloned AMPA-preferring (GluR1, GluR3, and GluR4) and kainic acid-preferring (GluR5, GluR6, and GluR6 + KA2) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In the cortical wedge, (S)-ATPA showed AMPA receptor agonist effects (EC50 = 23 microM) approximately twice as potent as those of ATPA. (R)-ATPA antagonized depolarizations induced by AMPA (Ki = 253 microM) and by (S)-ATPA (Ki = 376 microM), and (R)-ATPA antagonized the biphasic depolarizing effects induced by kainic acid (Ki = 301 microM and 1115 microM). At cloned AMPA receptors, (S)-ATPA showed agonist effects at GluR3 and GluR4 with EC50 values of approximately 8 microM and at GluR1 (EC50 = 22 microM), producing maximal steady state currents only 5.4-33% of those evoked by kainic acid. (R)-ATPA antagonized currents evoked by kainic acid at cloned AMPA receptor subtypes with Ki values of 33-75 microM. (S)-ATPA produced potent agonist effects at GluR5 (EC50 = 0.48 microM). Due to desensitization of GluR5 receptors, which could not be fully prevented by treatment with concanavalin A, (S)-ATPA-induced agonist effects were normalized to those of kainic acid. Under these circumstances, maximal currents produced by (S)-ATPA and kainic acid were not significantly different. (R)-ATPA did not attenuate currents produced by kainic acid at GluR5, and neither (S)- nor (R)-ATPA showed significant effects at GluR6. (S)-ATPA as well as AMPA showed weak agonist effects at heteromeric GluR6 + KA2 receptors, whereas (R)-ATPA was inactive. Thus, (S)- and (R)-ATPA may be useful tools for mechanistic studies of ionotropic non-NMDA (S)-Glu receptors, and lead structures for the design of new subtype-selective ligands for such receptors.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Propionatos/farmacologia , Animais , Ligação Competitiva , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Eletrofisiologia , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Feminino , Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/metabolismo , Conformação Molecular , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Oócitos/fisiologia , Propionatos/química , Propionatos/metabolismo , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptores de AMPA/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de AMPA/genética , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Estereoisomerismo , Trítio , XenopusRESUMO
We have previously shown that whereas (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (APPA) shows the characteristics of a partial agonist at (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, (S)-APPA is a full AMPA receptor agonist and (R)-APPA a weak competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. This observation led us to introduce the new pharmacological concept, functional partial agonism. Recently we have shown that the 2-pyridyl analogue of APPA, (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-pyridyl)isoxazol-4-yl]propionic acid (2-Py-AMPA), is a potent and apparently full AMPA receptor agonist, and this compound has now been resolved into (+)- and (-)-2-Py-AMPA (ee > or = 99.0%) by chiral HPLC using a Chirobiotic T column. The absolute stereochemistry of the enantiomers of APPA has previously been established by X-ray analysis, and on the basis of comparative studies of the circular dichroism spectra of the enantiomers of APPA and 2-Py-AMPA, (+)- and (-)-2-Py-AMPA were assigned the (S)- and (R)-configuration, respectively. In a series of receptor binding studies, neither enantiomer of 2-Py-AMPA showed detectable affinity for kainic acid receptor sites or different sites at the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor complex. (+)-(S)-2-Py-AMPA was an effective inhibitor of [3H]AMPA binding (IC50 = 0.19 +/- 0.06 microM) and a potent AMPA receptor agonist in the rat cortical wedge preparation (EC50 = 4.5 +/- 0.3 microM) comparable with AMPA (IC50 = 0.040 +/- 0.01 microM; EC50 = 3.5 +/- 0.2 microM), but much more potent than (+)-(S)-APPA (IC50 = 5.5 +/- 2.2 microM; EC50 = 230 +/- 12 microM). Like (-)-(R)-APPA (IC50 > 100 microM), (-)-(R)-2-Py-AMPA (IC50 > 100 microM) did not significantly affect [3H]AMPA binding, and both compounds were weak AMPA receptor antagonists (Ki = 270 +/- 50 and 290 +/- 20 microM, respectively).
Assuntos
Isoxazóis/química , Piridinas/química , Receptores de AMPA/agonistas , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/farmacologia , Animais , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Dicroísmo Circular , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Ligantes , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Conformação Molecular , Piridinas/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptores de AMPA/química , Receptores de AMPA/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
We have previously shown that (RS)-2-amino-2-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-4-yl)acetic acid (ATAA) is an antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. We have now resolved ATAA via diastereomeric salt formation using N-BOC protected ATAA and (R)- and (S)-phenylethylamine. Enantiomeric purities (ee > 98%) of (R)- and (S)-ATAA were determined using the Crownpak CR(-) and CR(+) columns, respectively. The absolute configuration of (R)-ATAA was established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of the (R)-phenylethylamine salt of N-BOC-(R)-ATAA. Like ATAA, neither (R)- nor (S)-ATAA significantly affected (IC50 > 100 microM) the receptor binding of tritiated AMPA, kainic acid, or (RS)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid, the latter being a competitive NMDA antagonist. Electrophysiological experiments, using the rat cortical wedge preparation, showed the NMDA antagonist effect as well as the AMPA antagonist effect of ATAA to reside exclusively in the (R)-enantiomer (Ki = 75 +/- 5 microM and 57 +/- 1 microM, respectively). Neither (R)- nor (S)-ATAA significantly reduced kainic acid-induced excitation (Ki > 1,000 microM).
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Animais , Ligação Competitiva , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Corpo Caloso/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Caloso/fisiologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Eletrofisiologia , Indicadores e Reagentes , Ácido Caínico/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptores de AMPA/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/efeitos dos fármacos , Estereoisomerismo , Trítio , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/metabolismoRESUMO
The (R)- and (S)-forms of 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)propionic acid (homoibotenic acid, HIBO) were synthesized, using (S)-BOC-phenylalanine as a chiral auxiliary and their absolute stereochemistry correlated with that of (R)-Br-HIBO. The enantiomeric excesses for (R)-HIBO (1) (> 99.5%) and (S)-HIBO (2) (99.5%) were determined using chiral HPLC. Whereas compounds 1 and 2 were equipotent inhibitors of the binding of [3H]glutamic acid in the presence of calcium chloride, 2 showed AMPA agonist activity and 1 very weak NMDA agonist activity.
Assuntos
Ácido Ibotênico/análogos & derivados , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismo , Animais , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Ácido Ibotênico/química , Ácido Ibotênico/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Ácido Caínico/metabolismo , Ligantes , N-Metilaspartato/agonistas , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptores de Glutamato/química , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/agonistasRESUMO
The phosphono amino acid, (RS)-2-amino-3-[5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl+ ++]propio nic acid (ATPO), is a structural hybrid between the NMDA antagonist (RS)-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7) and the AMPA and GluR5 agonist, (RS)-2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (ATPA). ATPO has been resolved into (S)-ATPO and (R)-ATPO using chiral HPLC, and the absolute stereochemistry of the two enantiomers was established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of (R)-ATPO. (S)-ATPO and (R)-ATPO were characterized pharmacologically using rat brain membrane binding and electrophysiologically using the cortical wedge preparation as well as homo- or heteromeric GluR1-4, GluR5-6, and KA2 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (R)-ATPO was essentially inactive as an agonist or antagonist in all test systems. (S)-ATPO was an inhibitor of the binding of [(3)H]AMPA (IC(50) = 16 +/- 1 microM) and of [(3)H]-6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ([(3)H]CNQX) (IC(50) = 1.8 +/- 0.2 microM), but was inactive in the [(3)H]kainic acid and the [(3)H]-(RS)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ([(3)H]CPP) binding assays. (S)-ATPO did not show detectable agonist effects at any of the receptors under study, but antagonized AMPA-induced depolarization in the cortical wedge preparation (IC(50) = 15 +/- 1 microM). (S)-ATPO also blocked kainic acid agonist effects at GluR1 (K(i) = 2.0 microM), GluR1+2 (K(i) = 3.6 microM), GluR3 (K(i) = 3.6 microM), GluR4 (K(i) = 6.7 microM), and GluR5 (K(i) = 23 microM), but was inactive at GluR6 and GluR6+KA2. Thus, although ATPO is a structural analog of AP7 neither (S)-ATPO nor (R)-ATPO are recognized by NMDA receptor sites.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Isoxazóis/química , Organofosfonatos/química , Receptores de Glutamato/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Isoxazóis/metabolismo , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Estrutura Molecular , Organofosfonatos/metabolismo , Organofosfonatos/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptores de Glutamato/classificação , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismo , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Two hybrid analogues of the kainic acid receptor agonists, 2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (ATPA) and (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid ((2S,4R)-4-Me-Glu), were designed, synthesized, and characterized in radioligand binding assays using cloned ionotropic and metabotropic glutamic acid receptors. The (S)-enantiomers of E-4-(2,2-dimethylpropylidene)glutamic acid ((S)-1) and E-4-(3,3-dimethylbutylidene)glutamic acid ((S)-2) were shown to be selective and high affinity GluR5 ligands, with Ki values of 0.024 and 0.39 microM, respectively, compared to Ki values at GluR2 of 3.0 and 2.0 microM. respectively. Their affinities in the [3H]AMPA binding assay on native cortical receptors were shown to correlate with their GluR2 affinity rather than their GluR5 affinity. No affinity for GluR6 was detected (IC50 > 100 microM).
Assuntos
Glutamatos/síntese química , Glutamatos/farmacologia , Receptores de Ácido Caínico/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Humanos , Indicadores e Reagentes , Ligantes , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Receptores de AMPA/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Ácido Caínico/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
We have previously shown that (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)isoxazol -4-yl] propionic acid (2-Me-Tet-AMPA) is a selective agonist at (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, markedly more potent than AMPA itself, whereas the isomeric compound 1-Me-Tet-AMPA is essentially inactive. We here report the enantiopharmacology of 2-Me-Tet-AMPA in radioligand binding and cortical wedge electrophysiological assay systems, and using cloned AMPA (GluR1-4) and kainic acid (KA) (GluR5, 6, and KA2) receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes. 2-Me-Tet-AMPA was resolved using preparative chiral HPLC. Zwitterion (-)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA was assigned the (R)-configuration based on an X-ray crystallographic analysis supported by the elution order of (-)- and (+)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA using four different chiral HPLC columns and by circular dichroism spectra. None of the compounds tested showed detectable affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor sites, and (R)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA was essentially inactive in all of the test systems used. Whereas (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA showed low affinity (IC(50) = 11 microM) in the [(3)H]KA binding assay, it was significantly more potent (IC(50) = 0.009 microM) than AMPA (IC(50) = 0.039 microM) in the [(3)H]AMPA binding assay, and in agreement with these findings, (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA (EC(50) = 0.11 microM) was markedly more potent than AMPA (EC(50) = 3.5 microM) in the electrophysiological cortical wedge model. In contrast to AMPA, which showed comparable potencies (EC(50) = 1.3-3.5 microM) at receptors formed by the AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4) in Xenopus oocytes, more potent effects and a substantially higher degree of subunit selectivity were observed for (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA: GluR1o (EC(50) = 0.16 microM), GluR1o/GluR2i (EC(50) = 0.12 microM), GluR3o (EC(50) = 0.014 microM) and GluR4o (EC(50) = 0.009 microM). At the KA-preferring receptors GluR5 and GluR6/KA2, (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA showed much weaker agonist effects (EC(50) = 8.7 and 15.3 microM, respectively). It is concluded that (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA is a subunit-selective and highly potent AMPA receptor agonist and a potentially useful tool for studies of physiological AMPA receptor subtypes.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/química , Isoxazóis/química , Receptores de AMPA/agonistas , Tetrazóis/química , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Feminino , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Oócitos/fisiologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Receptores de AMPA/genética , Receptores de AMPA/fisiologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/agonistas , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tetrazóis/farmacologia , Transcrição Gênica , Xenopus laevisRESUMO
We have previously described (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-carboxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (ACPA) as a potent agonist at the (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subtype of (S)-glutamic acid (Glu) receptors. We now report the chromatographic resolution of ACPA and (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-carboxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (demethyl-ACPA) using a Sumichiral OA-5000 column. The configuration of the enantiomers of both compounds have been assigned based on X-ray crystallographic analyses, supported by circular dichroism spectra and elution orders on chiral HPLC columns. Furthermore, the enantiopharmacology of ACPA and demethyl-ACPA was investigated using radioligand binding and cortical wedge electrophysiological assay systems and cloned metabotropic Glu receptors. (S)-ACPA showed high affinity in AMPA binding (IC(50) = 0.025 microM), low affinity in kainic acid binding (IC(50) = 3.6 microM), and potent AMPA receptor agonist activity on cortical neurons (EC(50) = 0.25 microM), whereas (R)-ACPA was essentially inactive. Like (S)-ACPA, (S)-demethyl-ACPA displayed high AMPA receptor affinity (IC(50) = 0.039 microM), but was found to be a relatively weak AMPA receptor agonist (EC(50) = 12 microM). The stereoselectivity observed for demethyl-ACPA was high when based on AMPA receptor affinity (eudismic ratio = 250), but low when based on electrophysiological activity (eudismic ratio = 10). (R)-Demethyl-ACPA also possessed a weak NMDA receptor antagonist activity (IC(50) = 220 microM). Among the enantiomers tested, only (S)-demethyl-ACPA showed activity at metabotropic receptors, being a weak antagonist at the mGlu(2) receptor subtype (K(B) = 148 microM).