HOXA9 transcription factor is a double-edged sword: from development to cancer progression.

The HOXA9 transcription factor serves as a molecular orchestrator in cancer stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and generation of the tumor microenvironment in hematological and solid malignancies. However, the multiple modes of regulation, multifaceted functions, and context-dependent interactions responsible for the dual role of HOXA9 as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in cancer remain obscure. Hence, unravelling its molecular complexities, binding partners, and interacting signaling molecules enables us to comprehend HOXA9-mediated transcriptional programs and molecular crosstalk. However, it is imperative to understand its central role in fundamental biological processes such as embryogenesis, foetus implantation, hematopoiesis, endothelial cell proliferation, and tissue homeostasis before designing targeted therapies. Indeed, it presents an enormous challenge for clinicians to selectively target its oncogenic functions or restore tumor-suppressive role without altering normal cellular functions. In addition to its implications in cancer, the present review also focuses on the clinical applications of HOXA9 in recurrence and drug resistance, which may provide a broader understanding beyond oncology, open new avenues for clinicians for accurate diagnoses, and develop personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, we have also discussed the existing therapeutic options and accompanying challenges in HOXA9-targeted therapies in different cancer types.

Expression analysis and function of mitochondrial genome-encoded microRNAs.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in nuclear and mitochondrial anterograde and retrograde signaling. Most of the miRNAs found inside mitochondria are encoded in the nuclear genome, with a few mitochondrial genome-encoded non-coding RNAs having been reported. In this study, we have identified 13 mitochondrial genome-encoded microRNAs (mitomiRs), which were differentially expressed in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231), non-malignant breast epithelial cell line (MCF-10A), and normal and breast cancer tissue specimens. We found that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion and inhibition of mitochondrial transcription led to reduced expression of mitomiRs in breast cancer cells. MitomiRs physically interacted with Ago2, an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) protein, in the cytoplasm and inside mitochondria. MitomiRs regulate the expression of both nuclear and mitochondrial transcripts in breast cancer cells. We showed that mitomiR-5 targets the PPARGC1A gene and regulates mtDNA copy number in breast cancer cells. MitomiRs identified in the present study may be a promising tool for expression and functional analysis in patients with a defective mitochondrial phenotype, including cancer and metabolic syndromes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

Identification of potential Akt activators: a ligand and structure-based computational approach.

The Akt pathway plays a significant role in various diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Diabetes. Akt is the central protein whose phosphorylation controls many downstream pathways. Binding of small molecules to the PH domain of Akt facilitates its phosphorylation in the cytoplasm and upregulates the Akt pathway. In the current study, to identify Akt activators, ligand-based approaches like 2D QSAR, shape, and pharmacophore-based screening were used, followed by structure-based approaches such as docking, MM-GBSA, ADME prediction, and MD simulation. The top twenty-five molecules from the Asinex gold platinum database found to be active in most 2D QSAR models were used for shape and pharmacophore-based screening. Later docking was performed using the PH domain of Akt1 (PDB: 1UNQ), and 197105, 261126, 253878, 256085, and 123435 were selected based on docking score and interaction with key residues, which were druggable and formed a stable protein-ligand complex. MD simulations of 261126 and 123435 showed better stability and interactions with key residues. To further investigate the SAR of 261126 and 123435, derivatives were downloaded from PubChem, and structure-based approaches were employed. MD simulation of derivatives 12289533, 12785801, 83824832, 102479045, and 6972939 was performed, in which 83824832 and 12289533 showed interaction with key residues for a longer duration of time, proving that they may act as Akt activators.

Bioinformatic Analysis of miR-200b/429 and Hub Gene Network in Cervical Cancer.

The miR-200b/429 located at 1p36 is a highly conserved miRNA cluster emerging as a critical regulator of cervical cancer. Using publicly available miRNA expression data from TCGA and GEO followed by independent validation, we aimed to identify the association between miR-200b/429 expression and cervical cancer. miR-200b/429 cluster was significantly overexpressed in cancer samples compared to normal samples. miR-200b/429 expression did not correlate with patient survival; however, its overexpression correlated with histological type. Protein-protein interaction analysis of 90 target genes of miR-200b/429 identified EZH2, FLT1, IGF2, IRS1, JUN, KDR, SOX2, MYB, ZEB1, and TIMP2 as the top ten hub genes. PI3K-AKT and MAPK signaling pathways emerged as major target pathways of miR-200b/429 and their hub genes. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the expression of seven miR-200b/429 target genes (EZH2, FLT1, IGF2, IRS1, JUN, SOX2, and TIMP2) to influence the overall survival of patients. The miR-200a-3p and miR-200b-5p could help predict cervical cancer with metastatic potential. The cancer hallmark enrichment analysis showed hub genes to promote growth, sustained proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, induction of angiogenesis, activation of invasion, and metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, evading immune destruction, and tumor-promoting inflammation. The drug-gene interaction analysis identified 182 potential drugs to interact with 27 target genes of miR-200b/429 with paclitaxel, doxorubicin, dabrafenib, bortezomib, docetaxel, ABT-199, eribulin, vorinostat, etoposide, and mitoxantrone emerging as the top ten best candidate drugs. Taken together, miR-200b/429 and associated hub genes can be helpful for prognostic application and clinical management of cervical cancer.

Integrated bioinformatic analysis to understand the association between phthalate exposure and breast cancer progression.

Phthalates have been extensively used as plasticizers while manufacturing plastic-based consumer products. Estradiol mimicking properties and association studies suggest phthalates may contribute to breast cancer (BC). We performed an in-silico analysis and functional studies to understand the association between phthalate exposure and BC progression. Search for phthalate-responsive genes using the comparative toxicogenomics database identified 20 genes as commonly altered in response to multiple phthalates exposure. Of the 20 genes, 12 were significantly differentially expressed between normal and BC samples. In BC samples, 9 out of 20 genes showed a negative correlation between promoter methylation and its expression. AHR, BAX, BCL2, CAT, ESR2, IL6, and PTGS2 expression differed significantly between metastatic and non-metastatic BC samples. Gene set enrichment analysis identified metabolism, ATP-binding cassette transporters, insulin signaling, and type II diabetes as highly enriched pathways. The diagnostic assessment based on 20 genes expression suggested a sensitivity and a specificity >0.91. The aberrantly expressed phthalate interactive gene influenced the overall survival of BC patients. Drug-gene interaction analysis identified 14 genes and 523 candidate drugs, including 19 BC treatment-approved drugs. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate (DEHP) exposure increased the growth, proliferation, and migration of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in-vitro. DEHP exposure induced morphological changes, actin cytoskeletal remodeling, increased ROS content, reduced basal level lipid peroxidation, and induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The present approach can help to explore the potentially damaging effects of environmental agents on cancer risk and understand the underlined pathways and molecular mechanisms.

The Role of Calcium Signaling in Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

Despite substantial advances in the field of cancer therapeutics, metastasis is a significant challenge for a favorable clinical outcome. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process of acquiring increased motility, invasiveness, and therapeutic resistance by cancer cells for their sustained growth and survival. A plethora of intrinsic mechanisms and extrinsic microenvironmental factors drive the process of cancer metastasis. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling plays a critical role in dictating the adaptive metastatic cell behavior comprising of cell migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and intravasation. By modulating EMT, Ca2+ signaling can regulate the complexity and dynamics of events leading to metastasis. This review summarizes the role of Ca2+ signal remodeling in the regulation of EMT and metastasis in cancer.

DOC2B is a negative regulator of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in cervical cancer.

DOC2B is a ubiquitously expressed isoform of the double C-2 protein family that requires Ca2+ for most of its physiological functions. Initial findings have indicated that DOC2B participates in exocytosis, vesicular transport, insulin secretion and regulation, glucose homeostasis, and neurotransmitter release. Aberrant expression of DOC2B has been reported in diabetes, leukemia, and cervical cancer (CC). Our earlier studies have demonstrated the inhibitory effects of DOC2B on CC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT and suggested the possible role of DOC2B in Wnt signaling inhibition. However, the association between DOC2B downregulation and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling activation and the underlying molecular mechanism remain elusive. Herein, we found that DOC2B inhibited Wnt/ß-catenin pathway by enhancing the expression of the components of the CTNNB1 destruction complex and by fostering proteasomal degradation of CTNNB1. The translocation of CTNNB1 to the nucleus and its interaction with TCF/LEF family transcription factors was perturbed in the presence of DOC2B in a GSK3ß independent manner. Further, we have identified DKK1 as one of the upregulated genes in the presence of DOC2B. DKK1 inhibition in DOC2B expressing cells by WAY262611 reactivated Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, relieved DOC2B induced senescence, and alleviated the inhibitory effects of DOC2B on the aforementioned malignant behaviors. We have provided evidence for DOC2B-DKK1-senescence-Wnt/ß-catenin-EMT signaling crosstalk to have tumor growth regulatory functions in CC. Thus, targeting DOC2B-DKK1-senescence-Wnt/ß-catenin-EMT signaling crosstalk via activation of DOC2B may offer a novel approach to restraint malignant behaviors in CC.

Molecular implications of HOX genes targeting multiple signaling pathways in cancer.

Homeobox (HOX) genes encode highly conserved homeotic transcription factors that play a crucial role in organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Their deregulation impacts the function of several regulatory molecules contributing to tumor initiation and progression. A functional bridge exists between altered gene expression of individual HOX genes and tumorigenesis. This review focuses on how deregulation in the HOX-associated signaling pathways contributes to the metastatic progression in cancer. We discuss their functional significance, clinical implications and ascertain their role as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in the various cancer types. Besides, the mechanism of understanding the theoretical underpinning that affects HOX-mediated therapy resistance in cancers has been outlined. The knowledge gained shall pave the way for newer insights into the treatment of cancer.

Metastatic suppression by DOC2B is mediated by inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and induction of senescence.

Senescence induction and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) events are the opposite sides of the spectrum of cancer phenotypes. The key molecules involved in these processes may get influenced or altered by genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression. Double C2-like domain beta (DOC2B), an intracellular vesicle trafficking protein of the double C2 protein family, plays a critical role in exocytosis, neurotransmitter release, and intracellular vesicle trafficking. DOC2B is repressed by DNA promoter hypermethylation and functions as a tumor growth regulator in cervical cancer. To date, the molecular mechanisms of DOC2B in cervical cancer progression and metastasis is elusive. Herein, the biological functions and molecular mechanisms regulated by DOC2B and its impact on senescence and EMT are described. DOC2B inhibition promotes proliferation, growth, and migration by relieving G0/G1-S arrest, actin remodeling, and anoikis resistance in Cal27 cells. It enhanced tumor growth and liver metastasis in nude mice with the concomitant increase in metastasis-associated CD55 and CD61 expression. Inhibition of EMT and promotion of senescence by DOC2B is a calcium-dependent process and accompanied by calcium-mediated interaction between DOC2B and CDH1. In addition, we have identified several EMT and senescence regulators as targets of DOC2B. We show that DOC2B may act as a metastatic suppressor by inhibiting EMT through induction of senescence via DOC2B-calcium-EMT-senescence axis.

In silico interaction of HOX cluster-embedded microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in oral cancer.

The essential role HOX-associated non-coding RNAs play in chromatin dynamics and gene regulation has been well documented. The potential roles of these microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in oral cancer development, with their attendant involvement in various cellular processes including proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis is gaining credence. An interaction network of HOX-embedded non-coding RNAs was constructed to identify the RNA interaction landscape using the arena-Idb platform and visualized using Cytoscape. The miR-10a was shown to interact with HOXA1, miR-10b with HOXD10, miR-196a1 with HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXB8, HOXC8, HOXD8, and miR-196a2 with HOXA5. The lncRNAs, HOTAIR interacted with HOXC11, HOTAIRM1 with HOXA1 and HOXA4, HOTTIP with HOXA13, HOXA-AS2 with HOXA3, HOXA11-AS with HOXA11 and HOXD-AS1 with HOXB8. Changes in the HOX cluster-embedded non-coding RNAs have implications for prognosis and overall disease survival. Our review aims to analyze the functional significance and clinical relevance of non-coding RNAs within the HOX cluster in the context of oral carcinogenesis. Elucidating these interactions between the non-coding RNAs and HOX genes in oral cancer development and progression could pave the way for the identification of reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.

Understanding the molecular mechanism associated with reversal of oral submucous fibrosis targeting hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived collagen cross-links.

Fibrosis is a pathological state characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix components leading to impaired tissue function in the affected organ. It results in scarring of the affected tissue akin to an over-healing wound as a consequence of chronic inflammation and repair in response to injury. Persistent trauma of susceptible oral mucosa due to habitual chewing of betel quid resulting in zealous healing of the mucosal tissue is one plausible explanation for the onset of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). The irreversibility and resistance of collagen to degradation and its high potential to undergo malignant change are a major reason for morbidity in OSF. Hence, early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to prevent the progression of OSF to malignancy. This review focuses on the mechanistic insight into the role of collagen cross-links in advancing fibrosis and possible therapeutic targets that bring about a reversal of fibrosis. These options may be beneficial if attempted as a specific therapeutic modality in OSF as is in organ fibrosis. The upregulation of lysyl oxidase and lysyl hydroxylase has been shown to exhibit the higher levels of the hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived cross-links in fibrosis and tumor stroma promoting the tumor cell survival, resistance, and invasion. The in silico analysis highlights the potential drugs that may target the genes regulating collagen crosslinking.

ZNF471 modulates EMT and functions as methylation regulated tumor suppressor with diagnostic and prognostic significance in cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer (CC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death among women in developing countries. However, the underlying mechanisms and molecular targets for therapy remain to be fully understood. We investigated the epigenetic regulation, biological functions, and clinical utility of zinc-finger protein 471 (ZNF471) in CC. Analysis of cervical tissues and five independent public datasets of CC showed significant hypermethylation of the ZNF471 gene promoter. In CC cell lines, promoter DNA methylation was inversely correlated with ZNF471 expression. The sensitivity and specificity of the ZNF471 hypermethylation for squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) vs tumor and normal vs tumor was above 85% with AUC of 0.937. High methylation and low ZNF471 expression predicted poor overall and recurrence-free survival. We identified -686 to +114 bp as ZNF471 promoter, regulated by methylation using transient transfection and luciferase assays. The promoter CpG site methylation of ZNF471 was significantly different among cancer types and tumor grades. Gal4-based heterologous luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that ZNF471 acts as a transcriptional repressor. The retroviral mediated overexpression of ZNF471 in SiHa and CaSki cells inhibited growth, proliferation, cell migration, invasion; delayed cell cycle progression in vitro by increasing cell doubling time; and reduced tumor growth in vivo in nude mice. ZNF471 overexpression inhibited key members of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Wnt, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. ZNF471 inhibited EMT by directly targeting vimentin as analyzed by bioinformatic analysis, ChIP-PCR, and western blotting. Thus, ZNF471 CpG specific promoter methylation may determine the prognosis of CC and could function as a potential tumor suppressor by targeting EMT signaling.

Increased expression of P-cadherin is an indicator of poor prognosis in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: P-cadherin (CDH3), located at 16q22.1 belonging to classical cadherin family, is a calcium-dependent glycoprotein associated with cell to cell adhesion, migration, and invasion in cancer. This meta-analysis was conducted to examine the prognostic utility of P-cadherin expression in breast cancer (BC). METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was carried out using the available databases to obtain relevant research articles to test the relationship between P-cadherin and BC. Correlation of P-cadherin expression and disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) was tested using hazard ratio (HR), relative risk (RR) at 95% confidence interval (CI) by univariate and/or multivariate analysis. A total of 11 studies from 7 countries were found to be relevant and were further subjected to statistical analysis to find an association between the P-cadherin expression with BC. Additionally, we have also performed a co-relation analysis of P-cadherin expression with GOBO and Cancertool in breast cancer using publicly available breast cancer datasets. RESULTS: Our study shows that P-cadherin expression is significantly linked with poor prognosis in the various subtypes of BC. The HR for OS and DFS was 1.87 (95% CI = 1.48-2.36) and 1.64 (95% CI = 1.18-2.27) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this meta-analysis, we identified a positive correlation between the overexpression of P-cadherin and BC. Our study demonstrates that P-cadherin overexpression can be used as a prognostic indicator in BC.

Enumeration of deregulated miRNAs in liquid and tissue biopsies of cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The altered miRNAs expression in cervical cancer tissue can be a critical player during tumorigenesis, may contribute to tumor cell heterogeneity and may determine distinct phenotypes within the tumor. Recent studies have highlighted the role of circulating miRNAs as a minimally-invasive biomarker and its potential as biosignature to complement routine tissue-based procedures. METHODS: In order to determine whether miRNAs in serum can indicate changes in cervical tissue specimens, we performed small RNA sequencing and selected miRNAs were validated using qRT-PCR in serum and tissue specimens (n = 115). Further, luciferase assay were performed to investigate the interactions between hsa-miR-409-3p and hsa-miR-454-3p binding sites on 3'UTR region of MTF2 and ST18 respectively. RESULTS: We have identified a total of 14 differentially expressed miRNAs common in serum and tissue specimens. Among them, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-32-5p and hsa-miR-454-3p were upregulated while, hsa-miR-409-3p was downregulated in serum and tissue of cervical cancer subjects. Our in-silico small RNA sequencing data analysis identified isomiRs and classified miRNA into clusters and subtypes (exonic, intronic and intergenic) with respect to the expression status in serum and tissue specimens. Expression level of hsa-miR-409-3p and hsa-miR-454-3p were inversely correlated with their target genes MTF2 and ST18 levels respectively in human cervical cancer specimens. Luciferase assay demonstrated that hsa-miR-409-3p and hsa-miR-454-3p functionally interacts with 3'-UTR of MTF2 and ST18 respectively to decrease their activity. CONCLUSION: Our results support the significant role of circulating miRNAs in disease dissemination and their potential utility as biosignatures of clinical relevance.

Aberrant gene-specific DNA methylation signature analysis in cervical cancer.

Multicomponent molecular modifications such as DNA methylation may offer sensitive and specific cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer biomarkers. In this study, we tested cervical tissues at various stages of tumor progression for 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels and also DNA promoter methylation profile of a panel of genes for its diagnostic potential. In total, 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and promoter methylation of 33 genes were evaluated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based technique, and bisulfate-based next generation sequencing. The 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine contents were significantly reduced in squamous cell carcinoma and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed a significant difference in (1) 5-methylcytosine between normal and squamous cell carcinoma tissues (area under the curve = 0.946) and (2) 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels among normal, squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Analyses of our next generation sequencing results and data from five independent published studies consisting of 191 normal, 10 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 21 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 335 malignant tissues identified a panel of nine genes ( ARHGAP6, DAPK1, HAND2, NKX2-2, NNAT, PCDH10, PROX1, PITX2, and RAB6C) which could effectively discriminate among the various groups with sensitivity and specificity of 80%-100% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 12 gene promoters (ARHGAP6, HAND2, LHX9, HEY2, NKX2-2, PCDH10, PITX2, PROX1, TBX3, IKBKG, RAB6C, and DAPK1) were also methylated in one or more of the cervical cancer cell lines tested. The global and gene-specific methylation of the panel of genes identified in our study may serve as useful biomarkers for the early detection and clinical management of cervical cancer.

In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and corrosion behavior of commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy for dental implants.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity in human gingival fibroblast by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and corrosion behavior by potentiodynamic polarization technique of commercially pure titanium (Ti 12) and its alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Ti 31). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present in vitro study, cytotoxicity of Ti 12 and Ti 31 in human gingival fibroblast by MTT assay and the corrosion behavior by potentiodynamic polarization technique in aqueous solutions of 0.1 N NaCl, 0.1 N KCl, and artificial saliva with and without NaF were studied. RESULTS: The independent t-test within materials and paired t-test with time interval showed higher cell viability for Ti 12 compared to Ti 31. Over a period, cell viability found to stabilize in both Ti 12 and Ti 31. The effects of ions of Ti and alloying elements aluminum and vanadium on the cell viability were found with incubation period of cells on samples to 72 h. The electrochemical behavior of Ti 12 and Ti 31 in different experimental solutions showed a general tendency for the immersion potential to shift steadily toward nobler values indicated formation of TiO2 and additional metal oxides. The multiphase alloy Ti-6Al-4V showed more surface pitting. CONCLUSION: The commercially pure Ti showed better cell viability compared to Ti 31. Less cell viability in Ti 31 is because of the presence of aluminum and vanadium. A significant decrease in cytotoxicity due to the formation of TiO2 over a period of time was observed both in Ti 12 and Ti 31. The electrochemical behavior of Ti 12 and Ti 31 in different experimental solutions showed a general tendency for the immersion potential to shift steadily toward nobler values indicated formation of TiO2 and additional metal oxides. Ti 31 alloy showed surface pitting because of its multiphase structure.

Cervical cytological abnormalities and human papilloma virus infection in women infected with HIV in Southern India.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the association between CD4 count, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV-infected women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 HIV-infected women attending an antiretroviral therapy clinic. They underwent Pap smear and cervical HPV DNA testing. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 57.7%. HPV 16 was the commonest genotype found (38.5%); HPV 16 and 18 put together contributed to 73.3% of HPV infection; 27.5% of HIV-infected women had squamous cell abnormalities. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was less likely among women with CD4 count > 500/mm3 (12%) and in those without opportunistic infections (17.8%). The prevalence of high-risk HPV infection was higher in women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or greater lesions (85.7%) as compared to women with normal cytology (52.1%). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of HPV infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women warrants the need for regular Pap smear screening in these women and routine HPV vaccination for adolescents to reduce the burden of cervical cancer in India.

DNA promoter methylation-dependent transcription of the double C2-like domain ß (DOC2B) gene regulates tumor growth in human cervical cancer.

Double C2-like domain ß (DOC2B) gene encodes for a calcium-binding protein, which is involved in neurotransmitter release, sorting, and exocytosis. We have identified the promoter region of the DOC2B gene as hypermethylated in pre-malignant, malignant cervical tissues, and cervical cancer cell lines by methylation-sensitive dimethyl sulfoxide-polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite genome sequencing; whereas, it was unmethylated in normal cervical tissues (p < 0.05). The promoter hypermethylation was inversely associated with mRNA expression in SiHa, CaSki, and HeLa cells and treatment with demethylating agent 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine restored DOC2B expression. The region -630 to +25 bp of the DOC2B gene showed robust promoter activity by a luciferase reporter assay and was inhibited by in vitro artificial methylation with Sss1 methylase prior to transient transfections. Overexpression of the DOC2B gene in SiHa cells when compared with controls showed significantly reduced colony formation, cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and repressed cell migration and invasion (p < 0.05). Ectopic expression of DOC2B resulted in anoikis-mediated cell death and repressed tumor growth in a nude mice xenograft model (p < 0.05). DOC2B expressing cells showed a significant increase in intracellular calcium level (p < 0.05), impaired AKT1 and ERK1/2 signaling, and induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Our results show that promoter hypermethylation and silencing of the DOC2B gene is an early and frequent event during cervical carcinogenesis and whose reduced expression due to DNA promoter methylation may lead to selective cervical tumor growth.

DNA methylation analysis of phenotype specific stratified Indian population.

BACKGROUND: DNA methylation and its perturbations are an established attribute to a wide spectrum of phenotypic variations and disease conditions. Indian traditional system practices personalized medicine through indigenous concept of distinctly descriptive physiological, psychological and anatomical features known as prakriti. Here we attempted to establish DNA methylation differences in these three prakriti phenotypes. METHODS: Following structured and objective measurement of 3416 subjects, whole blood DNA of 147 healthy male individuals belonging to defined prakriti (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) between the age group of 20-30years were subjected to methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and microarray analysis. After data analysis, prakriti specific signatures were validated through bisulfite DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Differentially methylated regions in CpG islands and shores were significantly enriched in promoters/UTRs and gene body regions. Phenotypes characterized by higher metabolism (Pitta prakriti) in individuals showed distinct promoter (34) and gene body methylation (204), followed by Vata prakriti which correlates to motion showed DNA methylation in 52 promoters and 139 CpG islands and finally individuals with structural attributes (Kapha prakriti) with 23 and 19 promoters and CpG islands respectively. Bisulfite DNA sequencing of prakriti specific multiple CpG sites in promoters and 5'-UTR such as; LHX1 (Vata prakriti), SOX11 (Pitta prakriti) and CDH22 (Kapha prakriti) were validated. Kapha prakriti specific CDH22 5'-UTR CpG methylation was also found to be associated with higher body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSION: Differential DNA methylation signatures in three distinct prakriti phenotypes demonstrate the epigenetic basis of Indian traditional human classification which may have relevance to personalized medicine.

Molecular Evidence of the Bio-activities of Traditional Home Medicine Ingredients.

For many centuries, traditional medicine has played an essential role in health care. The treatment of many illnesses, including cancer, has greatly benefited from using herbal remedies derived from traditional medicine. The bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, silibinin, berberine, ginseng, and others present in traditional medicine have shown a wide range of properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant as well as potent anti-cancer properties both in laboratory studies and animal experiments (in vitro and in vivo). In this review, we mainly emphasized the anticancer role of bioactive compounds present in traditional medicine, such as curcumin, cardamonin, piperine, berberine, ginseng, silibinin, epigallocatechin gallate, and asafoetida. We also discussed molecular evidence of these compounds in chemoprevention and anticancer effects. These compounds have the potential to interfere with cancer growth, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis and induce apoptosis by targeting different pathways and the cell cycle. This review article also focuses on how these compounds can help overcome drug resistance and enhance the availability of other clinically approved drugs. The usage of these compounds synergistically with other forms of treatment is also of great fascination to new and upcoming research. Finally, we have discussed the bioavailability of these compounds and strategies employed to improve them so their full potential can be exploited.