Multiple alpha-synuclein gene polymorphisms are associated with Parkinson's disease in a Norwegian population.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have found associations between Parkinson's disease (PD) and polymorphisms located within both the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) promoter and other gene regions. Our aim was to study SNCA gene markers in a closely matched Norwegian PD population to examine the genetic relationship between different polymorphisms associated with the disease. METHODS: We genotyped seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the SNCA promoter and two SNPs in the 3' gene region and seven microsatellite markers located across the gene in a closely matched series of 236 PD patients and 236 controls. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure was examined, and association of single markers and gene haplotypes analyzed. RESULTS: Several markers located across the SNCA gene were associated with PD, including marker alleles associated with disease in previous studies (Rep1 263-bp allele, rs356165 and rs356219). CONCLUSION: LD between associated marker alleles located across the SNCA gene suggests that a single genetic effect might explain the previous reported association in the promoter and 3' regions.

Characterization of DCTN1 genetic variability in neurodegeneration.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, mutations in DCTN1 were found to cause Perry syndrome, a parkinsonian disorder with TDP-43-positive pathology. Previously, mutations in DCTN1 were identified in a family with lower motor neuron disease, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and in a family with ALS/frontotemporal dementia (FTD), suggesting a central role for DCTN1 in neurodegeneration. METHODS: In this study we sequenced all DCTN1 exons and exon-intron boundaries in 286 samples diagnosed with Parkinson disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), or ALS. RESULTS: This analysis revealed 36 novel variants (9 missense, 5 silent, and 22 noncoding). Segregation analysis in families and association studies in PD, FTLD, and ALS case-control series did not identify any variants segregating with disease or associated with increased disease risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that pathogenic mutations in DCTN1 are rare and do not play a common role in the development of Parkinson disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Study of a Swiss dopa-responsive dystonia family with a deletion in GCH1: redefining DYT14 as DYT5.

OBJECTIVE: To report the study of a multigenerational Swiss family with dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). METHODS: Clinical investigation was made of available family members, including historical and chart reviews. Subject examinations were video recorded. Genetic analysis included a genome-wide linkage study with microsatellite markers (STR), GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) gene sequencing, and dosage analysis. RESULTS: We evaluated 32 individuals, of whom 6 were clinically diagnosed with DRD, with childhood-onset progressive foot dystonia, later generalizing, followed by parkinsonism in the two older patients. The response to levodopa was very good. Two additional patients had late onset dopa-responsive parkinsonism. Three other subjects had DRD symptoms on historical grounds. We found suggestive linkage to the previously reported DYT14 locus, which excluded GCH1. However, further study with more stringent criteria for disease status attribution showed linkage to a larger region, which included GCH1. No mutation was found in GCH1 by gene sequencing but dosage methods identified a novel heterozygous deletion of exons 3 to 6 of GCH1. The mutation was found in seven subjects. One of the patients with dystonia represented a phenocopy. CONCLUSIONS: This study rules out the previously reported DYT14 locus as a cause of disease, as a novel multiexonic deletion was identified in GCH1. This work highlights the necessity of an accurate clinical diagnosis in linkage studies as well as the need for appropriate allele frequencies, penetrance, and phenocopy estimates. Comprehensive sequencing and dosage analysis of known genes is recommended prior to genome-wide linkage analysis.

PINK1 mutations and parkinsonism.

BACKGROUND: PINK1 loss-of-function causes recessive, early-onset parkinsonism. In Tunisia there is a high rate of consanguineous marriage but PINK1 carrier frequency and disease prevalence have yet to be assessed. OBJECTIVES: The frequency of PINK1 mutations in familial parkinsonism, community-based patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) (non-familial PD), and control subjects was determined. Demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with PINK1 homozygous or heterozygous variants, or without PINK1 mutations, were compared. METHODS: A total of 92 kindreds (with 208 affected and 340 unaffected subjects), 240 nonfamilial PD, and 368 control participants were recruited from the Institut National de Neurologie, Tunis. Clinical examinations included Hoehn &Yahr, UPDRS, and Epworth scales. PINK1 sequencing and dosage analysis was performed in familial index patients, the variants identified screened in all subjects. Parkin and LRRK2 genes were also examined. RESULTS: Four PINK1 homozygous mutations, three novel (Q129X, Q129fsX157, G440E, and one previously reported; Q456X), segregate with parkinsonism in 46 individuals in 14 of 92 families (15%). Six of 240 patients with nonfamilial PD were found with either homozygous Q456X or Q129X (2.5%) substitutions. In patients with familial disease, PINK1 homozygotes were younger at disease onset (36 +/- 12 years) than noncarriers (57 +/- 15 years) and more often had an akinetic-rigid presentation at examination and slow progression. CONCLUSIONS: Segregation of PINK1 mutations with parkinsonism within families, and frequency estimates within population controls, suggested only four PINK1 mutations were pathogenic. Several PINK1 sequence variants are potentially benign and there was no evidence that PINK1 heterozygosity increases susceptibility to idiopathic Parkinson disease.

Lrrk2 R1441C parkinsonism is clinically similar to sporadic Parkinson disease.

OBJECTIVE: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are the most common cause of Parkinson disease (PD). Several dominantly inherited pathogenic substitutions have been identified in different domains of the Lrrk2 protein. Herein, we characterize the clinical and genetic features associated with Lrrk2 p.R1441C. METHODS: We identified 33 affected and 15 unaffected LRRK2 c.4321C>T (p.R1441C) mutation carriers through an international consortium originating from three continents. The age-specific cumulative incidence of PD was calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: The clinical presentation of Lrrk2 p.R1441C carriers was similar to sporadic PD and Lrrk2 p.G2019S parkinsonism. The mean age at onset for parkinsonism was 60 years, range 30-79 years; fewer than 20% of the patients had symptoms before the age 50 years, while by 75 years >90% of them had developed symptoms. Haplotype analysis suggests four independent founders for the p.R1441C mutation. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution in age at onset and clinical features in Lrrk2 p.R1441C patients are similar to idiopathic and Lrrk2 p.G2019S parkinsonism. Several independent founders of the p.R1441C substitution suggest this site is prone to recurrent mutagenesis.

Phenotypic variation in a large Swedish pedigree due to SNCA duplication and triplication.

BACKGROUND: The "Lister family complex," an extensive Swedish family with autosomal dominant Parkinson disease, was first described by Henry Mjönes in 1949. On the basis of clinical, molecular, and genealogic findings on a Swedish and an American family branch, we provide genetic evidence that explains the parkinsonism in this extended pedigree. METHODS: Clinical methods included a detailed neurologic exam of the proband of the Swedish family branch, MRI, and ([123]I)-beta-CIT SPECT imaging. Genomic analysis included alpha-synuclein sequencing, SNCA real-time PCR dosage, chromosome 4q21 microsatellite analysis, and high-resolution microarray genotyping. The geographic origin and ancestral genealogy of each pedigree were researched in the medical literature and Swedish Parish records. RESULTS: The proband of the Swedish family branch presented with early dysautonomia followed by progressive parkinsonism suggestive of multiple system atrophy. Molecular analysis identified a genomic duplication of <0.9 Mb encompassing alpha-synuclein and multimerin 1 (SNCA-MMRN1), flanked by long interspersed repeat sequences (LINE L1). Microsatellite variability within the genomic interval was identical to that previously described for a Swedish American family with an alpha-synuclein triplication. Subsequent genealogic investigation suggested that both kindreds are ancestrally related to the Lister family complex. CONCLUSION: Our findings extend clinical, genetic, and genealogical research on the Lister family complex. The genetic basis for familial parkinsonism is an SNCA-MMRN11 multiplication, but whereas SNCA-MMRN1 duplication in the Swedish proband (Branch J) leads to late-onset autonomic dysfunction and parkinsonism, SNCA-MMRN1 triplication in the Swedish American family (Branch I) leads to early-onset Parkinson disease and dementia.

LRRK2 mutations are a common cause of Parkinson's disease in Spain.

Pathogenic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2; PARK8) have been implicated in autosomal dominant, late-onset parkinsonism. The LRRK2 6055G > A (G2019S) mutation is the most common reported to date, and has been observed in a number of different European populations. So far, only the LRRK2 4321C > G (R1441G) mutation has been identified in the Spanish population. Herein we have assessed the frequency of G2019S in a referral-based series of 225 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) from the region of Asturias, Northern Spain. The mutant allele was identified in five (2.7%) of the sporadic late-onset patients and was not present in control subjects. All carriers displayed genetic profiles consistent with the same haplotype, as previously reported for Lrrk2 G2019S-positive subjects. None of these patients presented with a family history of parkinsonism at the time of diagnosis. Thus, approximately 5% of sporadic patients with PD from the North of Spain have either Lrrk2 G2019S or R1441G substitutions.

LRRK2 mutations in Parkinson disease.

To determine the frequency of LRRK2 mutations in idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD), the authors studied 786 PD probands, 32 affected siblings, 1,044 unaffected siblings, and 278 unrelated controls. The authors designed allelic discrimination assays for nine LRRK2 mutations and identified these in six probands with PD, one affected sibling, one unaffected sibling, and one unrelated control. Thus LRRK2 mutations only rarely cause idiopathic PD.

Clinical and genetic evaluation of 8 Polish families with levodopa-responsive parkinsonism.

We studied 8 large Polish families with parkinsonism, 6 of which were newly identified. Thirty-six family members had well-documented levodopa-responsive parkinsonism. The phenotype of affected individuals was indistinguishable from that of persons with idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD). The pattern of inheritance in 5 families was consistent with autosomal dominant transmission; in 3 families the mode of inheritance was uncertain. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies with the dopamine transporter radioligand [(123)I]FP-CIT were performed in 1 family. The SPECT study showed striatal presynaptic dopaminergic degeneration consistent with sporadic PD in 1 affected family member and no signs of nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction in 5 at-risk individuals. Sequence analysis in all 8 families excluded known genes associated with familial parkinsonism. Genome-wide 2-point linkage studies in the largest 2 families did not identify significant linkage (z > 3.0), although positive scores were obtained for 5q23 (D5S1462 and D5S2501), a locus previously implicated in disease susceptibility.