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1.
Trop Med Int Health ; 25(5): 525-539, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31994815

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To identify and summarise health workers' views on the use of audit as a method to improve the quality of maternal and newborn healthcare in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: We conducted a qualitative evidence synthesis. PubMed, CINAHL and Global Health databases were searched using keywords, synonyms and MeSH headings for 'audit', 'views' and 'health workers' to find papers that used qualitative methods to explore health workers' views on audit in LMICs. Titles and abstracts were then screened for inclusion. The remaining full-text papers were then screened. The final included papers were quality assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool for qualitative research. Data on audit type and health workers' perceptions were extracted and analysed using thematic synthesis. RESULTS: Nineteen papers were included in the review, most from sub-Saharan Africa. Health workers generally held favourable views of audit and expressed dedication to the process. Similarly, they described positive experiences conducting audit. The main barriers to implementing audit were the presence of a blame culture, inadequate training and the lack of time and resources to conduct audit. Health workers' motivation and dedication to the audit process helped to overcome such barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Health workers are dedicated to the process of audit, but must be supported with training, leadership and adequate resources to use it. Decision-makers and technical partners supporting audit should focus on improving audit training and finding ways to conduct audit without requiring too much staff time.


OBJECTIFS: Identifier et résumer les points de vue des agents de santé sur l'utilisation de l'audit comme méthode pour améliorer la qualité des soins de santé maternelle et néonatale dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire (PRFI). MÉTHODES: Nous avons effectué une synthèse des données qualitatives. Les bases de données PubMed, CINAHL et Global Health ont été recherchées à l'aide de mots clés, de synonymes et de rubriques MeSH pour ''audit'', ''vues'' et ''agents de santé'' afin de trouver des articles qui utilisaient des méthodes qualitatives pour explorer les opinions des agents de santé sur l'audit dans les PRFI. Les titres et les résumés ont ensuite été sélectionnés pour inclusion. Les articles en texte intégral restants ont ensuite été examinés. La qualité des articles finaux inclus a été évaluée à l'aide de l'outil du Programme 'Critical Appraisal Skills' pour la recherche qualitative. Les données sur le type d'audit et les perceptions des agents de santé ont été extraites et analysées à l'aide d'une synthèse thématique. RÉSULTATS: 19 articles ont été inclus dans la revue, la plupart en provenance d'Afrique subsaharienne. Les agents de santé ont généralement une opinion favorable de l'audit et ont exprimé leur dévouement au processus. De même, ils ont décrit des expériences positives lors de l'audit. Les principaux obstacles à la mise en œuvre de l'audit étaient la présence d'une culture du blâme, une formation inadéquate et le manque de temps et de ressources pour mener l'audit. La motivation et le dévouement des agents de santé au processus d'audit ont aidé à surmonter ces obstacles. CONCLUSIONS: Les agents de santé sont dédiés au processus d'audit, mais doivent être soutenus par une formation, un leadership et des ressources adéquates pour l'utiliser. Les décideurs et les partenaires techniques qui soutiennent l'audit devraient se concentrer sur l'amélioration de la formation à l'audit et la recherche de moyens de réaliser l'audit sans nécessiter trop de temps de travail de la part du personnel.


Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Atenção à Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Materno-Infantil/normas , África Subsaariana , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Pesquisa Qualitativa
2.
Med Hypotheses ; 91: 77-80, 2016 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27142149

RESUMO

The hypothesis that is proposed is that tyrosinase, an enzyme widely found within the human body is implicated in the ochronosis that occurs in alkaptonuria; an autosomal recessive condition first used by Archibald Garrod to describe the theory of "Inborn Errors of Metabolism." The disease results from the absence of a single enzyme in the liver that breaks down homogentisic acid; this molecule becomes systemically elevated in sufferers. The condition is characterised by a clinical triad of symptoms; homogentisic aciduria from birth, ochronosis (darkening) of collagenous tissues (from ∼30years of age) and ochronotic osteoarthropathy in weight bearing joints due to long term ochronosis in them (from ∼40years of age). Tyrosinase, a polyphenol oxidase has been shown in many species to contribute to the darkening of tissues in many organisms; including humans in the production of melanin. Tyrosinase under the right conditions shows alterations in its substrate specificity and may contribute to the darkening seen in AKU where it moves away from polymerising tyrosine but also homogentisic acid, the causative molecule in alkaptonuria, that is present in excess.


Assuntos
Alcaptonúria/enzimologia , Alcaptonúria/fisiopatologia , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/fisiologia , Ocronose/enzimologia , Ocronose/fisiopatologia , Animais , Catecol Oxidase/metabolismo , Colágeno/metabolismo , Genes Recessivos , Ácido Homogentísico/metabolismo , Humanos , Melaninas/metabolismo , Modelos Teóricos , Pigmentação
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