STAndard Reporting of CAries Detection and Diagnostic Studies (STARCARDDS).

AIM: The aim of this paper is to present recommendations from an international workshop which evaluated the methodology and reporting of caries diagnostic studies. As a unique feature, this type of studies is focused on caries lesion detection and assessment, and many of them are carried out in vitro, because of the possibility of histological validation of the whole caries spectrum. This feature is not well covered in the existing reporting STARD guideline within the EQUATOR Network. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: An international working group of 13 cariology researchers was formed. The STARD checklist was reviewed and modified for caries detection and diagnosis purposes, in a three-step process of evaluation, consensual modification, and delivery during three 2-day workshops over 18 months. Special attention was paid to reporting requirements of caries studies that solely focus on reliability. RESULTS: The STARD checklist was modified in 14/30 items, with an emphasis on issues of sample selection (tooth selection in in vitro studies), blinding, and detailed reporting of results. CONCLUSION: Following STARCARDDS (STAndard Reporting of CAries Detection and Diagnostic Studies) is expected to result in complete reporting of study design and methodology in future caries diagnosis and detection experiments both in vivo and in vitro, thus allowing for better comparability of studies and higher quality of systematic reviews. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Standardization of caries diagnostic studies leads to a better comparability among future studies, both in vivo and in vitro.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries.

AIM: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of commonly used caries detection methods for proximal caries diagnostics. Visual examination (VE), bitewing radiography (BWR), laser fluorescence (LF), and fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) were considered in detail. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PRISMA guidelines for the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses were applied. The mnemonic PIRDS (problem, index test, reference test, diagnostic and study type) concept was used to guide the literature search. Next, studies that met the inclusion criteria were stepwise selected and evaluated for their quality with a risk of bias (RoB) assessment tool. Studies with low/moderate bias and sufficient reporting were considered for meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were calculated. RESULTS: From 129 studies meeting the selection criteria, 31 in vitro studies and five clinical studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. The AUC values for in vitro VE amounted to 0.84 (caries detection) and 0.85 (dentin caries detection). BWR ranged in vitro from 0.55 to 0.82 (caries detection) and 0.81-0.92 (dentin caries detection). LF showed higher AUC values for overall caries detection (0.91) and dentin caries detection (0.83) than did other methods. Clinical data are limited. CONCLUSION: The number of diagnostic studies with low/moderate RoB was found to be low and indicates a need for high-quality, well-designed caries diagnostic studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: BWR and LF showed good diagnostic performance on proximal surfaces. However, because of the low number of includable clinical studies, these data should be interpreted with caution.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries.

AIM: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of commonly used methods for occlusal caries diagnostics, such as visual examination (VE), bitewing radiography (BW) and laser fluorescence (LF), in relation to their ability to detect (dentin) caries under clinical and laboratory conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was performed to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria using the PIRDS concept (N = 1090). A risk of bias (RoB) assessment tool was used for quality evaluation. Reports with low/moderate RoB, well-matching thresholds for index and reference tests and appropriate reporting were included in the meta-analysis (N = 37; 29 in vivo/8 in vitro). The pooled sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and areas under ROC curves (AUCs) were computed. RESULTS: SP ranged from 0.50 (fibre-optic transillumination/caries detection level) to 0.97 (conventional BW/dentine detection level) in vitro. AUCs were typically higher for BW or LF than for VE. The highest AUC of 0.89 was observed for VE at the 1/3 dentin caries detection level; SE (0.70) was registered to be higher than SP (0.47) for VE at the caries detection level in vivo. CONCLUSION: The number of included studies was found to be low. This underlines the need for high-quality caries diagnostic studies that further provide data in relation to multiple caries thresholds. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: VE, BW and LF provide acceptable measures for their diagnostic performance on occlusal surfaces, but the results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited data in many categories.

Two-body wear and fracture behaviour of an experimental paediatric composite crown in comparison to zirconia and stainless steel crowns dependent on the cementation mode.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the two-body wear and fracture behaviour of an experimental additive manufactured composite crown in comparison to zirconia and stainless steel crowns and its cementation protocol for primary molars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three different paediatric crowns - experimental composite crowns (CCs, 3M), zirconia crowns (ZCs, NuSmile), and stainless steel crowns (SSCs, 3M)-were cemented with an experimental resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC, 3M) and two self-adhesive cements (SACs; RelyX Unicem Automix 2, 3M; BioCem, NuSmile). Seven groups, each with eight specimens, were thermally cycled (55 °C/50 °C) and dynamically loaded (50N/ 1.2Hz) in a masticatory simulator with steatite antagonists. The areal and volumetric material loss of all specimens before and after 1,200,000 masticatory cycles was evaluated with a 3D profilometer. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used for qualitative analysis. Pairwise comparisons between all the groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Microscopic imaging revealed different wear patterns for each material. Lowest fracture rates were documented for the CCs. In contrast, all the SSCs showed perforations. The CCs cemented with RMGIC showed the highest significant volumetric wear (6.3 ± 0.72 mm³), followed by the SSCs cemented with RMGIC (3.6 ± 1.79 mm³) and CCs cemented with SAC (3.5 ± 1.92 mm³). No significant differences were found in terms of the wear among all the other groups, ranging between 0.4 ± 0.25 and 0.6 ± 0.32 mm³. CONCLUSION: The volume loss of the tested crowns differed for each material and was dependent on the type of cementation. With regard to in vitro wear and fracture patterns, cementation with SAC may increase the clinical performance of CC paediatric crowns.

Identifying and Avoiding Risk of Bias in Caries Diagnostic Studies.

Caries diagnostic studies differ with respect to their design, included patients/tooth samples, use of diagnostic and reference methods, calibration, blinding and data reporting. Such heterogeneity makes comparisons between studies difficult and could represent a substantial risk of bias (RoB) when it is not identified. Therefore, the present report aims to describe the development and background of a RoB assessment tool for caries diagnostic studies. The expert group developed and agreed to use a RoB assessment tool during three workshops. Here, existing instruments (e.g., QUADAS 2 and the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual) influenced the hierarchy and phrasing of the signalling questions that were adapted to the specific dental purpose. The tailored RoB assessment tool that was created consists of 16 signalling questions that are organized in four domains. This tool considers the selection/spectrum bias (1), the bias of the index (2) and reference tests (3), and the bias of the study flow and data analysis (4) and can be downloaded from the journal website. This paper explores possible sources of heterogeneity and bias in caries diagnostic studies and summarizes the relevant methodological aspects.