The combination of testosterone undecanoate with tamoxifen citrate enhances the effects of each agent given independently on seminal parameters in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of combined tamoxifen citrate and T undecanoate treatment on seminal parameters in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical study. SETTING: A state hospital tertiary clinic. PATIENT(S): Eighty oligozoospermic men were included in the protocol. INTERVENTION(S): Patients were randomized to receive placebo, T undecanoate (40 mg three times per day), tamoxifen citrate (10 mg two times per day), or T undecanoate plus tamoxifen citrate. RESULT(S): Tamoxifen citrate plus T undecanoate treatment produced a satisfactory improvement of total sperm number, motility, and functional sperm fraction after 3 and 6 months. Comparisons with other active treatment groups showed significantly higher increment values for motility and functional fraction, whereas aniline, acrosine, and free L-carnitine also were markedly better in the combination treatment group. CONCLUSION(S): These results indicate that the combination of tamoxifen citrate with T undecanoate not only improves significantly important seminal parameters but also compares favorably with the single treatments used. Therefore, this combination deserves a place as a first line of treatment in idiopathic oligozoospermia.

Testicular secretion after pulsatile human menopausal gonadotropin therapy in gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist desensitized dysspermic men.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Leydig and Sertoli cell response to prolonged pulsatile stimulation with hMG after pituitary desensitization with the GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) triptoreline in normogonadotropic men with abnormal semen analyses. DESIGN: A group of four oligozoospermic men were investigated in the following manner: [1] basal and GnRH-hCG stimulated activity were assessed in all volunteers; [2] a long-acting form of the GnRH-a triptoreline (3.75 mg every month for 3 months) was given, and its effectiveness was evaluated on day 20; and [3] on that day hMG pulsatile administration was introduced (150 IU per 24 hours in 90-minute pulses) with serial hourly sampling (6 to 7 hours) for measurement of FSH, LH, T, E2, and inhibin on days 20, 41, and 90 from the first GnRH-a injection. RESULTS: Initial evaluation showed normal basal, GnRH, and hCG-stimulated hormone concentrations. Pituitary and gonadal activity were effectively suppressed by GnRH-a when tested on day 20. Pulsatile hMG had no immediate stimulatory effect on gonadal activity (day 20). However, on middle and final evaluations (days 41 and 90), basal T, E2, and inhibin had risen to pre-GnRH-a levels, and, moreover, distinct secretory pulses were seen for these hormones. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that suppression of pituitary gonadotropin activity with triptoreline combined with pulsatile hMG stimulation offers a new, useful tool for investigation of the male reproductive system in oligozoospermic men.

Endocrine effects of testosterone undecanoate as a supplementary treatment to menopausal gonadotropins or tamoxifen citrate in idiopathic oligozoospermia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of T undecanoate given as a supplementary treatment with tamoxifen citrate (TAM) or hMG on pituitary and Leydig cell function in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. DESIGN: A total of 48 normogonadotropic men with idiopathic oligozoospermia were allocated in to six groups (n = 8 per group) treated with placebo, 40 mg T undecanoate three times per day, 10 mg TAM two times per day, T undecanoate and TAM, 75 IU/d hMG, and T undecanoate and hMG. All groups were evaluated with standard GnRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and hCG tests before and on the final day of 3 months on treatment with measurements of FSH, LH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), PRL, T, E2, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and seminal analyses (at least twice each time). RESULTS: Basal and stimulated concentrations and incremental FSH and LH values showed no differences among TAM or hMG and TAM + T undecanoate or hMG + T undecanoate treated groups. Basal, stimulated, and incremental values for TSH and PRL were elevated markedly during treatment in most groups in comparison to placebo. Basal, stimulated, and incremental T and E2 values were similar in active treatment groups except that higher T concentration was found in TAM + T undecanoate as compared with T undecanoate only treated men. Finally, significant improvements were noted in important seminal parameters and particularly in the functional sperm fraction of the TAM + T undecanoate group as compared with single treatment with TAM. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that T undecanoate in combination with TAM or hMG not only had no adverse effects on pituitary and Leydig cell activity but also seemed to improve important seminal parameters and signify that androgens may be tried as a supplementary treatment to conventional regimes in idiopathic oligozoospermia.

Seminal volume and total sperm number trends in men attending subfertility clinics in the greater Athens area during the period 1977-1993.

The trends for such important parameters of male fertility as seminal volume and total sperm number were assessed in men living permanently in the Greater Athens area over a prolonged period of time. To this end, the records of three andrological laboratories employing the same method for semen evaluation were analysed retrospectively. Out of 23,850 men examined from 1977 to 1993 (17 years) for couple subfertility, a total of 2385 (10%) were selected for evaluation by a randomization procedure. Analysis of the data included (i) estimation of mean seminal volume and total sperm number per year, (ii) assessment of percentage frequency distribution of each seminal parameter and (iii) evaluation of seminal volume and total sperm number changes in relation to the year of observation and age of the subjects. A significant decrease (P < 0.01) of total sperm number was observed over the years with a mean (+/-SEM) of 154.3 +/- 19.2 x 10(6) at the beginning (1977), dropping to 130.1 +/- 13.3 x 10(6) in the final year (1993). Mean seminal volume was lower in the final year of observation, but its difference from the initial year value was not significant. Frequency distribution analysis showed a marked decline in the 240-400 x 10(6) sub-set of the range of sperm number values from 16.9 +/- 4.5% (1977) to 10.6 +/- 1.6% in the final year (P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis of seminal volume, total sperm number, age and year of assessment revealed a significant decline of the two seminal parameters along the years of observation (P < 0.05 and P < 0.0001 respectively). Over the same period, a marked deterioration of some air pollution indices was observed in that area. It is concluded that in this racially and ethnically homogeneous sample of men, living under the same environmental conditions, a significant decline in seminal volume and total sperm number occurred over the 17 years of observation.