Impact of inpatient addiction psychiatry consultation on opioid use disorder outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Addiction consultation services provide access to specialty addiction care during general hospital admission. This study assessed opioid use disorder (OUD) outcomes associated with addiction consultation. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of individuals with OUD admitted to an academic medical center between 2018 and 2023. The exposure was addiction consultation. Outcomes included initiating medication for OUD (MOUD), hospital length of stay, before-medically-advised (BMA) discharge, and 30- and 90-day postdischarge acute care utilization. RESULTS: Of 26,766 admissions (10,501 patients) with OUD, 2826 addiction consultations were completed. Consultation cohort was more likely to be young, male, and White than controls. Consultation was associated with greater MOUD initiation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.41-5.82), fewer emergency department visits at 30 (aOR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.92) and 90 (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69-0.89) days, and fewer hospitalizations at 30 (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.76) and 90 (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.59-0.76) days. Additionally, consultation patients were more likely to have a longer hospital stay and leave BMA. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Addiction consultation was associated with increased MOUD initiation and reduced postdischarge acute care utilization. This is the largest study to date showing a significant association between addiction psychiatry consultation and improved OUD outcomes when compared to controls. The observed reduction in postdischarge acute care utilization remains even after adjusting for MOUD initiation. Disparities in access to addiction consultation warrant further study.

More Effective Communication During Inpatient Addiction Treatment.

In this commentary, the authors argue that historical approaches to inpatient addiction treatment favoring more confrontational, expert-centric, or paternalistic undercurrents continue to permeate the hidden curriculum in medical training. These older approaches unfortunately continue to inform how many trainees learn to approach inpatient addiction treatment. The authors go on to provide several examples of how clinical challenges specific to inpatient addiction treatment can be addressed by employing principles of motivational interviewing, harm reduction, and psychodynamic thought. Key skills are described including accurate reflection, recognition of countertransference, and assisting patients to sit with important dialectics. The authors call for greater training of attending physicians, precepting advanced practice providers, and trainees across these disciplines, as well as further study of whether systematic improvements in such provider communication may alter patient outcomes.

Case study of first episode schizophrenia in pregnancy and postpartum.

Patients with first-episode psychosis of peripartum onset commonly prove to have a mood-disorder diathesis; however, a proportion of cases represent first-episode schizophrenia. We present such a case and discuss the clinical relevance of recognizing this small but important population of new mothers. These patients are at considerable risk of misdiagnosis, resulting in ineffective maintenance therapy, poorer recovery of function, and development of treatment resistance. Accurate diagnosis in the peripartum period will impact treatment decisions and long-term therapy. Clinicians need to be vigilant, especially during maintenance therapy, to identify these patients and ensure appropriate antipsychotic therapy is provided.

Nonprescribed Substance Use in the General Hospital: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Nonprescribed substance use (NPSU) is a recognized phenomenon exhibited by patients with substance use disorders while admitted to inpatient hospitals. What factors distinguish patients who engage in NPSU, or how their hospitalizations and outcomes differ, remains to be understood in full. OBJECTIVES: Our study describes a cohort of medically admitted patients with substance use disorders with behaviors concerning for NPSU during their hospitalization. METHODS: We extracted electronic health record data for all hospital encounters when an addiction consult was documented (n = 3100). We defined NPSU cases during a clinical, interdisciplinary case review in which patients were deemed high risk based on team members' observations of one or more behaviors described in the NPSU Checklist. These individuals were placed on a "NPSU Protocol," which was implemented for optimization of care, destigmatization, and risk mitigation (n = 61). We compared clinical characteristics, resource utilization, and treatment outcomes among the NPSU cohort to addiction consult patients without suspicion of NPSU but with stimulant or opioid use disorder diagnoses. RESULTS: Patients on the NPSU protocol were younger and had higher rates of infectious disease diagnoses reported during hospitalization than patients without concern for NPSU. Hospitalizations for individuals suspected of NPSU were longer, had higher rates of before medically advised discharge, as well as discharges without medications for opioid use disorder. These outcome differences were also observed when analysis was restricted to hospitalizations in which an infectious disease was diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study characterizes a population of people who exhibited behaviors concerning for NPSU and highlights key outcome disparities. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show a direct correlation between infectious disease diagnosis and NPSU, as well as a direct correlation between suspected NPSU and outcomes such as before medically advised discharge and discharge without medications for opioid use disorder, irrespective of infectious disease diagnosis. Further study is necessary to determine interventions to reduce poor outcomes among hospitalized patients with NPSU.

Comparison of phenobarbital monotherapy to a benzodiazepine-based regimen for management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the trauma population. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are standard of care for AWS; however, given the risk of delirium with BZDs and reports of BZD-refractory withdrawal, phenobarbital (PHB) has emerged as an alternative therapy for AWS. Safety and efficacy studies of PHB for AWS in trauma patients are lacking. Our aim was to compare a BZD versus PHB protocol in the management of AWS in trauma patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study at a level 1 trauma center of patients at risk for AWS managed with either a BZD or a low-dose oral PHB regimen. Patients were excluded if they were taking BZDs or barbiturates before admission, received propofol or dexmedetomidine before initiation of the study drug, presented with delirium tremens or seizures, or died or discharged within 24 hours of presentation. The primary outcome was complicated AWS (seizures or alcohol withdrawal delirium/delirium tremens). Secondary outcomes included uncomplicated AWS; therapy escalation; oversedation; delirium-, intensive care unit-, and ventilator-free days; and length of stay. RESULTS: A total of 411 patients were identified; 118 received BZD, and 293 received PHB. The odds of developing complicated AWS with PHB versus BZD-based therapy were not statistically significant (odds ratio [OR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-1.39); however, patients receiving PHB were less likely to develop uncomplicated AWS (OR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.04-0.14) and less likely to require escalation of therapy (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.24-0.84). The PHB group had a length of stay 3.1 days shorter than the BZD group ( p = 0.002). There was no difference in intensive care unit-, ventilator-, or delirium-free days. CONCLUSION: A PHB-based protocol for the management of AWS is a safe and effective alternative to BZD-based regimens in trauma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.

Effect of a Co-Located Bridging Recovery Initiative on Hospital Length of Stay Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder: The BRIDGE Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Co-located bridge clinics aim to facilitate a timely transition to outpatient care for inpatients with opioid use disorder (OUD); however, their effect on hospital length of stay (LOS) and postdischarge outcomes remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a co-located bridge clinic on hospital LOS among inpatients with OUD. Design, Setting, and Participants: This parallel-group randomized clinical trial recruited 335 adult inpatients with OUD seen by an addiction consultation service and without an existing outpatient clinician to provide medication for OUD (MOUD) between November 25, 2019, and September 28, 2021, at a tertiary care hospital affiliated with a large academic medical center and its bridge clinic. Intervention: The bridge clinic included enhanced case management before and after hospital discharge, MOUD prescription, and referral to a co-located bridge clinic. Usual care included MOUD prescription and referrals to community health care professionals who provided MOUD. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the index admission LOS. Secondary outcomes, assessed at 16 weeks, were linkage to health care professionals who provided MOUD, MOUD refills, same-center emergency department (ED) and hospital use, recurrent opioid use, quality of life (measured by the Schwartz Outcome Scale-10), overdose, mortality, and cost. Analysis was performed on an intent-to-treat basis. Results: Of 335 participants recruited (167 randomized to the bridge clinic and 168 to usual care), the median age was 38.0 years (IQR, 31.9-45.7 years), and 194 (57.9%) were male. The median LOS did not differ between arms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.94 [95% CI, 0.65-1.37]; P = .74). At the 16-week follow-up, participants referred to the bridge clinic had fewer hospital-free days (AOR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.32-0.92]), more readmissions (AOR, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.25-3.76]), and higher care costs (AOR, 2.25 [95% CI, 1.51-3.35]), with no differences in ED visits (AOR, 1.15 [95% CI, 0.68-1.94]) or deaths (AOR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.08-2.72]) compared with those receiving usual care. Follow-up calls were completed for 88 participants (26.3%). Participants referred to the bridge clinic were more likely to receive linkage to health care professionals who provided MOUD (AOR, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.32-4.26]) and have more MOUD refills (AOR, 6.17 [95% CI, 3.69-10.30]) and less likely to experience an overdose (AOR, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.03-0.41]). Conclusions and Relevance: This randomized clinical trial found that among inpatients with OUD, bridge clinic referrals did not improve hospital LOS. Referrals may improve outpatient metrics but with higher resource use and expenditure. Bending the cost curve may require broader community and regional partnerships. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04084392.

C-L Case Conference: Applying Good Psychiatric Management for Borderline Personality Disorder in Hospitalized Patients With Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders.

We present a case illustrating common challenges in the hospital management and treatment of comorbid borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders. Experts in the field of personality disorders and substance use disorders discuss various topics and strategies for patient-centered management. Key learning points include evaluation and diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, good psychiatric management, withdrawal and pharmacologic management, harm reduction, team dynamics, and behavior planning all in the hospital setting. This paper provides actionable considerations with elements common to many clinical encounters that present challenges to the consultation-liaison psychiatrist in the general hospital setting.

Implementation of a hospital-based intervention for MOUD initiation and referral to a Bridge Clinic for opioid use disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals struggling with opioid use disorder (OUD) utilize the adult emergency department (ED) and psychiatric emergency department at high rates. In 2019, Vanderbilt University Medical Center created a system for individuals identified in the emergency department with OUD to transition care to a Bridge Clinic for up to three months of comprehensive behavioral health treatment, alongside primary care, infectious diseases, and pain management, regardless of their insurance status. METHODS: We conducted 20 interviews with patients enrolled in treatment in our Bridge Clinic and 13 providers in the psychiatric emergency department and emergency department. Our provider interviews focused on understanding experiences identifying people with OUD and referring them to care at the Bridge Clinic. Our patient interviews focused on understanding their experiences of care-seeking, the referral process, and their satisfaction with treatment at the Bridge Clinic. RESULTS: Our analysis generated 3 major themes around patient identification, referral, and quality of care from providers and patients. The study found general agreement between both groups around the high quality of care delivered in the Bridge Clinic compared with OUD treatment at nearby treatment facilities, specifically because it offered a stigma-free environment for the delivery of medication for addiction therapy and psychosocial support. Providers highlighted the lack of a systematic strategy for identifying people with OUD in an ED setting. They also found the referral process cumbersome because it could not be done through EPIC and there were limited patient slots available. In contrast, patients reported a smooth and simple referral from the ED to the Bridge Clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Creating a Bridge Clinic for comprehensive OUD treatment at a large university medical center has been challenging but has resulted in the creation of a comprehensive care system that prioritizes quality care. Funding to increase the number of patient slots available, coupled with an electronic system of patient referral, will increase the reach of the program to some of Nashville's most vulnerable constituents.

Implementation of a Hub-and-Spoke Partnership for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment in a Medicaid Nonexpansion State.

Hub-and-spoke (H&S) partnerships for managing opioid use disorder vary by U.S. state. This column provides the first description of the development of an H&S partnership in Tennessee, a Medicaid nonexpansion state. Medicaid expansion allows states to fund evidence-based substance use disorder treatment and community-based psychosocial interventions. In an H&S model in a Medicaid nonexpansion context, federal grant support must fund not only treatment itself but also the creation and maintenance of parallel billing and documentation processes for various partners, reducing the funds available for patient care.

Pharmacotherapy for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Retention in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between short- and longer-term retention in outpatient substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and pharmacotherapy for comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study conducted in a single addiction psychiatry clinic, electronic health record data from July 14, 2014, through January 15, 2020, were queried for clinical ADHD diagnosis (DSM-5 criteria), ADHD pharmacotherapy, treatment duration, demographic variables, comorbid psychiatric and SUD diagnoses, and buprenorphine therapy. Individuals with ADHD (n = 203) were grouped by ADHD pharmacotherapy status (171 receiving medication compared to 32 receiving none). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed and assessed for significance. RESULTS: ADHD was clinically diagnosed in 9.4% of outpatients and was associated with younger age, comorbid cocaine use, and private insurance (P < .001). Individuals receiving no ADHD pharmacotherapy were younger than those receiving medication (P = .003). Compared to no ADHD medication, ADHD pharmacotherapy was associated with greater long-term retention, with apparent group half-lives of 9 months and 36 months, respectively (P < .001). Individuals receiving no ADHD medication had a 4.9-fold increased likelihood of attrition within 90 days (P = .041). Regression analysis showed only ADHD pharmacotherapy to be significantly associated with treatment retention (hazard ratio = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40-0.86; P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: ADHD pharmacotherapy is robustly associated with improved short- and longer-term retention in outpatient SUD treatment. The retrospective, nonrandomized naturalistic study design limits causal inference. Further studies addressing unmeasured covariates and associated risks of treatment in adults with ADHD and SUD are necessary.

Bridging Recovery Initiative Despite Gaps in Entry (BRIDGE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a bridge clinic compared with usual care for patients with opioid use disorder.

BACKGROUND: Patients with substance use disorders are overrepresented among general hospital inpatients, and their admissions are associated with longer lengths of stay and increased readmission rates. Amid the national opioid crisis, increased attention has been given to the integration of addiction with routine medical care in order to better engage such patients and minimize fragmentation of care. General hospital addiction consultation services and transitional, hospital-based "bridge" clinics have emerged as potential solutions. We designed the Bridging Recovery Initiative Despite Gaps in Entry (BRIDGE) trial to determine if these clinics are superior to usual care for these patients. METHODS: This single-center, pragmatic, randomized controlled clinical trial is enrolling hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) who are initiating medication for OUD (MOUD) in consultation with the addiction consult service. Patients are randomized for referral to a co-located, transitional, multidisciplinary bridge clinic or to usual care, with the assignment probability being determined by clinic capacity. The primary endpoint is hospital length of stay. Secondary endpoints include quality of life, linkage to care, self-reported buprenorphine or naltrexone fills, rate of known recurrent opioid use, readmission rates, and costs. Implementation endpoints include willingness to be referred to the bridge clinic, attendance rates among those referred, and reasons why patients were not eligible for referral. The main analysis will use an intent-to-treat approach with full covariate adjustment. DISCUSSION: This ongoing pragmatic trial will provide evidence on the effectiveness of proactive linkage to a bridge clinic intervention for hospitalized patients with OUD initiating evidence-based pharmacotherapy in consultation with the addiction consult service. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04084392 . Registered on 10 September 2019. The study has been approved by the Vanderbilt Institutional Review Board. The current approved protocol is dated version May 12, 2021.

Improvement in Residents' Attitudes Toward Individuals with Substance Use Disorders Following an Online Training Module on Stigma.

BACKGROUND: Resident physicians have been shown to possess negative attitudes toward individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), even if the residents believe they have adequate knowledge and skills to care for these patients. Residents' negative attitudes may have an adverse impact on patient engagement, treatment, and outcomes. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The goal of this study was to examine the impact of an online training module on residents' attitudes toward people with SUDs. We hypothesized that residents who received the educational intervention would show improved attitudes toward people with alcohol and opioid use disorders. METHODS: A web-based questionnaire, including demographic information and the Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS) about individuals with alcohol and opioid use disorders, was sent to internal medicine and psychiatry residents before and 6 months after they took an online training module on stigma toward individuals with SUDs. RESULTS: A total of 46 residents completed the initial questionnaire and 29 completed the follow-up questionnaire 6 months later. Attitudes toward individuals with SUDs, as reflected by an increase in MCRS scores, were improved 6 months after the online training module. CONCLUSION: Residents' attitudes toward individuals with SUDs improved after taking an online training module. This is encouraging, as studies have shown that attitudes toward individuals with SUDs tend to decline during residency training and negatively affect patient care. Larger studies are needed to determine if such online modules can improve attitudes of other groups of clinicians, result in sustained change over time, and improve patient outcomes.

Attitudes Toward Individuals With Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders Among Resident Physicians.

OBJECTIVE: Resident physicians frequently provide care for individuals diagnosed with mental illness and substance use disorders (SUDs). Clinicians-including psychiatrists and addiction professionals-have been shown to possess negative attitudes toward these individuals, which is concerning since negative attitudes may have an adverse impact on patient engagement, treatment, and outcomes. However, little is known about resident physicians' attitudes toward individuals with mental illness and SUDs. The objective of this study was to examine the attitudes of emergency medicine, internal medicine, and obstetrics-gynecology residents toward individuals with diagnoses of schizophrenia, multiple SUDs, co-occurring schizophrenia and SUDs, and major depressive disorder. METHODS: A web-based questionnaire, including demographic information, level of training, and the 11-item Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS) for individuals with 4 different diagnoses, which assesses the degree to which clinicians find individuals with a given medical condition to be enjoyable, treatable, and worthy of medical resources, was sent to residents across the United States from May 2016 to April 2017. RESULTS: A total of 411 resident physicians completed the questionnaire. Respondents had more negative attitudes toward individuals with diagnoses of SUDs with and without schizophrenia than toward those individuals with diagnoses of schizophrenia or major depressive disorder alone. Senior residents possessed more negative attitudes toward individuals with SUDs than did junior residents. Emergency medicine residents had more negative attitudes than the other resident physician groups. CONCLUSIONS: The attitudes of resident physicians toward individuals with SUDs with and without schizophrenia were negative and were worse among emergency medicine residents and senior residents. Additional research and programmatic work are needed to understand the reasons for these negative attitudes and to develop interventions during residency training to improve them.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome and the Consulting Psychiatrist: A Case Study of Diagnosis and Treatment for an Emerging Disorder in Psychiatric Practice.

The increasing prevalence of cannabis use in the United States requires awareness of cannabis-related disorders and familiarity with treatment options. We present a case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome that required psychiatric consultation for diagnostic clarification and effective treatment with intravenous haloperidol. Literature from emergency medicine, toxicology, and gastroenterology is reviewed, including proposed diagnostic criteria for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and reported off-label treatment options, with a specific focus on clinical questions facing the practicing psychiatrist regarding this emerging disorder.

The effect of a therapeutic lithium level on a stroke-related cerebellar tremor.

Lithium is a mood stabiliser used in the treatment of acute mania, bipolar disorder and as augmentation for unipolar major depression. Tremor is a common adverse effect associated with lithium at both therapeutic and toxic serum levels. We present a case of dose-dependent changes in the quality and intensity of a stroke-related, chronic cerebellar tremor with lithium treatment at serum levels within the therapeutic range. On admission, the patient in this case had a baseline fine, postural tremor, which increased in frequency and evolved to include myoclonic jerks once lithium therapy was initiated. Although the patient's serum lithium level was never in the toxic range, his tremor returned to baseline on reduction of his serum lithium level. This case highlights that a pre-existing, baseline tremor may lower the threshold for developing myoclonus. It also suggests that caution may be warranted with lithium therapy in the setting of known cerebellar disease.

Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression during Aedes aegypti development.

Blood-feeding mosquitoes, including the dengue and yellow fever vector Aedes aegypti, transmit many of the world's deadliest diseases. Such diseases have resurged in developing countries and pose clear threats for epidemic outbreaks in developed countries. Recent mosquito genome projects have stimulated interest in the potential for arthropod-borne disease control by genetic manipulation of vector insects, and gene products that regulate development are of particular interest. This protocol for immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression can be used to analyze expression of developmental proteins of interest in Ae. aegypti embryos, larvae, and pupae, which will be critical for the development of markers for particular developing tissues.

Fixation and preparation of developing tissues from Aedes aegypti.

Blood-feeding mosquitoes, including the dengue and yellow fever vector Aedes aegypti, transmit many of the world's deadliest diseases. Such diseases have resurged in developing countries and pose clear threats for epidemic outbreaks in developed countries. Recent mosquito genome projects have stimulated interest in the potential for arthropod-borne disease control by genetic manipulation of vector insects, and genes that regulate development are of particular interest. This protocol describes a method for fixation and dissection of Ae. aegypti embryos, larvae, and pupae. Tissue processed in this manner can be used subsequently for in situ hybridization detection of mRNA or immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression.

Whole-mount in situ hybridization for analysis of gene expression during Aedes aegypti development.

Blood-feeding mosquitoes, including the dengue and yellow fever vector Aedes aegypti, transmit many of the world's deadliest diseases. Such diseases have resurged in developing countries and pose clear threats for epidemic outbreaks in developed countries. Recent mosquito genome projects have stimulated interest in the potential for arthropod-borne disease control by genetic manipulation of vector insects, and genes that regulate development are of particular interest. This protocol for whole-mount in situ hybridization can be used to analyze gene expression in Ae. aegypti embryos and larvae, a critical aspect of understanding developmental gene function in this vector mosquito.

Aedes aegypti: an emerging model for vector mosquito development.

Blood-feeding mosquitoes, including the dengue and yellow fever vector Aedes aegypti, transmit many of the world's deadliest diseases. Such diseases have resurged in developing countries and pose clear threats for epidemic outbreaks in developed countries. Recent mosquito genome projects have stimulated interest in the potential for arthropod-borne disease control by genetic manipulation of vector insects. Targets of particular interest include genes that regulate development. However, although the Ae. aegypti genome project uncovered homologs of many known developmental regulatory genes, little is known of the genetic regulation of development in Ae. aegypti or other vector mosquitoes. This article provides an overview of the background, husbandry, and potential uses of Ae. aegypti as a model species. Methods for culturing, collecting and fixing developing tissues, analyzing gene and protein expression, and knocking down genes are permitting detailed analyses of the functions of developmental regulatory genes and the selective inhibition of such genes during Ae. aegypti development. This methodology, much of which is applicable to other mosquito species, is useful to both the comparative development and vector research communities.