Emerging biologic therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The approval of belimumab and anifrolumab has expanded the scope of treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, many patients remain refractory to currently available therapies and suffer from drug toxicities. This review will discuss approved and target-specific therapeutics in development that bring hope for better SLE treatments. RECENT FINDINGS: Since the last review on this subject in the journal, the FDA has approved anifrolumab and belimumab for SLE and lupus nephritis (LN), respectively. A fully humanized anti-CD20, obinutuzumab, met the primary end point in a phase II trial in LN. A Tyk2 inhibitor, deucravacitinib, and an antibody targeting plasmacytoid dendritic cells, litifilimab, met the primary end point in phase II trials in SLE and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Ustekinumab and baricitinib met the primary end point in phase II but not in phase III trials. SUMMARY: While many drug candidates which met the end points in phase II trials have failed phase III trials, the number of target-specific therapies for SLE has continued to expand.

Analyses of tertiary lymphoid structures observed in cases of Merkel cell carcinoma showing spontaneous regression.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a high-grade skin cancer, but spontaneous regression is observed at a markedly higher frequency than in other carcinomas. Although spontaneous regression is a phenomenon that greatly impacts treatment planning, we still cannot predict it. We previously reported on the prognostic impact of the presence or absence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection. To learn more about the spontaneous regression of MCC, detailed analyses were performed focusing on spontaneous regression cases. We collected 71 Japanese patients with MCC including 6 cases of spontaneous regression. Samples were analysed by immunostaining, spatial single-cell analysis using PhenoCycler, and RNA sequencing using the next-generation sequencer (NGS). All 6 cases of spontaneous regression were positive for MCPyV. TLS was positive in all 5 cases analysed. Spatial single-cell analyses revealed that PD-L1-positive tumour cells were in close proximity to CD20-positive B cell and CD3-, 4-positive T cells. Gene set enrichment analysis between MCPyV-positive and TLS-positive samples and other samples showed significantly high enrichment of "B-cell-mediated immunity" gene sets in the MCPyV-positive and TLS-positive groups. In conclusion, TLS may play an important role in the spontaneous regression of MCC.

Efficacy and safety of TM5614 in combination with paclitaxel in the treatment of paclitaxel-resistant cutaneous angiosarcoma: Phase II study protocol.

Cutaneous angiosarcoma (CAS) is an endothelial cell-derived, highly aggressive type of vascular tumour. Although chemoradiotherapy with paclitaxel (PTX) is recognized as a first-line therapy for CAS, second-line therapy for CAS remains controversial, and there is no standard therapy for taxane-resistant CAS. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is associated with poor clinical outcomes, and elevated levels of PAI-1 in both tissue and serum are correlated with poor response to therapy in various cancers, including skin cancers. Since PAI-1 protects endothelial cells from Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis, PAI-1 inhibition might induce apoptosis of endothelial cell-derived tumours such as CAS. This is a single-arm, open-label, multi-institutional, Phase 2 clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of PTX in combination with TM5614 (PAI-1 inhibitor) in patients with PTX-resistant CAS. PTX will be administered for 28 weeks, with oral administration of TM5614. The primary endpoint of this study will be the overall response rate (ORR) at 28 weeks after starting treatment (central image evaluation). The secondary endpoint will include the ORR at 28 weeks after starting treatment (investigator evaluation), ORR at 8 weeks and 16 weeks after initiation of treatment (central and investigator evaluation), progression-free survival, overall survival, disease control rate and safety profiles. Assuming the null hypothesis of a response rate of 13.6% and an alternative hypothesis of 45%, a minimum of 15 patients are required to achieve a two-sided, Type I error of 5% and power of 70% based on the exact binomial distribution. Data quality control will be conducted by a combination of centralized (remote) and on-site monitoring. This study will contribute to the development of novel combination therapy for PTX-resistant CAS patients, which remains an unmet clinical need.

Phase II, multicenter study of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibitor (TM5614) plus nivolumab for treating anti-PD-1 antibody-refractory malignant melanoma: TM5614-MM trial.

BACKGROUND: Anti-programmed cell death 1 antibodies (anti-PD-1 Abs) are widely used for advanced melanoma, but the efficacy of an anti-PD-1 Abs is limited in the Asian population. There remains an unmet need to improve the therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1 Abs treatment, particularly in melanoma patients who are refractory to anti-PD-1 Abs. The aim was to evaluate anti-PD-1 Abs treatment in combination with TM5614 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: PAI-1 inhibitor) in patients with unresectable melanoma. METHODS: The TM5614-MM study was a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nivolumab in combination with TM5614 in patients with advanced, unresectable malignant melanoma recruited at 7 Japanese institutes between 13 September 2021 and 31 March 2023. Patients with metastatic or unresectable melanoma previously treated with anti-PD-1 Abs were enrolled. Nivolumab 480 mg was administered intravenously every 4 weeks for 8 weeks, while TM5614 was administered orally at a dose of 120 mg (0-4 weeks) and 180 mg once daily (5-8 weeks). The primary endpoint was the overall response rate after 8 weeks of concomitant use of TM5614. RESULTS: Thirty nine patients were enrolled, and 34 patients in the anti-PD-1 Abs-refractory cohort. The overall response rate at 8 weeks was 25.9% (95% CI: 12.9-44.9%; P = .027) in 27 anti-PD-1-Abs refractory patients by investigator assessment in the protocol per set cohort. Seven patients discontinued treatment due to progressive disease or adverse events. Treatment-related grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 3 of 39 patients (7.7%) in the intention-to-treat cohort. CONCLUSIONS: TM5614 in combination with nivolumab is well-tolerated and effective in anti-PD-1 Abs-refractory, unresectable melanoma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered with Clinical Trial gov, jRCT2021210029.

Quantification of Unencapsulated Drug in Target Tissues Demonstrates Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Effects of Liposomal Topotecan (FF-10850).

PURPOSE: Quantifying unencapsulated drug concentrations in tissues is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying the efficacy and safety of liposomal drugs; however, the methodology for this has not been fully established. Herein, we aimed to investigate the enhanced therapeutic potential of a pegylated liposomal formulation of topotecan (FF-10850) by analyzing the concentrations of the unencapsulated drug in target tissues, to guide the improvement of its dosing regimen. METHODS: We developed a method for measuring unencapsulated topotecan concentrations in tumor and bone marrow interstitial fluid (BM-ISF) and applied this method to pharmacokinetic assessments. The ratios of the area under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) between tumor and BM-ISF were calculated for total and unencapsulated topotecan. DNA damage and antitumor effects of FF-10850 or non-liposomal topotecan (TPT) were evaluated in an ES-2 mice xenograft model. RESULTS: FF-10850 exhibited a much larger AUC ratio between tumor and BM-ISF for unencapsulated topotecan (2.96), but not for total topotecan (0.752), than TPT (0.833). FF-10850 promoted milder DNA damage in the bone marrow than TPT; however, FF-10850 and TPT elicited comparable DNA damage in the tumor. These findings highlight the greater tumor exposure to unencapsulated topotecan and lower bone marrow exposure to FF-10850 than TPT. The dosing regimen was successfully improved based on the kinetics of unencapsulated topotecan and DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue pharmacokinetics of unencapsulated topotecan elucidated the favorable pharmacological properties of FF-10850. Evaluation of tissue exposure to an unencapsulated drug with appropriate pharmacodynamic markers can be valuable in optimizing liposomal drugs and dosing regimens.

Electrical stimulation of the lower eyelid orbicularis oculi muscle improves periocular dark circles.

BACKGROUND: We developed and tested the safety and efficacy of a cosmetic device to improve dark circles using electrical muscle stimulation of the orbicularis oculi muscle. METHODS: Overall, 18 participants (36 eyes) were studied. The following five items were evaluated before and after the intervention:(1) the Clinical Dark Circle Score using clinical findings and photographs, (2) transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure (TcPO2) on the lower eyelid, (3) thermography, (4) two-dimensional laser blood flowmetry, and (5) spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The mean score at baseline was 2.0 ± 0.90 (mean ± standard deviation), and that at the end of the study was 1.2 ± 1.0 (Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test, p < 0.0001), indicating a significant reduction. The spectrophotometer showed a significant decrease in a* and L* values before and after use (Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test, p < 0.0001). There was also a weak negative correlation between the change in score and the change in blood flow and TcPO2 measured using a laser perfusion device (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, r = -0.32 and -0.39, respectively). Stratified analysis of the baseline score showed a strong negative correlation between the change in score and the change in spectrophotometric a* in the subjects/group with mild periocular dark circles (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, r = -0.46). Contrastingly, no correlation was observed for any of the measurements in the subjects/group with severe periocular dark circles. After 1 month, no device-related ophthalmic adverse events were observed in any of the participants. CONCLUSION: Electrical muscle stimulation could improve periocular dark circles, especially in the subjects/group with mild periocular dark circles, and was safe.

Emerging cellular and immunotherapies for systemic sclerosis: from mesenchymal stromal cells to CAR-T cells and vaccine-based approaches.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although two targeted therapies have received recent approval for systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated interstitial lung disease, they do not show major disease-modifying activity, highlighting the need for novel therapies and innovative paradigms. To that end, cellular therapies may represent a new opportunity for the treatment of SSc. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of emerging cell-based disease-modifying therapies in SSc. RECENT FINDINGS: Initial small studies in patients with severe refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using engineered regulatory cells show promising results. CD19-directed CAR-T have shown promising results in one case report of refractory diffuse cutaneous SSc patients. T cells engineered to express a chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR-T cells) may be even more relevant via the specific elimination of auto-reactive B cells. Targeting pro-fibrotic or senescence-related pathways may also constitute promising approaches in SSc. SUMMARY: Building on the classification of the clinical phenotype and prediction of clinical trajectory based on individual patients' autoantigen and/or autoantibody profile, cellular therapies targeting the same autoantigen or related autoreactive cells may represent an unprecedented opportunity to implement personalized medicine in SSc.

Evaluation of prognostic prediction ability of the novel Japanese risk factor scoring system in a Japanese cohort of resectable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

Japanese patients with very high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs), based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, have been reported to display a higher cumulative incidence of relapse and disease-specific death (DSD) than those with high-risk cSCC. Therefore, prognosis prediction is crucial for Japanese patients with very high-risk cSCCs. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic prediction ability of our novel Japanese Risk Factor Scoring Systems (JARF scoring) in a Japanese cohort of cSSC patients. Data of 424 Japanese patients with resectable very high-risk cSCCs were analysed. We compared the prognostic ability of the following three staging systems: Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) tumour staging, number of NCCN very high-risk factors, and JARF scoring, including recurrent tumour, high-risk histological features, deep tumour invasion and lymphatic or vascular involvement as risk factors. The prognostic ability of these staging systems was evaluated according to the cumulative incidence of local recurrence (LR), regional lymph node metastasis (RLNM), DSD, and overall survival (OS). When BWH staging was used, high T stage led to significantly poor outcomes only in the cumulative incidence of RLNM (p = 0.01). The presence of very high-risk NCCN factors led to significantly poor outcomes in terms of RLNM (p = 0.03) and OS (p = 0.02). Meanwhile, a high number of risk factors in the JARF scoring system clearly led to poor outcomes in terms of LR (p = 0.01), RLNM (p < 0.01), DSD (p = 0.03), and OS (p < 0.01). The JARF scoring system may accurately predict the risk of recurrence and death in very high-risk cSCC patients in Japan.

Investigation of the Effect of Students' Nodding on Their Arousal Levels in On-Demand Lectures.

Due to COVID-19, various lecture styles are being explored. On-demand lectures are attracting increasing attention due to advantages such as being able to watch without restrictions due to location and time. In contrast, on-demand lectures have disadvantages, such as no interaction with the lecturer, so the quality of on-demand lectures should be improved. Our previous study showed that when participants nod without showing their faces in a real-time remote lecture, their heart rate state changes to arousal and nodding can increase arousal. In this paper, we hypothesize that nodding during on-demand lectures increases participants' arousal levels, and we investigate the relationship between natural and forced nodding and the level of arousal based on heart rate information. Students taking on-demand lectures rarely nod naturally, so we used entrainment to encourage nodding by showing a video of another participant nodding, and by forcing the participants to nod when the other participant nodded in the video. The results showed that only participants who nodded spontaneously changed the value of pNN50, an index of the arousal level, which reflected a state of high arousal after one minute. Thus, participants' nodding in on-demand lectures can increase their arousal levels; however, the nodding must be spontaneous, not forced.

A Case of Vascular Malformation in the Buccal Fat Pad.

Vascular anomalies are categorized as vascular tumors or vascular malformations (VMs) based on the system of classification (updated in 2018) established by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. In the orofacial region, such anomalies are most likely to occur in the lips or tongue, and only rarely in the buccal fat pad. This report describes a case of a VM in the buccal fat pad. A 47-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a mass lesion in her left cheek. On palpation, an elastic, hard, painless, and mobile mass was found anterior to the left masseter muscle. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography revealed a mass in the left buccal fat pad. The lesion was identified as a benign tumor and surgical excision performed under general anesthesia. Histopathological examination revealed that the lesion was composed of a large number of vascular structures of various sizes covered with endothelial cells. Based on the clinical and histopathological findings, a diagnosis of a venous VM was made. One year has passed since the operation and no recurrence has been observed. Long-term follow-up is planned.

Three-dimensional Culture Using Atelocollagen Sponge and Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogel.

This study aimed to assess the combined application of two biomaterials, a selfassembling peptide hydrogel (SPH) and an atelocollagen sponge (ACS). The ACS was combined with SPH (PuraMatrixⓇ or PanaceaGelⓇ) and its osteogenic effects on mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3 then evaluated. Each type of SPH was successfully incorporated into the ACS. The MC3T3 cells showed uniform distribution within the scaffold. No necrotic cells were observed throughout the experimental procedures. When the SPH was combined with the ACS, the MC3T3 cells differentiated toward the osteo-lineage, expressing Alp, Runx2, Osx, Bsp, and Oc. PanaceaGelⓇ exhibited a stronger osteogenic effect on the cells than PuraMatrixⓇ.

Pancreas-contactless gastrectomy for gastric cancer prevents postoperative inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Pancreas-related complications after laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) for gastric cancer can be fatal. We developed a gastrectomy procedure with no pancreas contact to prevent such complications and herein report the surgical outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 182 consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent LG at Kitasato University Hospital from January 2017 to January 2020. These patients were divided into a pancreas-contact group (C group) and pancreas-contactless group (CL group) for comparison of postoperative complications, and inflammatory parameters such as body temperature (BT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: Postoperative complications of CDc grade ≧ IIIa were significantly fewer in the CL group than in the C group [0/76 (0%) vs. 6/106 (5.7%), P = 0.035]. The median drain amylase (drain-AMY) on postoperative day 1 (POD1) was significantly lower in the CL group than in the C group (641 vs. 1162 IU/L, P = 0.02), as was BT at POD1 (37.4 °C vs. 37.7 °C, P = 0.04), the patient group with a BT above 37.5 °C at POD3 [5/76 (6.5%) vs. 18/106 (17%), P = 0.037], and those showing a CRP above 20.0 mg/dL at POD3 [5/76 (6.5%) vs. 20/106 (19%), P = 0.018]. CONCLUSIONS: Our technique to prevent pancreas contact during supra-pancreatic lymph node dissection during LG could minimize the inflammatory response and prevent further postoperative complications. Further large-scale, prospective studies are now required.

Adjuvant Anti-PD-1 Antibody Therapy for Advanced Melanoma: A Multicentre Study of 78 Japanese Cases.

Anti-PD-1 antibodies (Abs) are among the optimal adjuvant therapies for melanoma at high risk of recurrence, especially BRAF wild-type melanoma, but the anti-tumour effects of anti-PD-1 Abs in the adjuvant setting for acral melanoma have not been evaluated previously. The aim of this study was to analyse the efficacy and safety profiles of anti-PD-1 Ab monotherapy in the adjuvant setting in an Asian population including a high ratio of acral melanoma. The efficacy and safety profiles of anti-PD-1 Ab monotherapy in the adjuvant setting were retrospectively analysed in 78 Japanese patients with advanced melanoma, including 31 cases (40%) of acral melanoma. Overall relapse-free survival was 60.3% (47 of 78 cases, 95% confidence interval (CI) 49.2-70.4%), and 39.7% of patients (31 of 78 patients, 95% CI 29.6-50.8%) relapsed during the adjuvant PD-1 Ab treatment. Six cases (7.9%) discontinued the protocol due to serious adverse events. One case (1.3%) discontinued the protocol due to trauma. The relapse-free survival of acral melanoma was 25.8%, whereas that of high cumulative sun damage was 60.0%, and that of low cumulative sun damage was 57.1%. The acral type had a significantly lower 12-month relapse-free survival than other cutaneous types (p = 0.029). The acral type appeared to be an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (p = 0.015). Adverse events due to anti-PD-1 antibody were observed in 37.1% overall. The results of this study suggest that anti-PD-1 Ab therapy in the adjuvant setting is less effective for acral melanoma than for other cutaneous types.

Knapperer Resektionsrand bei Plattenepithelkarzinomen mit hohem oder sehr hohem Risiko: eine retrospektive multizentrische Studie mit 1000 Patienten.

HINTERGRUND UND ZIELE: Bei kutanen Plattenepithelkarzinomen (PEK) ist die Einhaltung der in Leitlinien empfohlenen festen Resektionsränder oft schwierig und knappere Ränder sind wünschenswert. Ziel dieser Studie war die Bewertung des Auftretens von Rezidiven und krankheitsspezifischen Todesfällen bei knapperen Resektionsrändern für PEK mit hohem oder sehr hohem Risiko. PATIENTEN/METHODEN: PEK-Patienten mit hohem oder sehr hohem Risiko, bei denen eine Tumorexzision durchgeführt wurde, wurden retrospektiv untersucht. Die Patienten wurden in eine Gruppe mit Standardrand gemäß Leitlinienempfehlung (standard margin group, SMG) und eine Gruppe mit knapperen Rändern (narrower-margin group, NMG) eingeteilt. Gemeinsame primäre Endpunkte waren lokales Rezidiv, PEK-Rezidiv und PEK-bedingter Tod. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines PEK-bedingten Tods und konkurrierender Mortalitätsrisiken wurde mittels kumulativer Inzidenzfunktion (CIF) beschrieben. Unterschiede bei der CIF zwischen den Gruppen wurden mit dem Test nach Gray verglichen. ERGEBNISSE: Insgesamt wurden 1.000 Patienten mit PEK (hohes Risiko, 570; sehr hohes Risiko, 430) eingeschlossen. In der Kohorte mit hohem Risiko gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei der unvollständigen Exzisionsrate (IER) zwischen SMG und NMG (2,6 % vs. 3,0 %, P > 0,99). In der Kohorte mit sehr hohem Risiko war die IER in der SMG jedoch signifikant geringer als in der NMG (8.9 % vs. 16.2 %, P = 0,03). Keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen SMG und NMG wurden für Lokalrezidiv (hohes Risiko, P = 0.56; sehr hohes Risiko, P = 0,70), PEK-Rezidiv (hohes Risiko, P = 0,30; sehr hohes Risiko, P = 0,47) und PEK-bedingtem Tod (hohes Risiko, P = 0,23; sehr hohes Risiko, P = 0,83) beobachtet. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Die Größe des Resektionsrands hat einen begrenzten Einfluss auf Randkontrolle, Rezidive und krankheitsspezifischen Tod bei PEK mit hohem Risiko.

Narrower clinical margin in high or very high-risk squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective, multicenter study of 1,000 patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), adherence to guideline-recommended fixed surgical margins is often difficult, and narrower margins are preferable. This study aimed to evaluate relapse and disease-specific death with narrower margins for high or very high-risk cSCC. PATIENTS/METHODS: We retrospectively investigated high or very high-risk cSCC patients who underwent tumor excision. Patients were divided into guideline-recommended standard margin group (SMG) and narrower-margin group (NMG). Co-primary outcomes were local relapse, SCC relapse, and SCC death. Cumulative incidence function (CIF) was used to describe SCC death probability and competing risk mortality. Gray's test was used to compare differences in CIF between the groups. RESULTS: In total, 1,000 patients with cSCC (high-risk, 570; very high-risk, 430) were included. In the high-risk cohort, there were no significant differences in incomplete excision rate (IER) between SMG and NMG (2.6 % vs. 3.0 %, P > 0.99). However, in the very high-risk cohort, IER in SMG was significantly lower than in NMG (8.9 % vs. 16.2 %, P = 0.03). No significant differences were observed between SMG and NMG for local relapse (high-risk, P = 0.56; very high-risk, P = 0.70), SCC relapse (high-risk, P = 0.30; very high-risk, P = 0.47), and SCC death (high-risk, P = 0.23; very high-risk, P = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical margin size has limited impact on margin control, relapse, and disease-specific death in high-risk cSCC.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery for high-risk advanced gastric cancer: long-term results of KDOG1001 trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term survival outcomes of KDOG1001 trial after a minimum follow-up of 3 years. METHODS: Patients with bulky N2 lymph nodes, linitis plastica (type 4), or large ulcero-invasive-type tumors (type 3) received up to four 28-day cycles of DCS neoadjuvant chemotherapy (docetaxel at 40 mg/m2, cisplatin at 60 mg/m2 on day 1, and S-1 at 40 mg/m2 twice daily for 2 weeks) followed by gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy plus adjuvant S-1 therapy for 1 year. The final preplanned analysis of long-term outcomes including overall survival and relapse-free survival was conducted after minimum follow-up of 3 years. This trial is registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, number UMIN 000003642, and has been completed. RESULTS: From May 2010 through January 2017, 40 patients were enrolled. All included patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy with DCS followed by gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy, and 32 (80%) completed adjuvant S-1 therapy for 1 year. After a median follow-up for surviving patients of 68 months at the last follow-up in January 2020, 3-year overall survival rate was 77.5% (95% confidence interval 62.1-87.9%), while 3-year relapse-free survival rate was 62.5% (95% confidence interval 46.8-76.0%). CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 4 cycles of DCS followed by D2 gastrectomy plus adjuvant S-1 was associated with relatively good long-term oncologic outcomes for patients with the high-risk gastric cancer.

Comparison of growth and nutritional status of Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The difference in growth and nutritional status, both important indices of population quality, between Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents is unknown. AIM: This study aimed to compare growth and nutritional status between Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The height-for-age and BMI-for-age distribution of 9,226 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from China and Japan were described with the Lambda Mu and Sigma method. Wasting, overweight and obesity were evaluated based on BMI-for-age cut-offs of the 2007 WHO Child Growth Reference. RESULTS: For boys, the overall average height, weight and BMI of Chinese participants were 3.0 cm, 4.8 kg and 1.2 kg/m2 greater compared with Japanese participants, respectively; for girls, these were 4.6 cm, 3.9 kg and 0.6 kg/m2, respectively. Compared with Japanese children, the 3rd, 50th and 97th percentiles of height-for-age, 1Z-score, and 2Z-score of BMI-for-age of Chinese children were greater, whereas the minus 2Z-scores of Chinese children were less. The prevalence of wasting, overweight and obesity among Chinese participants was greater. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with Japanese children, Chinese children tended to be taller. The worrying burden of overweight, obesity and wasting was recognised among Chinese children.

Facial site distribution of basal cell carcinoma in Japanese.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) occurs preferentially on the face. We retrospectively analyzed 200 cases of BCC treated at Nagoya City University Hospital from April 2004 to October 2015 and examined regional features based on modified facial aesthetic units. BCC occurred more frequently on the cheek, nasal and orbital areas. There was no significant difference between sides, and age was the only factor affecting tumor size.

Facial distribution of squamous cell carcinoma in Japanese.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant tumor of the skin. SCC is frequently distributed on highly exposed areas such as the face and dorsal surface of the hands because it is closely related to ultraviolet damage. We retrospectively analyzed 106 cases of SCC treated at Nagoya City University Hospital from April 2004 to October 2015 and examined regional features based on modified facial aesthetic units. SCC occurred more frequently on the cheek and forehead on the right side. The site of the tumor (nose and eyelid) was the only factor affecting tumor diameter.

Autotransplantation of Impacted Third Molar Using 3D Printing Technology: A Case Report.

Here, we describe a case of autotransplantation of a mandibular horizontally impacted third molar using a 3-dimensional (3D) model based on limited cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for diagnosis, 3D morphological evaluation, preoperative treatment planning, and surgical simulation. A 27-year-old woman visited this hospital for conservative treatment of the mandibular left second molar. Intraoral radiography and CBCT images revealed a C-shaped root canal in the mesial root, and compressive resorption of the distal root due to impingement of the crown of the horizontally impacted lower left third molar. Extraction was therefore planned. Multiple tooth-jaw bone 3D models for preoperative diagnosis were fabricated using a low-cost desktop 3D printer and surgical simulation of autotransplantation performed. The autotransplantation was then performed accordingly. Cone-beam computed tomography images and 3D models were extremely useful in obtaining a stereoscopic understanding of the morphology of the transplanted tooth and its surrounding anatomical structures. At the one-year postoperative recall, the patient was able chew with the transplanted tooth without pain, and no significant abnormalities were detected on intraoral radiographs, indicating a successful postoperative clinical course. Our experience of using 3D models fabricated based on CBCT images using a desktop 3D printer for preoperative diagnosis and surgical simulation suggests that this technique is useful in tooth autotransplantation.