Analysis of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with multiple injuries in the early period after trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Severe trauma causes damage to the protective barriers of the organism, and thus activates immunological reaction. Among substances secreted during this process pro-inflammatory cytokines are of high importance. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Severe trauma causing multiple injuries is more likely to lead to particularly intensive inflammatory reaction, which can sometimes lead to serious complications, even life-threatening. The aim of the study is to determine those parameters which may serve as predictors of infectious complications and to enable estimation of the patient's immunological status before the decision to introduce elective procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population included patients with multiple trauma treated in the Department of Trauma Surgery of the Medical University of Gdansk. The severity of injuries was evaluated with commonly used numerical scales (Revised Trauma Score - RTS, Injury Severity Score - ISS, Glasgow Coma Scale - GCS). Blood samples were collected on the first, second, and fifth day after injury. Evaluated parameters: C-reactive protein (CRP), the level of cytokines: IL-8, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF, IL-12p70, and IL-10. Control population: individuals without injury. RESULTS: Evaluation of IL-6, IL-8, and CRP levels in patients with multiple trauma in the early period after injury (2-3 days) could be considered as a predictor of delayed infection (5-10 days). CRP level, being cheap and commonly accessible, can be used in clinical practice enabling identification of patients at higher risk of infectious complications and introduction of appropriate treatment and prevention. The analysis of the mentioned parameters may contribute to choosing an appropriate management strategy, including "timing" depending on the patient's biological status.

Characterization of Blow-Spun Polyurethane Scaffolds-Influence of Fiber Alignment and Fiber Diameter on Pericyte Growth.

In this study, fibrous polyurethane (PU) materials with average fiber diameter of 200, 500, and 1000 nm were produced using a solution blow spinning (SBS) process. The effects of the rotation speed of the collector (in the range of 200-25 000 rpm) on the fiber alignment and diameter were investigated. The results showed that fiber alignment was influenced by the rotation speed of the collector, and such alignment was possible when the fiber diameter was within a specific range. Homogeneously oriented fibers were obtained only for a fiber diameter ≥500 nm. Moreover, the changes in fiber orientation and fiber diameter (resulting from changes in the rotation speed of the collector) were more noticeable for materials with an average fiber diameter of 1000 nm in comparison to 500 nm, which suggests that the larger the fiber diameter, the better the controlled architectures that can be obtained. The porosity of the produced scaffolds was about 65-70%, except for materials with a fiber diameter of 1000 nm and aligned fibers, which had a higher porosity (76%). Thus, the scaffold pore size increased with increasing fiber diameter but decreased with increasing fiber alignment. The mechanical properties of fibrous materials strongly depend on the direction of stretching, whereby the fiber orientation influences the mechanical strength only for materials with a fiber diameter of 1000 nm. Furthermore, the fiber diameter and alignment affected the pericyte growth. Significant differences in cell growth were observed after 7 days of cell culture between materials with a fiber diameter of 1000 nm (cell coverage 96-99%) and those with a fiber diameter of 500 nm (cell coverage 70-90%). By appropriately setting the SBS process parameters, scaffolds can be easily adapted to the cell requirements, which is of great importance in producing complex 3D structures for guided tissue regeneration.

Carnitine content in different muscles of patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic hemodialysis may lead to losses of carnitine from plasma and muscles. The aim of the present study was a comparison of carnitine contents in different human muscles (brachioradialis muscle and rectus muscle of abdomen) and evaluation of the correlation between plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations in patients receiving hemodialysis and healthy control patients. METHODS: The studies were performed in two groups of patients receiving hemodialysis. The first group included 37 patients (18 male, 19 female) (muscle specimen was taken from the brachioradialis muscle). The second group included 28 patients (15 male, 13 female) (muscle specimen was taken from the rectus muscle of abdomen). The other two separate groups of patients without renal involvement served as the controls. RESULTS: Significantly lower free plasma and free muscle carnitine (FMC) contents were noticed in patients receiving hemodialysis in comparison with the controls. Significantly higher total muscle carnitine (TMC) and FMC concentrations in the brachioradialis muscle in comparison with the rectus muscle of abdomen were observed in both the hemodialysis and control groups. Negative correlations between TMC, FMC, and FMC/TMC ratio versus duration of hemodialysis were found. No correlations between muscle and serum carnitine levels were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving hemodialysis are carnitine deficient. Tissue carnitine depletion is related to hemodialysis duration. Carnitine concentration in blood does not represent the whole carnitine stores in patients receiving hemodialysis. Brachioradialis muscle carnitine contents are significantly higher than those in the rectus muscle of abdomen.

[Long-term results of peripheral vascular injuries in patients' limbs following reconstructive surgical procedures and influence on the quality of life]. / Odlegle wyniki leczenia chirurgicznego obrazen naczyn konczyn z ocena wybranych aspektów jakosci zycia.

Major vascular injuries in extremities are rare and constitute problems for surgeons and their sequelae strongly influence remote future of the patients. The aim of study is to evaluate surgical treatment of vascular injuries in extremities and some aspects of quality of life. Since 1983 until 2002 sixty four patients with vascular limbs injuries were treated in the department. Remote evaluation has been performed in 33 persons. Severity of limb injuries was measured by Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS). In 20 patients (60.6%) very good and good recent results were obtained, satisfactory in 24.2% and bad results in 15.2% persons. Evaluation of functional status has been made by means of locomotion test and Jebsen-Taylor's test, social approval questionnaire, depression Beck's scale, the scale of hypochondria and by an original questionnaire to evaluate the quality of life. As considerable interdependence has been found between the functional status and the following factors: injury severity expressed in MESS (p < 0.01), clinic reception procedure (p < 0.001), ischemia time (p < 0.01), coincidence of other injuries (fractures and dislocations, muscle, tendon and nerve lesions) (p < 0.01), limb amputation (p < 0.01). Hand function significantly influences the quality of life. Patients who were in shock after trauma in the remote assessment showed susceptibility to the lowered mood and depression (p < 0.05). Quality of life is strongly connected with the features of personality, correlating mainly with the mood and tendencies of concentration upon somatic symptoms. Function of the hand influences strongly the quality of life. Amputated patients may in spite of their crippling limitations are able to adapt to everyday life.

Influence of spinal anesthesia on corrected QT interval.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prolongation of the QT interval may result in grave cardiac arrhythmias, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ("torsades de pointes"), and ventricular fibrillation. We assessed the influence of spinal anesthesia on the QTc interval and the potential arrhythmogenicity of this method of anesthesia. METHODS: Assessment was performed in 20 male unpremedicated patients, I or II American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, who underwent spinal anesthesia for elective surgical procedures. Values of the QTc interval, heart rate, and arterial pressure were measured before spinal anesthesia as well as after 1, 3, 5, and 15 minutes of adequate blockade. RESULTS: Statistically significant lengthening of the QTc interval (compared with initial values) was observed in the first minute after blockade and in subsequent measurements. No differences were observed between mean values of the QTc interval after the onset of blockade. No significant changes in heart rate were noted. From the third minute on, significant decreases of the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were observed as compared with baseline. These decreases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure persisted for the entire study duration. No one patient developed clinically important cardiac arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal anesthesia provokes significant QTc interval prolongation in patients without cardiovascular disorders.

Remarks on surgical strategy in creating vascular access for hemodialysis: 18 years of one center's experience.

The aim of the study is to evaluate surgical methods for creating vascular access for hemodialysis (HD) in patients with chronic renal failure. Over the last 18 years, 1,827 surgical procedures were performed in 722 patients (399 men and 323 women, mean age 43.7 +/- 17 years) in order to provide and maintain permanent vascular access for HD. Among all the surgical procedures, 992 were based on the construction of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and 835 were undertaken as secondary reparative surgical procedures. A total of 992 vascular accesses have been performed, including 904 AVF on upper and 14 on lower extremities as well as insertion of 74 permanent catheters. Radiocephalic AVF (RCAVF) was the principal type of AVF (58.8%). While constructing secondary angio-access after using RCAVF on the other extremity, fistulas with usage of brachial vessels were preferred. A total of 228 AVF of this type were created, including 143 brachiocephalic (BCAVF) and 85 brachiobasilic (BBAVF) AVF. Lately, synthetic grafts (arteriovenous graft, AVG) have been used more frequently, in 90 AVF. A brachial straight graft was the main type procedure performed, with polytetrafluoroethylene (95.6%). The patency of the fistulas has been evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were calculated to determine primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency. Log-rank analysis was used to determine differences between curves. Primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency at 12 months and 24 months were calculated. Comparing AVF patency in two patients' age periods (18-65 years, >65 years), it may be concluded that in the elderly group AVG provides better treatment for AVF. Finally, we conclude that a multidisciplinary approach to vascular access strategy offers the best option to achieve good functional AVF. Autogenous arteriovenous access should be regarded as the most suitable type in creating VA. However, individual conditions should be taken into consideration.