Ghrelin ameliorates neuronal damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory parameters, and GFAP expression in traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of ghrelin on oxidative stress, working memory, inflammatory parameters, and neuron degeneration. METHODS: TBI was produced with the weight-drop technique. Rats in the G+TBI and TBI+G groups received ghrelin for 7 or 2 days, respectively. The control group received saline. On the 8th day of the study, the brain and blood tissue were taken under anesthesia. RESULTS: A significant increase in brain GSH-PX, MDA, IL-1ß, TGF-ß1, and IL-8 levels and a significant decrease in CAT levels were found in the TBI group compared to the control. Serum MDA, GSH, IL-1ß, and IL-8 levels were increased with TBI. Ghrelin treatment after TBI significantly increased the serum GSH, CAT, GSH-PX, and brain GSH and CAT levels, while it significantly decreased the serum MDA, IL-1ß, and brain MDA, TGF-ß1, and IL-8 levels. Histological evaluations revealed that ghrelin treatment led to a reduction in inflammation, while also significantly ameliorating TBI-induced neuron damage and vascular injuries. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that GFAP staining intensity was significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus in TBI, and GFAP immunoreactivity was decreased with ghrelin treatment. CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggested that ghrelin may have curative effects on TBI.

Sex Estimation From Measurements of the Mastoid Triangle and Volume of the Mastoid Air Cell System Using Classical and Machine Learning Methods: A Comparative Analysis.

ABSTRACT: Previous studies on the sexual dimorphism of the mastoid triangle have typically focused on linear and area measurements. No studies in the literature have used mastoid air cell system volume measurements for direct anthropological or forensic sex determination. The aims of this study were to investigate the applicability of mastoid air cell system volume measurements and mastoid triangle measurements separately and combined for sex estimation, and to determine the accuracy of sex estimation rates using machine learning algorithms and discriminant function analysis of these data. On 200 computed tomography images, the distances constituting the edges of the mastoid triangle were measured, and the area was calculated using these measurements. A region-growing algorithm was used to determine the volume of the mastoid air cell system. The univariate sex determination accuracy was calculated for all parameters. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was performed for sex estimation. Multiple machine learning methods have also been used. All measurements of the mastoid triangle and volumes of the mastoid air cell system were higher in males than in females. The accurate sex estimation rate was determined to be 79.5% using stepwise discriminant function analysis and 88.5% using machine learning methods.

Comparison of anxiety, pain, and quality of life in individuals with mild or moderate malocclusion between conventional fixed orthodontic treatment versus Invisalign: a randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated anxiety, pain, and oral-health-related quality of life in individuals treated with conventional fixed appliances (Group A) and clear aligners (Group B) for moderate malocclusion during the initial phase of orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Sixty individuals, separated into Group A (n = 30) and Group B (n = 30), were included in the study. They completed the Anxiety Levels, Oral Health Impact Profile-14, and Oral Health Related Quality of Life - United Kingdom/Surveys after the application of attachments on days 0 (T1), 10 (T10), and 20 (T20). Their pain levels were evaluated with the Visual Analogue Scale on days 0, 2, and 6 in the 2nd and 6th hours and on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. RESULTS: Per the VAS questionnaire, pain levels in the 2nd hour, 6th hour, 1st day, and 3rd day were significantly lower in Group B than in Group A. In the OHIP-14 survey results, the comparison between Group A and Group B showed a significant difference only on the 1st day. The STAI and OHRQoL-UK survey results did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant difference between the two groups in terms of anxiety levels, and pain among individuals in Group A was higher than in Group B only at the beginning of the treatment. No significant differences were observed in terms of individuals' quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT06133296 (retrospectively registered)- Registration Date:15/11/2023.

Sex Estimation From the Paranasal Sinus Volumes Using Semiautomatic Segmentation, Discriminant Analyses, and Machine Learning Algorithms.

ABSTRACT: The aims of this study were to determine whether paranasal sinus volumetric measurements differ according to sex, age group, and right-left side and to determine the rate of sexual dimorphism using discriminant function analysis and machine learning algorithms. The study included paranasal computed tomography images of 100 live individuals of known sex and age. The paranasal sinuses were marked using semiautomatic segmentation and their volumes and densities were measured. Sex determination using discriminant analyses and machine learning algorithms was performed. Males had higher mean volumes of all paranasal sinuses than females ( P < 0.05); however, there were no statistically significant differences between age groups or sides ( P > 0.05). The paranasal sinus volumes of females were more dysmorphic during sex determination. The frontal sinus volume had the highest accuracy, whereas the sphenoid sinus volume was the least dysmorphic. In this study, although there was moderate sexual dimorphism in paranasal sinus volumes, the use of machine learning methods increased the accuracy of sex estimation. We believe that sex estimation rates will be significantly higher in future studies that combine linear measurements, volumetric measurements, and machine-learning algorithms.

Variation of Mandibular Canal Branching Related to Anatomical Regions in Mandible: A Radiographic Study Without Contrast.

PURPOSE: Screening mandibular canal branches and awareness of these possible canal branches is vital for patient safety and surgical success. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and localization of mandibular canal branching (MCB). METHODS: This is an institutional and retrospective cohort study of patients who presented for evaluation of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) between 2019 and 2020. The prevalence of MCB and the related foramina was estimated according to anatomical regions. Predictor variables were gender, age, anatomical region, and side of branches. Outcome variable of the study was MCB. Thus, multiple correspondence analysis was performed to determine the relationships between the categories of the variables, as well as between variables. RESULTS: CBCT images were obtained from 180 patients (n = 360 hemimandible; 90 males, 90 females). MCB was observed in 130 (72.2%) of 180 patients (mean age = 38.2 ± 11.8 years). MCB was observed in 63 (48.5%) males and 67 (51.5%) females, and the prevalence of MCB did not differ significantly according to gender (P = .618). MCB was mostly observed in the molar region (69 branches, 34.3%). Foramina were detected in 60 of 248 branches (24.19%) and were mostly observed in the retromolar region (28 foramina, 46.7%). "Quadrafid" branching was detected in 2 females (1.11%). Female patients aged 19-38 years were more prone to have MCB in molar and retromolar regions. MCB was more likely to occur bilaterally. There was also a high positive correlation among the MCB, side, and anatomical regions. CONCLUSIONS: MCB is not a rare anatomical variation, and even quadrafid branching can be observed in the hemimandible. CBCT images should be examined carefully for possible MCB to minimize postoperative complications during dental surgery.

Sella turcica bridging and ponticulus posticus calcification in subjects with different dental anomalies.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the bridging and dimensions of the sella turcica and calcification of the ponticulus posticus in subjects with different dental anomalies. METHODS: Pretreatment records of orthodontic patients with palatally impacted canines (n = 95), mandibular second premolar agenesis (n = 45), maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (n = 75), tooth transpositions (TT, n = 25), peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors (n = 30), and third molar agenesis (TMA, n = 145) were analyzed and compared with the control group (CG) consisting of 145 subjects with skeletal Class I malocclusion and no dental anomalies. The length, diameter, and depth of the sella turcica were calculated for each patient. The degree of sella turcica bridging was scored as type I, II, and III, whereas the extent of ponticulus posticus was classified as Class I, II, and III. RESULTS: Only decreases in the length and diameter of the sella turcica in subjects with TT were found to be statistically significant. Although type II bridging frequency was found to be significantly lower in subjects with mandibular second premolar agenesis, maxillary lateral incisor agenesis, TT, and TMA, type III bridging frequency was found to be significantly higher only in subjects with TMA. The decrease in Class I calcification frequencies and the increase in Class II calcification frequencies were found to be significant in subjects with palatally impacted canines, TT, and TMA compared with the CG. In addition, the presence of Class III calcification was found to be significantly more frequent in subjects with TMA than in the CG. CONCLUSIONS: Although type II and type III bridging frequencies were found to be higher than in previous studies because of the higher type II bridging frequency in the CG, type II bridging frequency was found to be insignificant. Furthermore, an increased frequency of ponticulus posticus calcification was observed in subjects with palatally impacted canines, TT, and TMA.

Within-subject and between-subject biological variation of first morning void urine amino acids in 12 healthy subjects.

Background Urine amino acid analysis is used for the assessment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the valid biological variation (BV) components (within- and between-subjects) required for the safe clinical application of free urine amino acids. Methods First morning void urine samples were taken from 12 healthy subjects (five females, seven males) once a week for 10 consecutive weeks, and amino acid analysis was performed using an Agilent 6470 triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer instrument. The obtained data were subjected to normality, outlier and variance homogeneity analyses prior to coefficient of variation (CV) analysis. Within- and between-subject BV values (CVI and CVG) of 39 amino acids were determined for all subjects. In addition, the index of individuality (II), reference change value (RCV), imprecision, bias and total error were estimated using BV data obtained from our study. Results The CVI values ranged from 8.9 (histidine) to 36.8% (trans-4-hydroxyprolin), while the CVG values ranged from 25.0 (1-methyl-L-histidine) to 63.3% (phenylalanine). The II value of most amino acids was less than 0.6 and ranged between 0.21 and 0.88. The imprecision, bias and total error ranged between 4.45 and 16.6, between 7.69 and 16.6, and between 18.4 and 43.2, respectively. Conclusions This study, designed according to a rigorous protocol, has the feature of being the first to give information about BV data of urine amino acids. We believe that the reference intervals have a limitation in the evaluation of consecutive results from an individual, so the use of RCV would be more appropriate.

Effects of showing the operating room on preoperative anxiety and hemodynamics among patients with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Anxiety is one of the most important causes of hypertension, increasing direct blood pressure and affecting postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of showing the operating room on preoperative anxiety and hemodynamics among patients with hypertension. METHODS: We enrolled 90 patients with hypertension undergoing cholecystectomy in this trial. Patients were randomly divided into two groups using a sealed-envelope system. Group STOR was shown the operating room the day before surgery, while Group No STOR was not shown the operating room. RESULTS: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores measured on the day of surgery were lower for Group STOR (43.2 ± 6.0) than Group No STOR (49.8 ± 7.9) (p = .001). Systolic (p = .001, p = .006, respectively), diastolic (p = .001, p = .004, respectively), and heart rate (p = .018, p = .031, respectively) values in the operation room and preoperative unit were lower in Group STOR than in Group No STOR. The number of postponed operations in Group STOR was lower than in Group No STOR (p = .043), and the patient satisfaction score in Group STOR was higher than in Group No STOR (p = .031). CONCLUSION: In patients with hypertension, preoperative anxiety, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate all increase in the preoperative unit and operation room. Our findings indicate that showing the operating room to patients with hypertension decreases preoperative anxiety, as well as blood pressure and heart rate inside the operating room and preoperative unit. It also reduces the number of postponed operations and increases patient satisfaction.

Long-term follow-up of enamel color changes after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was the long-term follow-up of enamel color changes observed in the middle third of buccal tooth surfaces after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. METHODS: The study included 120 maxillary central and lateral incisors and canines of 20 subjects who had fixed orthodontic treatment. The Spectro Shade Micro device (MHT, Verona, Italy) was used to evaluate the color changes of the teeth. Measurements were made from the middle third of the buccal surfaces of the teeth after fixed orthodontic treatment and in month 3, month 6, and year 1 of the retention phase. The Commission Internationale de l'Echairage L* a* b* system that expresses the color coordinates in L*, a*, and b* symbols was used to determine the tooth color, and ΔE values between the time periods were calculated. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used in evaluating the color changes. RESULTS: The increases in ΔL values at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after treatment were statistically significant, whereas they were not statistically significant from months 3 to 6, month 3 to year 1, or month 6 to year 1. The decrease in Δa and the increase in Δb values were not statistically significant. ΔE values at all time periods were statistically significant within themselves, and the greatest change was observed 1 year after treatment. ΔE values were 1.52 to 3.57, and a visible but clinically acceptable color change occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In the first 3 months, there was a significant increase in the lightness of the tooth color.

Gingival thicknesses of maxillary and mandibular anterior regions in subjects with different craniofacial morphologies.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions in subjects with different craniofacial morphologies. METHODS: For each dental arch, 128 periodontally healthy orthodontic patients with normal values of maxillary incisor position (1/NA, angle and distance; and 1/SN, angle) and mandibular incisor position (1/NB, angle and distance; and IMPA) were enrolled in the study. Craniofacial morphology of the participants was evaluated in the sagittal (ANB angle) and vertical directions (SN/GoGn angle) on lateral cephalograms. In the sagittal direction, the subjects were divided into 3 groups as Class I, Class II, and Class III. Each group was classified as low angle, normal, or high angle in the vertical direction. Mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions were determined by the ratio of the sum of gingival thickness of the relevant teeth, measured by the transgingival probing technique, to the number of teeth. RESULTS: Mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary anterior region were 1.173 ± 0.61, 1.103 ± 0.207, and 1.130 ± 0.244 mm in the Class I, Class II, and Class III groups and 1.084 ± 0.150, 1.136 ± 0.247, and 1.159 ± 0.249 mm in the low angle, normal, and high angle groups, respectively. Mean gingival thicknesses of the mandibular anterior region were 0.710 ± 0.156, 0.741 ± 0.176, and 0.691 ± 0.157 mm in the Class I, Class II, and Class III groups and 0.705 ± 0.184, 0.701 ± 0.132, and 0.735 ± 0.174 mm in the low angle, normal, and high angle groups, respectively. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of the mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions.

Evaluation of several classification methods in carpal tunnel syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the performance and effectiveness of 4 classification methods including support vector machine, naive Bayes, classification tree, and artificial neural network in the detection of carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey, and comprised record of patients suspected of having carpal tunnel syndrome between January and December 2013. The evaluations included age, gender, and 6 electromyography variables, including right/left median nerve sensory velocity, right/left fourth finger peak latency difference, and right/left median nerve motor distal latency. We investigated the performance of classification methods such as support vector machine, naive Bayes, classification tree and artificial neural network in the patients using data obtained from electromyography scan. A total of 6 criteria were used for the assessment of performance, including: true positive rate, false positive rate, true negative rate, false negative rate, accuracy, and preciseness. RESULTS: Of the 109 patients, 88(80.7%) were women and 21(19.3%) men. Besides, 67(61.5%) participants had carpal tunnel syndrome and 42(38.5%) did not have it. On classification tree, only 2 variables, i.e. left fourth finger peak latency difference and right/left median nerve sensory velocity, were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Naive Bayes had the highest detection score (91.04%), followed by support vector machine (89.55%). CONCLUSIONS: Naive Bayes yielded better performance than all the other methods in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, followed by support vector machine.

Comparison of the sugar and organic acid components of seventeen table grape varieties produced in Ankara (Türkiye): a study over two consecutive seasons.

Sugars and organic acids not only have a significant impact on taste balance and sensory acceptance by consumers but also play a crucial role in the chemical equilibrium of grape juices and wines. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the content and composition of sugars and organic acids in 17 grape varieties over two consecutive years using high-performance liquid chromatography. The variability in all the parameters studied was strongly influenced by both the grape cultivars and specific years (p ≤ 0.05). In grape berries, the primary sugars identified were fructose and glucose, which ranged from 6.50 to 11.10 g/L and from 5.83 to 12.12 g/L, respectively, over the two years. However, sucrose was not detected in any of the grape varieties examined. For the two respective years, the highest titratable acidity (TA) was found in Tekirdag Çekirdeksizi (TeCe) (0.89 and 0.90 g/L), while the lowest was detected in Victoria (Vi) (0.48 and 0.51 g/L). Total soluble solids (TSS) peaked in Horoz Karasi (HoKA) (21.90 °Brix), whereas it reached its lowest point in Big Perlon (BiPe) (14.1 °Brix). The tartaric acid content in the grape berries, ranging from 1.48 to 10.33 g/L for the two years, exhibited similar characteristics to malic acid, which ranged from 1.09 to 9.62 g/L and from 1.03 to 9.68 g/L for the two respective years. The succinic, malic, tartaric, citric, and oxalic acid contents were notably higher in the Kyoho (Ky) variety than in the other varieties. When examining the dendrogram of the contents of organic acid and sugar for similarities, it was evident that 16 out of the 17 grape varieties had a high degree of similarity, except for Alphonse Lavallée (AlLa) and HoKa. The similarity levels among the varieties ranged from 99.49% to 72.36%. The highest similarity (99.49%) was observed between the AlLa and Baris (Ba) varieties. The lowest similarity was observed among the AlLa, HoKa, and Ky varieties. In summary, this study underscores that certain table grape varieties grown in Ankara exhibit significant variations in valuable organic acids and sugars, which are associated with potential health benefits when considering human consumption.

Sex estimation from the hyoid bone measurements in an adult Eastern Turkish population using 3D CT images, discriminant function analysis, support vector machines, and artificial neural networks☆.

The hyoid bone is one of the bones in the human body that shows sexual dimorphism. The anthropological and anthropometric characteristics that determine sexual dimorphism are influenced by demographic differences. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of sexual dimorphism of the hyoid bone in the adult Eastern Turkish population from the examination of the 3D computed tomography images of 240 patients, using discriminant function analysis (DFA), support vector machines (SVM), and artificial neural networks (ANN). These evaluations were based on eight hyoid measurements that have been frequently used in previous CT studies. The results showed that all eight measurements were higher in males than in females (p = 0.000). It was determined that sex could be estimated accurately at up to 93.3 % using DFA, 93.8 % using SVM and 95.4 % using ANN. The maximum accuracy rate achieved to 94.2 % in males using SVM, and 95.8 % in females using ANN. These high rates of sexual dimorphism found using DFA, SVM, and ANN in this study indicate that characteristics of the hyoid bone can be utilized to determine sex in the Eastern Turkish population.

The analysis of the cases of aspired fuel oil and gasoline through siphonage method.

Accidental aspiration of petroleum products in children can also be witnessed in adults working with petroleum products by siphonage or swallowing fire for demonstration purposes. Ten cases admitted to Yuzuncu Yil University Emergency Service due to fuel oil and gasoline aspiration in a three-year period were retrospectively analysed. All cases were males and their average age was determined as 32,4 +/- 7.83 years. Three of the patients aspirated gasoline and 7 fuel oil. Blood gas values in all patients were at normal levels and their average white blood cell values were 16,590. The most frequent symptom for referral to our service was shortness of breath. Infiltration was confirmed in the chest X-ray of 2 patients with aspirated fuel oil and all cases of gasoline aspiration. All patients received methylprednisolone and IV proton-pump inhibitors for treatment. Eight patients were given antibiotics. All victims were discharged from the hospital after recovery. Aspiration of petroleum products which is normally rarely seen is witnessed more frequently in under developed countries. Since the findings determined by screening methods are often nonspecific, history is important for making a diagnosis.

Assessment of the COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Physical Intimate Partner Violence Against Pregnant Women in Ankara (Turkey): A Hospital-Based Study.

Purpose: A significant increase in physical intimate partner violence (IPV) cases has been reported from many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, and particularly during lockdown periods. The current study's objectives are to define the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on physical IPV against pregnant women in Ankara. Patients and Methods: During the one-year pre-pandemic and two-year pandemic, records of patients who sent by the judicial authorities to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Emergency Room (ER) at Ankara City Hospital were reviewed, and pregnant women who had been subjected to IPV were identified. Results: Of pregnant women 19.1% in the pre-pandemic period, 29.4% in the first year and 51.5% in the second year of the pandemic period exposed to IPV. The mean age of IPV victims was 28.8 ± 6.5 years. Most ER applications were in the evening hours (48.5%), and majority of assailants were the victim's husband (77.9%). Vast majority of victims were multigravida women (89.7), and most of the traumas were localized in abdomen and genitalia (50%). Three of the women (4.4%) had miscarriage. Conclusion: The increase in cases of IVP against pregnant women during the pandemic was striking, according to the current study. We think that this first study from Turkey on the IPV that pregnant women are exposed to during the pandemic can lead to extensive research focused on measures against IPV during pandemics, such as dissemination of telephone applications for IPV victims, increasing home visits by marriage therapists, and intensifying of education campaigns against violence.

Presence of accompanying head injury in patients with maxillofacial trauma.

BACKGROUND: Patients with maxillofacial fractures are at high risk of accompanying traumatic cranial injuries. Prompt determination of head injury in these patients is crucial for improving patient survival and recovery. METHODS: The records of 246 patients with maxillofacial fractures referred to the emergency department of our hospital between January 2006 and September 2009 were reviewed in this retrospective study. The patients' age and gender, cause, type and location of the maxillofacial fracture, and the cranial injuries were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 23.61±16.75 years (83.3% males and 16.7% females). Cranial injury was observed in 38 patients with maxillofacial trauma. While the risk of head injury was found to be 3.44-fold lower among patients with single facial bone fracture (p<0.001), the risk of experiencing head injury significantly increased in patients with multiple facial bone fractures (p<0.001). The risk of head trauma significantly increased in patients with fractures of the nasal bone, maxillary bone, mandibular bone, and with frontal region fractures (p<0.05 in each group). CONCLUSION: The patients with multiple facial bone fractures should be investigated with regard to head injury even if they do not have clinical findings.

Investigation of effective factors on traumatic amputations due to road traffic accidents.

AIM: To determine factors associated with the locations, types and levels of traumatic limb amputations caused by road traffic accidents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The files sent by the courts to the expert committee chaired by the authors for the determination of applicants' disability rate over the 10-year period between 2011 and 2020 were examined retrospectively. RESULTS: Of the 27 cases with traumatic amputations caused by road traffic accidents, 63% of them were male and the mean age of the cases was 29.0 ± 20.0 years. The cases comprised 12 passengers, 10 pedestrians, and 5 drivers. Of all, 66.7% of the amputations were caused by automobile accidents, 59.3% of them were in lower limbs, 51.9% of them were on the right side, and most of them occurred below the elbow/knee levels. Amputations occurred more frequently in lower limbs that are contralateral to the side of the traffic flow, in drivers, and in front seat passengers. CONCLUSION: The findings in this preliminary study need to be confirmed in studies to be conducted in larger series. The findings of these studies will shed light on technological developments that can be used in the prevention of serious injuries that lead to post-accident traumatic amputations.

ANOM Approach for Statistical Evaluation of Some Antioxidant Enzyme Activities.

Free radicals are chemical molecules that are more reactive and have an unpaired electron. Free radicals formed inside the cell oxidize biomolecules, leading to cell death and tissue damage. Antioxidants are molecules that can stabilize or inactivate free radicals before they damage the cell. In this study; the availability of Malondialdehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Reduced glutathione levels as markers for related diseases was evaluated by examining whether and in what range they may vary in some diseases. In study, nine groups consist of prostate cancer, cirrhosis, liver transplantation, chronic kidney damage, acute kidney injury, X-ray exposure, CT exposure, MR exposure and Osteonecrosis. Analysis of means is a method developed to compare group means with the overall mean and presents the results graphically in an easy-to-understand manner without the required for any post hoc test. In addition, related characteristics were categorized as "low and high" and Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis was conducted to visually present their relationship with related disease types in two-dimensional space. The upper and lower decision lines were found 3.123 and 2.794 µmol/L, respectively for Malondialdehyde. Those with cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, acute kidney disease and tomography exposure were included in the upper and lower decision lines. Those with prostate cancer, osteonecrosis, and X-ray exposure were above the upper decision line and are found higher than the overall mean. Those with lung transplantation and MR exposure appear to be below the lower decision line and lower than the overall mean. The present study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the availability of Malondialdehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Reduced glutathione levels as markers for some related diseases. This study has shown that Analysis of means can be used as an alternative graphical procedure for multiple group comparisons with an overall mean in the studies regarding as biochemical characteristics and relating diseases. In addition, Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis can be useful aid for decision marker in some biochemical characteristics and related diseases.

Suicides in Turkey: 25-year trend (1995-2019).

The assessment of national suicide risks is considered critical in many countries for the establishment of suicide prevention initiatives aimed at considerably lowering suicide rates. The aim of this study is to identify at-risk suicide populations by reviewing the suicides in Turkey over a 25-year period. The Turkish Statistical Institute's suicide statistics for 1995-2019 in Turkey was retrospectively reviewed in current article. The data collected in the study was statistically analyzed using the MINITAB vn 14 software. Between 1995 and 2019, the total number of suicides in Turkey was 66,819, and suicide rates, especially in males, showed an increasing trend in this period. Males comprised 68.3% of the total cases, and most (27.2%) were aged 15-24 years. Suicides mostly occurred between May and July (27.7%), of individuals with a primary school level of education (51.7%) and who were married (6.0 per 100,000). Illness was most important risk factor for suicide (36.8%) and hanging (47.5%) was the leading suicide method in all age groups and in both genders. Despite the fact that Turkey's suicide rate is lower than many other countries, the growth in male suicide rates is concerning. Suicides are likely to become a severe problem in Turkey in the near future unless measures like education, psychiatric evaluations, the reactivation of psychological counseling service phone lines, and the establishment of youth counseling centers, as described in this paper, are taken.

Sex estimation using foramen magnum measurements, discriminant analyses and artificial neural networks on an eastern Turkish population sample.

BACKGROUND: Although many studies have been conducted using the foramen magnum for sex estimation, recent findings have indicated that the discriminant and regression models obtained from the foramen magnum may not be reliable. Artificial Neural Networks, was used as a classification technique in sex estimation studies on some other bones, did not used in sex estimation studies on the foramen magnum until now. The aim of this study was sex estimation on an Eastern Turkish population sample using foramen magnum measurements, discriminant analyses and Artificial Neural Networks. METHODOLOGY: The study was performed on the CT images of a total of 720 cases, comprising 360 males and 360 females. For sex estimation, discriminant analysis and Artificial Neural Networks were used. RESULTS: The accuracy rate was 86.7% with discriminant analysis and when sex estimation accuracy was determined according to cases with posterior probabilities above 95%, the accuracy ranged from 0% to 33.3%. With the use of the discriminant formulas of 2 other studies, obtained from different Turkish samples, sex could be determined at a rate of 84.6%. Some formulas were found to be unsuccessful in sex estimation. Sex estimation accuracy of 88.2% was achieved with Artificial Neural Networks. CONCLUSION: In this study, it was found that sex could be determined to some extent with discriminant formulas from other samples from the same population, although some formulas were unsuccessful. With the use of image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms, better results can be obtained in sex estimation.