In Situ Cas12a-Based Allele-Specific PCR for Imaging Single-Nucleotide Variations in Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria.

In situ profiling of single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) can elucidate drug-resistant genotypes with single-cell resolution. The capacity to directly "see" genetic information is crucial for investigating the relationship between mutated genes and phenotypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization serves as a canonical tool for genetic imaging; however, it cannot detect subtle sequence alteration including SNVs. Herein, we develop an in situ Cas12a-based amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS-PCR) method that allows the visualization of SNVs related to quinolone resistance inside cells. The capacity of discriminating SNVs is enhanced by incorporating optimized mismatched bases in the allele-specific primers, thus allowing to specifically amplify quinolone-resistant related genes. After in situ ARMS-PCR, we employed a modified Cas12a/CRISPR RNA to tag the amplicon, thereby enabling specific binding of fluorophore-labeled DNA probes. The method allows to precisely quantify quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica in the bacterial mixture. Utilizing this method, we investigated the survival competition capacity of quinolone-resistant and quinolone-sensitive bacteria toward antimicrobial peptides and indicated the enrichment of quinolone-resistant bacteria under colistin sulfate stress. The in situ Cas12a-based ARMS-PCR method holds the potential for profiling cellular phenotypes and gene regulation with single-nucleotide resolution at the single-cell level.

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped photoluminescent carbon dots for highly selective and sensitive detection of Ag+ and Hg2+ ions in aqueous media: Applications in bioimaging and real sample analysis.

In this study, we report the synthesis of photoluminescent (PL) nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co-doped carbon dots (NS-CDs) from nitazoxanide and 3-mercaptopropionic acid as a precursors via a one-pot hydrothermal methods. N and S co-doped materials allows more active sites in the CDs surface resulting in an enhancement of their PL properties. NS-CDs show bright blue PL, excellent optical properties, good water solubility, and a high quantum yield (QY) of 32.1%. The as-prepared NS-CDs were confirmed by UV-Visible, photoluminescence, FTIR, XRD and TEM analysis. An optimized excitation at 345 nm, the NS-CDs exhibited strong PL emission at 423 nm with an average size of 3.53 ± 0.25 nm. Under optimized conditions, the NS-CDs PL probe shows high selectivity with Ag+/Hg2+ ions detected, while other cations no significant changes the PL signal. The PL intensity of NS-CDs linearly quenching and enhancement with Ag+ and Hg2+ ions from 0 to 50 × 10-6 M, with the detection limit of 2.15 × 10-6 M and 6.77 × 10-7 M (S/N = 3). More interestingly, as-synthesized NS-CDs shows a strong binding to Ag+/Hg2+ ions with the PL quenching and enhancement to precise and quantitative detection of Ag+/Hg2+ ions in living cells. The proposed system was effectively utilized for the sensing of Ag+/Hg2+ ions in real samples resulting in high sensitivity and good recoveries (98.4-109.7%).

Preparation and Characterization of Eugenol Incorporated Pullulan-Gelatin Based Edible Film of Pickering Emulsion and Its Application in Chilled Beef Preservation.

The purpose of this study was to develop a composite film composed of eugenol Pickering emulsion and pullulan-gelatin, and to evaluate its preservation effect on chilled beef. The prepared composite film was comprehensively evaluated in terms of the stability of emulsion, the physical properties of the film, and an analysis of freshness preservation for chilled beef. The emulsion size (296.0 ± 10.2 nm), polydispersity index (0.457 ± 0.039), and potential (20.1 ± 0.9 mV) proved the success of emulsion. At the same time, the films displayed good mechanical and barrier properties. The index of beef preservation also indicated that eugenol was a better active ingredient than clove essence oil, which led to the rise of potential of hydrogen, chroma and water content, and effectively inhibited microbial propagation, protein degradation and lipid oxidation. These results suggest that the prepared composites can be used as promising materials for chilled beef preservation.

Wastewater-Irrigated Vegetables Are a Significant Source of Heavy Metal Contaminants: Toxicity and Health Risks.

Water contaminated with heavy metals constitutes an important threat. This threat is a real problem with a negative impact in some developing countries where untreated industrial effluents are used for irrigation. The present study examines heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated vegetables (apple gourd, spinach, cauliflower, sponge gourd, and coriander) water, and soil from Chenab Nagar, Chiniot, Pakistan. In particular, the metals quantified were cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn). Among them, Cr and Co in crops irrigated -wastewater exceeded the levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In contrast, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Mn concentrations were in line with WHO standards. Compared with the limits established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), all the study vegetables presented higher (thus unsafe) concentrations of Cd (0.38 to 1.205 mg/Kg). There were also unsafe concentrations of Cr in coriander, sponge gourd, and cauliflower. Pb was found at an unsafe concentration (0.59 mg/Kg) in cauliflower. Conversely, Ni and Mn concentrations were below the maximum permissible limits by WHO, and FAO in all of the analyzed samples. The contamination load index (CLI) in soil, bioconcentration factor (BCF) in plants, daily intake of metals (DIM), and health risk index (HRI) have also been evaluated to estimate the potential risk to human health in that area. We have found an important risk of transitions of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Co from water/soil to the edible part of the plant. The highest HRI value associated with Cd (6.10-13.85) followed by Cr (1.25-7.67) for all vegetable samples presented them as high health risk metal contaminants. If the issue is not addressed, consumption of wastewater-irrigated vegetables will continue posing a health risk.

Csm6-DNAzyme Tandem Assay for One-Pot and Sensitive Analysis of Lead Pollution and Bioaccumulation in Mice.

Lead contamination in the environment tends to enter the food chain and further into the human body, causing serious health issues. Herein, we proposed a Csm6-DNAzyme tandem assay (termed cDNAzyme) using CRISPR/Cas III-A Csm6 and GR-5 DNAzyme, enabling one-pot and sensitive detection of lead contamination. We found that Pb2+-activated GR-5 DNAzyme produced cleaved substrates that can serve as the activator of Csm6, and the Csm6-DNAzyme tandem improved the sensitivity for detecting Pb2+ by 6.1 times compared to the original GR-5 DNAzyme. Due to the high specificity of DNAzyme, the cDNAzyme assay can discriminate Pb2+ from other bivalent and trivalent interfering ions and allowed precise detection of Pb2+ in water and food samples. Particularly, the assay can achieve one-step, mix-and-read detection of Pb2+ at room temperature. We used the cDNAzyme assay to investigate the accumulation of lead in mice, and found that lead accumulated at higher levels in the colon and kidney compared to the liver, and most of the lead was excreted. The cDNAzyme assay is promising to serve as analytical tools for lead-associated environmental and biosafety issues.

Availability of Operative Surgical Experience and Supervision for Competency-Based Education: A Review of A General Surgery Program at A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: In view of importance for competency-based education (CBE), we undertook a self-study to elicit the available operative surgical workload and supervision for residents in the general surgical residency program at the teaching hospital in Karachi. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional study spanning a 5-year period between January 2015 and December 2019. The numbers of surgical residents during this period were identified. Five procedures were selected as core general surgical procedures: incision and drainage of superficial abscess, laparoscopic appendectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, open inguinal hernia repair, and perianal procedures. Trends of the number of residents per year and the numbers of procedures per year were determined. The mean number of core procedures per eligible resident during their entire training was calculated to represent potential operative surgical experience and were benchmarked. The ratio of the average number of residents rotating in general surgery per year to the number of attending surgeons was determined as a measure of available supervision. RESULT: The mean total number of general surgical residents per year was 31.2 (range 28-35). The numbers of core general surgical procedures were consistent over the years of study. Potential exposure of eligible residents to each core procedure during their entire training was: 19.5 cases for incision and drainage of superficial abscess; 89 cases for laparoscopic appendectomy; 113.6 for inguinal hernia repair, 267.5 for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 64.5 for perianal procedures. The average yearly residents to full-time attending surgeons' ratio was 2.5. The workload of core general surgical procedures at AKUH was higher than the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) recommended volumes for operative surgical experience for residents in the US. CONCLUSION: This method of assessing the potential of a surgical program for transitioning to CBE appears practical and can be generalized.

Quantitative Estimation of Protein in Sprouts of Vigna radiate (Mung Beans), Lens culinaris (Lentils), and Cicer arietinum (Chickpeas) by Kjeldahl and Lowry Methods.

Protein scarcity is the most vital cause of long-lasting diseases and even untimely deaths in some developing nations. The application of protein in food is advantageous from the point of view of non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and dietary benefits. This study aimed to determine the protein contents of the sprouts of Vigna radiates (mung beans), Lens culinaris (lentils), and Cicer arietinum (chickpeas) using the Kjeldahl and Lowry methods. The results obtained from the Kjeldahl method identified protein concentrations of 2.54, 2.63, and 2.19%, whereas the Lowry method results identified protein concentrations of 2.96%, 4.10%, and 1.6% in mung beans, lentils, and chickpeas, respectively. In both the methods, lentils were found to have the highest amount of protein followed by mung beans and chickpeas. Both the Kjeldahl and Lowry methods demonstrated good protein values and low variation in the protein amount in the analyzed samples. Furthermore, the methods had greater sensitivity and comparable experimental variability. The outcomes revealed that assays can be applied for protein analysis in legumes. In the context of a lack of suitable standard procedures for evaluating legumes' compositions, the present study is suitable for food control laboratories. In addition, the studied samples represent a significant source of protein and can be used to fulfil the daily requirements for protein intake and other food applications.

Multi-Element Analysis and Origin Discrimination of Panax notoginseng Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS).

Panax notoginseng is an important functional health product, and has been used worldwide because of a wide range of pharmacological activities, of which the taproot is the main edible or medicinal part. However, the technologies for origin discrimination still need to be further studied. In this study, an ICP-MS/MS method for the accurate determination of 49 elements was established, whereby the instrumental detection limits (LODs) were between 0.0003 and 7.716 mg/kg, whereas the quantification limits (LOQs) were between 0.0011 and 25.7202 mg/kg, recovery of the method was in the range of 85.82% to 104.98%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 10%. Based on the content of multi-element in P. notoginseng (total of 89 mixed samples), the discriminant models of origins and cultivation models were accurately determined by the neural networks (prediction accuracy was 0.9259 and area under ROC curve was 0.9750) and the support vector machine algorithm (both 1.0000), respectively. The discriminant models established in this study could be used to support transparency and traceability of supply chains of P. notoginseng and thus avoid the fraud of geographic identification.

Heavy Metals in Acrylic Color Paints Intended for the School Children Use: A Potential Threat to the Children of Early Age.

Heavy metals are the harmful elements, regarded as carcinogens. Nevertheless, owing to their physical and chemical properties, they are still used in the production of several commercial products. Utilization of such products increases the chance for the exposure of heavy metals, some of them are categorized as probable human carcinogens (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Exposure of heavy metals to school children at early age can result severe life time health issues and high chance of emerging cancer. Thus, we have performed study relating to the presence of heavy metals in acrylic color paints commonly used by the school children. Acrylic paints of different colors were assayed for seven potential heavy metals manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) using microwave digestion and iCAPQ inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) system. The optimized method including paints digestion reagents nitric acid (HNO3, 65%, 5 mL) and hydrofluoric acid (HF, 40%, 2 mL) have offered excellent method performance with recovery values ranged between 99.33% and 105.67%. The elements were identified in all of the analyzed samples with concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 372.59 µg/g. Cd constitutes the lower percentage (0.05%), whereas Zn constitutes high ratio contribution which was tremendously high (68.33%). Besides, the paints contamination was also color specific, with considerably total heavy metal concentrations found in brunt umber (526.57 µg/g) while scarlet color (12.62 µg/g) contained lower amounts. The outcomes of our investigation highlight the necessity for guidelines addressing the heavy metals in acrylic color paints intended for the school children usage.

Removal of Chromium(III) and Cadmium(II) Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Treated Date Seeds: An Eco-Friendly Method.

The aim of the research was to prepare low-cost adsorbents, including raw date pits and chemically treated date pits, and to apply these materials to investigate the adsorption behavior of Cr(III) and Cd(II) ions from wastewater. The prepared materials were characterized using SEM, FT-IR and BET surface analysis techniques for investigating the surface morphology, particle size, pore size and surface functionalities of the materials. A series of adsorption processes was conducted in a batch system and optimized by investigating various parameters such as solution pH, contact time, initial metal concentrations and adsorbent dosage. The optimum pH for achieving maximum adsorption capacity was found to be approximately 7.8. The determination of metal ions was conducted using atomic adsorption spectrometry. The experimental results were fitted using isotherm Langmuir and Freundlich equations, and maximum monolayer adsorption capacities for Cr(III) and Cd(II) at 323 K were 1428.5 and 1302.0 mg/g (treated majdool date pits adsorbent) and 1228.5 and 1182.0 mg/g (treated sagai date pits adsorbent), respectively. It was found that the adsorption capacity of H2O2-treated date pits was higher than that of untreated DP. Recovery studies showed maximal metal elution with 0.1 M HCl for all the adsorbents. An 83.3-88.2% and 81.8-86.8% drop in Cr(III) and Cd(II) adsorption, respectively, were found after the five regeneration cycles. The results showed that the Langmuir model gave slightly better results than the Freundlich model for the untreated and treated date pits. Hence, the results demonstrated that the prepared materials could be a low-cost and eco-friendly choice for the remediation of Cr(III) and Cd(II) contaminants from an aqueous solution.

Synthesis of High-Performance Aqueous Fluorescent Nanodispersions for Textile Printing-A Study of Influence of Moles Ratio on Fastness Properties.

Aqueous fluorescent dispersions containing dyed acrylic-based copolymer nanoparticles possess significant credentials concerning green technology as compared to those prepared with the conventional vinyl-based monomers in textile and garment sectors; however, their essential textile fastness properties are yet to achieve. In the present work, a series of acrylic nanodispersions were synthesized by varying the moles ratio of benzyl methacrylate (BZMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) monomers. This was done to study their effect on dye aggregation and dyed polymer particles agglomeration. FT-IR spectral analysis showed the formation of polymer structures, while Malvern Analyzer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis suggested that the particles are spherical in shape and their size is less than 200 nm. The obtained nanodispersions were later applied on cotton fabrics for the evaluation of wash fastness and colour migration. Premier color scan spectrophotometer and zeta potential measurement studies suggested that colour migration of printed cotton fabrics increased with an increasing agglomeration of particles and it was also observed to increase with the moles ratio of MMA and zeta potentials.

Tunable Color Coating of E-Textiles by Atomic Layer Deposition of Multilayer TiO2/Al2O3 Films.

We successfully fabricated a conductive E-textile and color-coated E-textile by depositing multilayer Al2O3/TiO2 on a conductive E-textile through atomic layer deposition (ALD). Pt was deposited on an E-textile as a conductive layer via low-temperature ALD. The color of the coated conductive E-textile could be tuned to violet, green, or pink by simply varying the thickness of the Al2O3 and TiO2 layers. Both experimental and simulation results revealed that seven different colors can be obtained with single-layer TiO2 and multilayer Al2O3/TiO2, depending on the film thickness and their refractive indices. This method is highly effective for enhancing the fastness of structural color on conductive E-textiles. Furthermore, the mechanical properties and chemical stability of the color-coated E-textiles were investigated. The color-coated E-textiles could withstand acidic and basic solutions, with almost negligible changes in their morphology; this in turn indicates their excellent chemical stability. These switchable stable color-based conductive E-textiles can be used as a platform to directly integrate future wearable electronics in textiles.

High-performance SERS detection of pesticides using BiOCl-BiOBr@Pt/Au hybrid nanostructures on styrofoams as 3D functional substrate.

A 3D flexible domestic waste styrofoam is reported as a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate loaded with BiOCl-BiOBr@Pt/Au semiconductor-plasmonic composites. The hydrothermally prepared BiOCl-BiOBr nanocomposite is thoroughly characterized for its crystal structure using X-Ray diffraction, morphology through scanning electron microscopy, and electronic states of the elements using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The alpha cypermethrin (ACM) is chosen as a model pesticide analyte for SERS investigation. The BiOCl-BiOBr@Pt/Au loaded foam substrate exhibited a high enhancement factor (106) and low limit of detection (10-10 M) upon SERS investigation. The unique architecture of the semiconductor-plasmonic composite enables an efficient charge transfer capability and plasmonic hotspots which aids in the enhancement of target analytes. In order to better demonstrate the versatility towards other pesticides, SERS detection of glyphosate and paraquat pesticides are also performed using the fabricated SERS substrate. The stability of the substrate has been investigated in detail for 30 days and the substrate was highly stable. The BiOCl-BiOBr@Pt/Au-based foam substrate also performed well in rapid real-time sensing of alpha cypermethrin on the kiwi fruit exocarp at lower level concentrations. Graphical abstract.

Incorporation of Polygonatum cyrtonema extracts of NADES into chitosan/soybean isolate protein films: Impact on sweet cherry storage quality.

This study developed a biodegradable food film, incorporating bioactive components of Polygonatum cyrtonema extracted using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) into a matrix of chitosan and soy protein isolate. The films containing varying concentrations (0 %-5 %) of P. cyrtonema extract (PCE) were characterized. The addition of PCE improved the mechanical (+25.9 MPa for tensile strength), optical (+11.29 mm-1 for opacity), and thermal stability (-14.39 % for weight loss) of the films. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates increased by approximately 1.1 times and 0.5 times, respectively, and malondialdehyde formation reduced by 8 %. The films also effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. The films showed complete biodegradability after 7 days. Using the NADES-PCE coated film reduced the weight loss of sweet cherries by 41.04 % while significantly decreasing the loss of hardness, total phenols, vitamin C, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity, thereby considerably extending the storage life of the sweet cherries. Overall, this study developed a new environmentally friendly packaging material and improved the functionality of the packaging film by leveraging natural plant extracts, demonstrating tremendous potential in the field of food preservation and packaging.

Correction: Azam et al. Heavy Metal Ions Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Treated Ajwa Date Pits: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Approach. Polymers 2022, 14, 914.

In the original publication, there was a mistake in Figure 2B as the wrong image was uploaded [...].

Inhibitory action of antimicrobial peptides against the formation of carcinogenic and mutagenic heterocyclic amines in meat.

Thermal processing of meat leads to the development of Maillard's reaction intermediates, and carcinogenic toxicants. For the first time, the effectiveness of three (HX-12A, HX-12B and HX-12C) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against the formation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in chemical and meat model systems. The results showed that AMPs especially 12A and 12C have strong metal chelation potential (48 and 40% at 1 mg/ml) and antioxidant activity (35 and 25% at 1 mg/ml), respectively, which were endorsed by their secondary structure (FTIR analysis) in terms of high ß-sheets (1628 cm-1 and 1672 cm-1) in those AMPs. UPLC-MS analysis revealed that 12A and 12C were the most capable AMPs in MeIQx and PhIP-producing chemical models, respectively, whereas 12B promoted the HAs formation even higher than control. In particular, 12C AMP significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the most abundant carcinogenic HAs (PhIP) up to 90% at 9 mg/100 g of fresh meat, whereas 12A inhibited up to 80% of mutagenic HAs at same level compared to control and 12B. Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR) test showed that inhibitory effect of 12A and 12C was mediated by means of retaining water (lower T22 and T23 relaxation time) inside the macromolecules. This favorable effect was also evidenced by significantly enhanced tryptophan fluorescent intensity. Finally, based on correlation and principle component analysis, the mechanism of action has been proposed. These outcomes recommend that 12A and 12C are potential AMPs for the attenuation of HAs in thermally processed meat-based products.

Hydrostability, mechanical resilience, and biodegradability of paper straws fabricated through lignin-based polyurethane and chitosan binary emulsion bonding.

This study focuses on enhancing the strength and water stability of paper straws through a novel approach involving a binary emulsion of lignin-based polyurethane and chitosan. Kraft lignin serves as the raw material for synthesizing a blocked waterborne polyurethane, subsequently combined with carboxylated chitosan to form a stable binary emulsion. The resulting emulsion, exhibiting remarkable stability over at least 6 months, is applied to the base paper. Following emulsion application, the paper undergoes torrefaction at 155 °C. This process deblocks isocyanate groups, enabling their reaction with hydroxyl groups on chitosan and fibers, ultimately forming ester bonds. This reaction significantly improves the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of paper straws. The composite paper straws demonstrate exceptional mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 47.21 MPa, Young's modulus of 4.33 GPa, and flexural strength of 32.38 MPa. Notably, its water stability is greatly enhanced, with a wet tensile strength of 40.66 MPa, surpassing commercial paper straws by 8 folds. Furthermore, the composite straw achieves complete biodegradability within 120 days, outperforming conventional paper straws in terms of environmental impact. This innovative solution presents a promising and sustainable alternative to plastic straws, addressing the urgent need for eco-friendly products.

Proximate Analysis and Techno-Functional Properties of Berberis aristata Root Powder: Implications for Food Industry Applications.

Berberis aristata, commonly known as Indian barberry, has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties. Despite its recognized pharmacological benefits, its potential application in the food industry remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the proximate analysis and techno-functional properties of Berberis aristata root powder to evaluate its feasibility as a functional food ingredient. The root powder of Berberis aristata was subjected to proximate analysis to determine its moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate content. Techno-functional properties, including water and oil absorption capacity, emulsifying and foaming properties, and bulk density, were evaluated using standardized analytical techniques. The proximate analysis revealed a high fiber content and a significant number of bioactive compounds. The root powder exhibited favorable water and oil absorption capacities, making it suitable for use as a thickening and stabilizing agent. Emulsifying and foaming properties were comparable to conventional food additives, indicating their potential in various food formulations. The findings suggest that Berberis aristata root powder possesses desirable techno-functional properties that could be leveraged in the food industry. Its high fiber content and bioactive compounds offer additional health benefits, making it a promising candidate for functional food applications. Further research on its incorporation into different food matrices and its sensory attributes is recommended to fully establish its utility.

On rheological properties of disc-shaped cellulose nanocrystals.

The rheological properties of a substance depend greatly on its morphology, and rod-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (RCNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been extensively studied for their rheological properties. Nevertheless, the rheological properties of disc-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (DCNCs) with crystalline allomorph II derived from mercerized cellulose remain unknown yet. This work investigated the DCNCs' rheological properties in depth using steady-shear and oscillation measurements. At the same concentration, DCNC's suspension viscosity is lower than that of RCNC; RCNC has an instinct viscosity of 258.2, while DCNC has 187.9. Comparing RCNC suspensions with cellulose nanorods, DCNC has a lower aspect ratio and exhibits a distinct steady shear behavior. Under polarized film, DCNC suspension cannot self-assemble into chiral or liquid crystal phases, and with increasing concentrations, the system transitions from an isotropic phase to a gel phase. Oscillation sweeps demonstrate that the gel transition occurs at 7 %-8 %. Based on thixotropic recovery sweep outcomes, the high-stress oscillations enhance the network structure of DCNC suspensions, which is significantly different from that of RCNC suspensions. Results demonstrate the unique properties of DCNC, highlighting its application as a rheological modifier.

Metabolomics and HS-SPME-GC-MS-based analysis of quality succession patterns and flavor characteristics changes during the fermentation of Lycium barbarum and Polygonatum cyrtonema compound wine.

This work set out to investigate how the physicochemical markers, volatiles, and metabolomic characteristics of mixed fermented the fermentation of Lycium barbarum and Polygonatum cyrtonema compound wine (LPCW) from S. cerevisine RW and D. hansenii AS2.45 changed over the course of fermentation. HS-SPME-GC-MS combined with non-targeted metabolomics was used to follow up and monitor the fermentation process of LPCW. In total, 43 volatile chemical substances, mostly alcohols, esters, acids, carbonyl compounds, etc., were discovered in LPCW. After 30 days of fermentation, phenylethyl alcohol had increased to 3045.83 g/mL, giving off a rose-like fresh scent. The biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine as well as the metabolism of alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were the major routes that led to the identification of 1385 non-volatile components in total. This study offers a theoretical foundation for industrial development and advances our knowledge of the fundamental mechanism underlying flavor generation during LPCW fermentation.