Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021.

BACKGROUNDS: Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly, including non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only. Failure in the fusion of median and lateral nasal processes, the maxillary prominence, and soft tissues around the oral cavity can cause CL/P. Previously, the prevalence has been estimated to be 1 among every 1000 births in 2014 among American neonates and no other reports have been available since. Thus, this study aimed to calculate the prevalence and trend of isolated CL/P among American live births from 2016 to 2021 with its associated risk factors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this cross-sectional population-based retrospective study, we used live birth data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We calculated the prevalence per 10,000 live births of isolated (non-syndromic) CL/P from 2016 to 2021. To examine risk factors for developing isolated CL/P, we used logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: The total prevalence per 10,000 births from 2016 to 2021 was 4.88 (4.79-4.97), for both sexes, and 5.96 (5.82-6.10) for males, and 3.75 (3.64-3.87) for females. The prevalence did not show any consistent linear decreasing or increasing pattern. We found significant association between increased odds of developing isolated CL/P among cases with 20 to 24 year-old mothers (OR = 1.07, 1.01-1.13, p = 0.013), mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day (OR = 1.46, 1.33-1.60, p <  0.001), mothers with extreme obesity (OR = 1.32, 1.21-1.43, p <  0.001), mothers with grade II obesity (OR = 1.32, 1.23-1.42, p <  0.001), mothers with pre-pregnancy hypertension (OR = 1.17, 1.04-1.31, p = 0.009), mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.96, 1.71-2.25, p <  0.001), and mothers who used assisted reproductive technology (OR = 1.40, 1.18-1.66, p <  0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a minuscule increase, albeit insignificant, in the trend of CL/P prevalence from 2016 to 2021. Developing CL/P had greater odds among mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes, smoking, obesity, and pre-pregnancy hypertension mothers along with mothers who used assisted reproductive technology. Isolated CL/P had the highest prevalence in non-Hispanic Whites, American Indian or Alaskan Native and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders.

Evaluating osteogenic potential of a 3D-printed bioceramic-based scaffold for critical-sized defect treatment: an in vivo and in vitro investigation.

The integration of precision medicine principles into bone tissue engineering has ignited a wave of research focused on customizing intricate scaffolds through advanced 3D printing techniques. Bioceramics, known for their exceptional biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, have emerged as a promising material in this field. This article aims to evaluate the regenerative capabilities of a composite scaffold composed of 3D-printed gelatin combined with hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate bioceramics (G/HA/TCP), incorporating human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs). Using 3D powder printing, we created cross-shaped biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds with a gelatin layer. The bone-regenerating potential of these scaffolds, along with hDPSCs, was assessed through in vitro analyses and in vivo studies with 60 rats and critical-sized calvarial defects. The assessment included analyzing cellular proliferation, differentiation, and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and concluded with a detailed histological evaluation of bone regeneration. Our study revealed a highly favorable scenario, displaying not only desirable cellular attachment and proliferation on the scaffolds but also a notable enhancement in the ALP activity of hDPSCs, underscoring their pivotal role in bone regeneration. However, the histological examination of calvarial defects at the 12-wk mark yielded a rather modest level of bone regeneration across all experimental groups. The test and cell group exhibited significant bone formation compared to all other groups except the control and cell group. This underscores the complexity of the regenerative process and paves the way for further in-depth investigations aimed at improving the potential of the composite scaffolds.

Comparative evaluation of the effects of three hydraulic calcium silicate cements on odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells: an in vitro study

Abstract Objective The study aimed to compare the response of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) towards three hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) by measuring cytotoxicity and expression of dentinogenic genes. Methodology Dental pulps of five impacted mandibular third molars were extirpated as a source for hDPSCs. Next to culturing, hDPSCs were subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting after the third passage to validate stemness of the cells. Human DPSCs were exposed to diluted supernatants of OrthoMTA (OMTA), Biodentine (BD) and Calcium-Enriched Mixture (CEM) at concentrations 10, 25, 50 and 100% at the first, third and fifth day of culture. Then, cells were exposed to 10% concentrations supernatant of HCSCs to determine DSPP and DMP1 gene expression, using a quantitative polymerase-chain reaction. Data were analyzed using one-way and three-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey post hoc statistical tests. Results Optimal cell proliferation was observed in all groups, regardless of concentration and time-point. HCSC supernatants were non-cytotoxic to hDPSCs at all three time-points, except for 100% Biodentine on day five. On day seven, OMTA group significantly upregulated the expression of DSPP and DMP1 genes. On day 14, expression of DMP1 and DSPP genes were significantly higher in BD and OMTA groups, respectively. Conclusion Biodentine significantly upregulated DMP1 gene expression over 14 days, whereas CEM was associated with only minimal expression of DSPP and DMP1 .

Association of the P561T and C422F polymorphisms of the growth hormone receptor gene with facial dimensions / Asociación de los polimorfismos P561T y C422F del gen receptor de la hormona del crecimiento con dimensiones faciales

Background: Growth hormone plays a significant role in determining craniofacial morphology. Mutations of its receptor gene might be associated with mandibular prognathism (MP). Purpose: The aim of the current study was to evaluate growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene polymorphisms in relation to facial dimensions. Material and Method: The study enrolled 65 participants with class III profile in MP group and 60 orthognathic control participants. Genomic DNA was extracted from a blood sample from the patients and the P561T and C422F polymorphisms of GHR gene were screened by PCR-RFLP method followed by Sanger sequencing of randomly selected samples to validate the genotyping results. Chi square was used to compare distribution of polymorphism in MP and control groups (p<0.05). Results: Heterozygous P561T mutation was found in 10.77% and 8.33% of MP and control groups, respectively (p=0.644) while none of the subjects had the C422F mutation. Sanger sequencing confirmed the genotyping results from the PCR-RFLP method. P561T polymorphism was significantly associated with ramus and lower facial height in MP patients and with ramus height in orthognathic patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that the P561T polymorphism of the GHR gene is associated with the vertical dimension of the mandible in an Iranian population.

Antecedentes: La hormona del crecimiento desempeña un papel importante en la determinación de la morfología craneofacial. Las mutaciones de su gen receptor podrían estar asociadas con el prognatismo mandibular (PM). Propósito: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar dos polimorfismos del gen del receptor de la hormona del crecimiento (RHC) en relación con las dimensiones faciales. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio incluyó a 65 participantes con perfil de clase III en el grupo MP y 60 participantes de control ortognático. El ADN genómico se extrajo de una muestra de sangre de los pacientes y los polimorfismos P561T y C422F del gen RHC se seleccionaron mediante el método PCR-RFLP seguido de la secuenciación por Sanger de muestras seleccionadas al azar para validar los resultados del genotipo por RFLP. El test chi cuadrado se utilizó para comparar la distribución del polimorfismo en el grupo MP y grupo control (p<0.05). Resultados: Se encontró mutación heterocigota P561T en 10.77% y 8.33% de los grupos PM y control, respectivamente (p=0.644) mientras que ninguno de los sujetos tenía la mutación C422F. La secuenciación de Sanger confirmó los resultados de genotipado por el método PCR-RFLP. El polimorfismo P561T se asoció significativamente con la rama y la altura facial más baja en pacientes con PM y con la altura de la rama en pacientes ortognáticos (p<0.05). Conclusión: Los resultados indican que el polimorfismo P561T del gen RHC está asociado con la dimensión vertical de la mandíbula en una población iraní.