Cardiovascular, bone, and metabolic health in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation: a matched cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Descriptive data on late effects associated with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are sparse. We aimed to define the timing and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), fractures, and diabetes in a patient population with CRPC. METHODS: In the population-based STHLM0 cohort 1464 men with CRPC were identified and matched with three men free from prostate cancer (PC) in the Stockholm region of Sweden. Kaplan-Meier estimates of net survival were used to describe time to CVD, fracture, and diabetes. Cox regression was used to compare incidence rates (IRRs) for the respective late effects. Cumulative incidence analyses of late effects in the presence of the competing risk of death were performed to estimate absolute risks. RESULTS: The Kaplan Meier estimates demonstrated a higher net probability for CVD, fracture, and diabetes among men diagnosed with CRPC compared to the matched comparators. The IRRs were 1.94 (95% CI: 1.79-2.12) for CVD, 2.08 (95% CI: 1.70-2.53) for fracture, and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.31-3.05) for diabetes, respectively, comparing men diagnosed with CRPC to men free from PC. The cumulative incidence of CVD at 12 months of follow-up was higher in men diagnosed with CRPC compared to healthy controls regardless of age with a difference in cumulative incidence being 0.20 for men aged <65 and 0.11 for men aged >84. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, the incidence of CVD was significantly higher among men with CRPC compared to healthy controls. Despite having this end-stage disease this finding proves that clinicians must recognize this late effect in men diagnosed with CRPC to improve preventive actions. These men did not have a higher absolute risk of fractures and diabetes after accounting for deaths due to any cause compared to healthy controls.

Mortality in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer-A long-term follow-up of a population-based real-world cohort.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to find clinical variables that predict the prognosis for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in a Swedish real-life CRPC cohort, including a risk group classification to clarify the risk of succumbing to prostate cancer. This is a natural history cohort representing the premodern drug era before the introduction of novel hormonal drug therapies. Methods: PSA tests from the clinical chemistry laboratories serving health care in six regions of Sweden were retrieved and cross-linked to the National Prostate Cancer Registry (NPCR) to identify men with a prostate cancer diagnosis. Through further cross-linking with data sources at the Swedish Board of Health and Welfare, we retrieved other relevant information such as prescribed drugs, hospitalizations, and cause of death. Men entered the CRPC cohort at the first date of doubling of their PSA nadir value with the last value being >2 ng/ml, or an absolute increase of >5 ng/ml or more, whilst on 3 months of medical castration or if they had been surgically castrated (n = 4098). By combining the two variables with the largest C-statistics, "PSA at time of CRPC" and "PSA doubling time," a risk group classification was created. Results: PSA-DT and PSA at date of CRPC are the strongest variables associated with PC specific survival. At the end of follow-up, the proportion of men who died due to PC was 57%, 71%, 81%, 86%, and 89% for risk categories one through five, respectively. The median overall survival in our cohort of men with CRPC was 1.86 years (95% CI: 1.79-1.97). Conclusion: For a man with castration-resistant prostate cancer, there is a high probability that this will be the main cause contributing to his death. However, there is a significant difference in mortality that varies in relation to tumor burden assessed as PSA doubling time and PSA at time of CRCP. This information could be used in a clinical setting when deciding when to treat more or less aggressively once entering the CRPC phase of the disease.