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NLRs constitute a large, highly conserved family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that are central to health and disease, making them key therapeutic targets. NLRC5 is an enigmatic NLR with mutations associated with inflammatory and infectious diseases, but little is known about its function as an innate immune sensor and cell death regulator. Therefore, we screened for NLRC5's role in response to infections, PAMPs, DAMPs, and cytokines. We identified that NLRC5 acts as an innate immune sensor to drive inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, in response to specific ligands, including PAMP/heme and heme/cytokine combinations. NLRC5 interacted with NLRP12 and PANoptosome components to form a cell death complex, suggesting an NLR network forms similar to those in plants. Mechanistically, TLR signaling and NAD+ levels regulated NLRC5 expression and ROS production to control cell death. Furthermore, NLRC5-deficient mice were protected in hemolytic and inflammatory models, suggesting that NLRC5 could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Inflamação , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , NAD , Animais , Camundongos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , NAD/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Camundongos Knockout , Transdução de Sinais , Células HEK293 , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Masculino , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao CálcioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to progranulin gene (GRN) variants can cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with aberrant TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) accumulation. Despite microglial burden with TDP-43-related pathophysiology, direct microglial TDP-43 pathology has not been clarified yet, only emphasized in neuronal pathology. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate TDP-43 pathology in microglia of patients with PGRN haploinsufficiency. METHODS: To design a human microglial cell model with PGRN haploinsufficiency, monocyte-derived microglia (iMGs) were generated from FTD-GRN patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (p.M1? and p.W147*) and three healthy controls. RESULTS: iMGs from FTD-GRN patients with PGRN deficiency exhibited severe neuroinflammation phenotype and failure to maintain their homeostatic molecular signatures, along with impaired phagocytosis. In FTD-GRN patients-derived iMGs, significant cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation and accumulation of lipid droplets with profound lysosomal abnormalities were observed. These pathomechanisms were mediated by complement C1q activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides considerable cellular and molecular evidence that loss-of-function variants of GRN in human microglia can cause microglial dysfunction with abnormal TDP-43 aggregation induced by inflammatory milieu as well as the impaired lysosome. Elucidating the role of microglial TDP-43 pathology in intensifying neuroinflammation in individuals with FTD due to PGRN deficiency and examining consequential effects on microglial dysfunction might yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying FTD and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Demência Frontotemporal , Doença de Pick , Humanos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Demência Frontotemporal/genética , Haploinsuficiência , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Microglia/patologia , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Doença de Pick/metabolismo , Progranulinas/genética , Progranulinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Tobacco smoking is a serious health problem in society. While smoking rates are declining, smoking remains a serious risk to national health. Currently, there are several medications available to aid in smoking cessation. However, these medications have the disadvantages of low success rates in smoking cessation and various side effects. Therefore, natural-based smoking cessation aids are being suggested as a good alternative due to their accessibility and minimal side effects. The roots and stems of Acanthopanax koreanum (AK) Nakai, a plant that is native to Jeju Island, South Korea, have traditionally been used as tonic and sedatives. Moreover, eleutheroside B and chlorogenic acid are the main components of AK stem extract. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 70% ethanol AK extract and its components on ameliorating nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms by using behavioural tests in mice. In addition, alterations in the dopaminergic and DRD1-EPAC-ERK-CREB pathways were observed using dopamine ELISA and western blotting using mouse brains. Our findings demonstrate that the AK extract and its components effectively mitigated the effects of nicotine treatment in behavioural tests. Furthermore, it normalized the dopamine concentration and the expression level of nicotine acetylcholine receptor α7. Additionally, it was observed that AK extract and its components led to the normalization of DRD1, ERK and CREB expression levels. These results indicate that AK extract exhibits effects in ameliorating nicotine dependence behaviour and alleviating withdrawal symptoms. Moreover, EB and CGA are considered potential marker components of AK extract.
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Eleutherococcus , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , Tabagismo , Animais , Camundongos , Tabagismo/tratamento farmacológico , Nicotina/efeitos adversos , Dopamina , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , EtanolRESUMO
The increasing prevalence of sleep dysregulation cases has prompted the search for effective and safe sleep-enhancing agents. Numerous medications used in the treatment of sleep disorders function by enhancing γ-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter activity. Unfortunately, these substances may induce significant adverse effects in chronic users, such as dependence and motor behavior impairments. Consequently, there is a growing interest in exploring therapeutic sleep-enhancing agents derived from natural sources, with the anticipation of causing less severe side effects. Prunella vulgaris (PV), a perennial plant indigenous to South Korea, exhibits various pharmacological effects, likely attributed to its chemical composition. Rosmarinic acid, one of its components, has previously demonstrated sleep-potentiating properties, suggesting the potential for PV to exhibit similar pharmacological effects. This study aims to investigate the potential effects of repeated administration of PV extract on the sleep behavior, brainwave activity, sleep-wake cycle, and physiological behavior of mice. Findings indicate that PV extracts exhibit sleep-enhancing effects in mice, characterized by prolonged sleep duration and a reduced onset time of pentobarbital-induced sleep. However, PV extracts only reduced alpha wave powers, with minor alterations in wakefulness and rapid-eye-movement sleep duration. In contrast to diazepam, PV extracts lack adverse effects on locomotor activity, motor coordination, or anxiety in mice. Receptor-binding assay and caffeine treatment support the potential involvement of adenosine A2A receptors in the effects of PV, suggesting distinct mechanisms of action compared to diazepam, despite both exhibiting sleep-altering effects. Overall, our results suggest that PV holds promise as a potential source of sleep-aiding agents.
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BACKGROUND: Hypertrophied submandibular glands provide a bulky contour to the lower face. Botulinum neurotoxin injection methods are commonly used for facial contouring; however, no studies have suggested injection points because of the lack of delicate anatomical information on the submandibular gland. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal injection site for botulinum neurotoxin injections in the submandibular gland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anatomical considerations when injecting botulinum neurotoxin into the submandibular gland were determined using ultrasonography. The thickness of the submandibular gland, its depth from the skin surface, and the location of the vascular bundle were observed bilaterally in 42 participants. Two cadavers were dissected to measure the location of the submandibular gland corresponding to the ultrasonographic observation. RESULTS: The thickest part of the submandibular gland measured 11.12 ± 2.46 in width with a depth of 4.63 ± 0.76. At the point where it crosses the line of the lateral canthus, it measured 5.53 ± 1.83 in width and 8.73 ± 1.64 in depth. CONCLUSION: The authors suggest optimal injection sites based on external anatomical landmarks. These guidelines aim to maximize the effects of botulinum neurotoxin therapy by minimizing its deleterious effects, which can be useful in clinical settings.
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Information on boll distribution within a cotton plant is critical to evaluate the adaptation and response of cotton plants to environmental and biotic stress in cotton production. Cotton researchers have applied available conventional fiber measurements, such as the high volume instrument (HVI) and advanced fiber information system (AFIS), to map the location and the timing of boll development and distribution within plants and further to determine within-plant variability of cotton fiber properties. Both HVI and AFIS require numerous cotton bolls combined for the measurement. As an alternative approach, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy was proposed to measure fiber maturity (MIR) and crystallinity (CIIR) of a sample as little as 0.5 mg lint. Extending fiber maturity and crystallinity measurement into a single boll for node-by-node mapping, FT-IR method might be advantageous due to less sampling amount compared with HVI and AFIS methods. Results showed that FT-IR technique enabled the evaluation of fiber MIR and CIIR at a boll level, which resulted in average MIR and CIIR values highly correlated with HVI micronaire (MIC) and AFIS maturity ratio (M). Hence, FT-IR technique possesses a good potential for a rapid and non-destructive node-by-node mapping of cotton boll maturity and crystallinity distribution.
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Algoritmos , Fibra de Algodão , Gossypium , Fibra de Algodão/análise , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Gossypium/química , Gossypium/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Temporal tendinitis is characterized by acute inflammation often resulting from mechanical stress, such as repetitive jaw movements associated with jaw opening and closing and teeth clenching. Treatment for temporal tendinitis typically involves the administration of local anesthetic or corticosteroid injections. However, the complex anatomical structure of the coronoid process, to which the temporalis tendon attaches, located deep within the zygomatic arch, poses challenges for accurate injections. In this study, we aimed to establish guidelines for the safe and effective treatment of temporal tendinitis by using intraoral ultrasonography (US) to identify the anatomical structures surrounding the temporalis tendon and coronoid process. US was performed using an intraoral transducer on 58 volunteers without temporomandibular joint disease. The procedure involved placing the transducer below the occlusal plane of the maxillary second molar. Measurements were taken for the horizontal distance from the anterior border of the coronoid process, observed at the midpoint (MP) of the US images, and the depth of the coronoid process and temporalis muscle from the oral mucosa. The anterior border of the coronoid process was visualized on all US images and classified into three observed patterns at the MP: type A (anterior to the MP, 56.2%), type B (at the MP, 16.1%), and type C (posterior to the MP, 27.7%). The temporalis muscle was located at a mean depth of 3.12 ± 0.68 mm from the oral mucosa. The maxillary second molar is an intraoral landmark for visualizing the anterior border of the coronoid process. The new location information obtained using intraoral US could help identify the safest and most effective injection sites for the treatment of temporal tendinitis.
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Tendinopatia , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção , Humanos , Tendinopatia/diagnóstico por imagem , Tendinopatia/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodos , Adulto Jovem , Músculo Temporal/diagnóstico por imagem , Músculo Temporal/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effects on bite force and muscle thickness of the botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection for patients with sleep bruxism (SB) by comparing injections into the masseter muscle only and both the masseter and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle (ABDM) in a clinical trial. METHODS: Twelve SB patients received BoNT-A injections using US-guided techniques into the masseter muscle only (Group A), while the remaining 12 SB patients received injections into both the masseter and ABDM (Group B). Bite force and muscle thickness were measured before injection, as well as 1 and 2 months after injection. RESULTS: The bite force and masseter muscle thickness decreased in both Group A and Group B before injection, and at 1 and 2 months after injection. However, there was no significant difference (p > .05, repeated measures analysis of variance) between the two groups, and there was also no significant difference in ABDM thickness (p > .05, repeated measures analysis of variance). CONCLUSION: This study is the first to assess the short-term effects of BoNT injected into ABDM for SB control. Results show no influence on SB reduction, suggesting the need for further research on BoNT's effectiveness in controlling intense ABDM contractions during sleep and assessing suprahyoid muscle potential impact on rhythmic masticatory muscle activity occurrence.
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Microplastics (MP) encompass not only plastic products but also paint particles. Marine microdebris, including MP, was retrieved from five sampling stations spanning Nagasaki-Goto island and was classified into six types, primarily consisting of MP (A), Si-based (B), and Cu-based (C) paint particles. Type-A particles, i.e., MP, were exceedingly small, with 74% of them having a long diameter of 25 µm or less. The vertical distribution of type C, containing cuprous oxide, exhibited no depth dependence, with its dominant size being less than 7 µm. It was considered that the presence of type C was associated with a natural phenomenon of MP loss. To clarify this, polypropylene (PP) samples containing cuprous oxide were prepared, and their accelerated degradation behavior was studied using a novel enhanced degradation method employing a sulfate ion radical as an initiator. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the formation of a copper soap compound in seawater. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis indicated that the chemical reactions between Cl- and cuprous oxide produced Cu+ ions. The acceleration of degradation induced by the copper soap formed was studied through the changes in the number of PP chain scissions, revealing that the presence of type-C accelerated MP degradation.
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PURPOSE: The anterior belly of the digastric muscle (ABDM) is the target of botulinum toxin injection; however, anatomical considerations related to the injection point are absent. This study used Sihler's staining to analyze the intramuscular nerve distribution of ABDM to identify the most effective botulinum toxin injection points. METHODS: We used 12 specimens from 6 embalmed cadavers in this study. The specimens were manually dissected to preserve the mylohyoid nerve and subjected to Sihler's staining. From the gnathion to and hyoid bone, the ABDM was divided into three equal parts, distinguishing the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds. RESULTS: Only a branch of the mylohyoid nerve entered the ABDM, and its entry point was located in the middle-third region in all cases. The nerve endings were concentrated in the middle third (100%), followed by the anterior third (58.3%) and were not observed in the posterior third. CONCLUSION: The landmarks used in this study (gnathion and hyoid bone) are easily palpable on the skin surface, allowing clinicians to target the most effective injection site (middle third of ABDM). These results provide scientific and anatomic evidence for injection points, and will aid in the management of ABDM injection procedures in clinical practice.
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Cadáver , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Injeções Intramusculares/métodos , Idoso , Músculos do Pescoço/inervação , Músculos do Pescoço/anatomia & histologia , Músculos do Pescoço/efeitos dos fármacos , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Toxinas Botulínicas/administração & dosagem , Pontos de Referência AnatômicosRESUMO
Diarrhea is a very common gastrointestinal symptom, and the presence of higher concentrations of bile acid in the colon leads to bile acid diarrhea (BAD). In BAD patients, a portion of bile from the small intestine that is normally controlled by enterohepatic circulation is present at a high concentration in the lumen of the large intestine, resulting in increased motility and secretion of the large intestine. The prevalence of BAD is estimated to be 1-2% of the general population, and it comprises one-third of the instances of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. The clinical symptoms of BAD include chronic diarrhea, increased frequency of defecation, urgency to defecate, fecal incontinence, and cramping abdominal pain. The pathophysiology of BAD has not yet been fully elucidated. However, recent studies have reported increased intestinal permeability, shortened intestinal transit time, and changes in the intestinal microbial community to be the possible causes of BAD. Although fecal and serum bile acid tests are widely used for diagnosis, new test methods that are non-invasive, inexpensive, and have high sensitivity and specificity are needed at various institutions to facilitate the diagnosis. The selenium homo-tauro-cholic acid (SeHCAT) test is the gold standard for BAD diagnosis and severity assessment. The validation of several other serum markers, such as 7-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (serum 7αC4) and the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) for use in clinical practice is ongoing. Although bile acid sequestrants are the mainstay of treatment, the development of drugs that are more effective and have better compliance is required. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists are showing promising results.
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Ácidos e Sais Biliares , Diarreia , Humanos , Diarreia/etiologia , Diarreia/diagnóstico , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismoRESUMO
This study successionally monitored how nano- and micro-sized polystyrene beads (MNPs) influence larval mortality, growth, and attachment behavior of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas related to MNP diameter and concentration. D-shaped larvae were sequentially exposed to three-diameter MNPs (0.55, 3.00, 6.00 µm) at five concentrations (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 20 µg/mL), and their mortality, growth stages and attachment were observed daily until they die. In addition, MNP intake and accumulation in larvae at each growth stage were determined using fluorescent beads. Deterioration in larval growth and survival was observed under all the exposure conditions, while significant negative effects on the growth parameters were defined with smaller MNPs at lower concentrations. Fluorescent signals were detected in larval digestive tracts at all except D-shaped larval stage, and on the mantle and foot in pediveligers. Therefore, MNP intake adversely affects larval physiological conditions by the synchronal effects of MNP size and concentration. Our findings highlight the implications of MNP characteristics on Pacific oyster larvae, emphasizing the interplay between size, concentration, and physiological responses, crucial for mitigating nanoparticle pollution in marine ecosystems.
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Crassostrea , Poliestirenos , Animais , Larva , Poliestirenos/toxicidade , Crassostrea/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Poluição Ambiental , CorantesRESUMO
Background: Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, polio, and Haemophilus influenza type B (DTaP-IPV/Hib) combination vaccine was introduced as a part of the Korea National Immunization Program (NIP) on June 19, 2017. Combination vaccines can improve vaccination rates by simplifying the vaccination schedule. Objective: To explain how the introduction of DTaP-IPV/Hib in the NIP has changed vaccination practices for infants. Methods: Using a nationwide vaccine registry, the proportion of infants who completed the full recommended doses of the primary series of DTaP, IPV, and Hib (D-I-H) within 12 months of age was estimated among those born between 2013 and 2019. Among those, the proportions of those who received the same DTaP components for all 3 doses during the primary series were calculated for the 2013-2016 and the 2017-2019 birth cohorts. Those who received the same component of DTaP throughout the entire primary vaccination schedule were categorized into 3 groups by DTaP components to compare the average frequency of medical visits for vaccination. Results: A total of 2,703,822 infants were born between 2013 and 2019, of which 96.7% completed full doses of the primary D-I-H series within 12 months of age. For the 2013-2016 birth cohorts, most received DTaP-IPV-only (75.4%), while most of the 2017-2019 birth cohorts received DTaP-IPV/Hib-only (81.0%) to complete the 3 doses for primary D-I-H series. The average frequency of medical visits for vaccination showed a significant difference across the 3 groups classified by DTaP components in every birth cohort (p < 0.001). Conclusions: After the introduction of DTaP-IPV/Hib, most infants completed the primary D-I-H series with the combination vaccine and there was a significant reduction in the average number of medical visits for vaccination. Our findings provide important insights for countries considering the introduction of combination vaccines into their NIP.
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Background and Purpose: Ventricle enlargement has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied the relationship between ventricular size and cognitive function in patients with AD. We focused on the effect of the initial ventricle size on the rate of cognitive decline in patients with AD. Methods: A retrospective analysis of probable clinical AD participants with more than 2 magnetic resonance imaging images was performed. To measure ventricle size, we used visual rating scales of (1) Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) score and (2) conventional linear measurement method. Results: Increased clinical dementia rating (CDR) was correlated with a decreased Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score, and increased medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTLA) and global ventricle size (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.021, respectively). There was a significant correlation between the change in cognitive function in the group (70%-100%ile) with a large initial ventricle size (p=0.021 for ΔCDR, p=0.01 for ΔMMSE), while the median ventricle size (30%-70%ile) showed correlation with other brain structural changes (MTLA, frontal atrophy [FA], and white matter) (p=0.036 for initial MTLA, p=0.034 for FA). Conclusions: In this study, the initial ventricle size may be a potential new imaging biomarker for initial cognitive function and clinical progression in AD. We found a relationship between the initial ventricle size and initial AD-related brain structural biomarkers.
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This study investigates the effect of a high-temperature annealing process on the characteristics and performance of a memristor based on a Ag/Ga2O3/Pt structure. Through X-ray diffraction analysis, successful phase conversion from amorphous Ga2O3 to ß-Ga2O3 is confirmed, attributed to an increase in grain size and recrystallization induced by annealing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed a higher oxygen vacancy in annealed Ga2O3 thin films, which is crucial for conductive filament formation and charge transport in memristors. Films with abundant oxygen vacancies exhibit decreased set voltages and increased capacitance in a low-resistive state, enabling easy capacitance control depending on channel presence. In addition, an excellent memory device with a high on/off ratio can be implemented due to the reduction of leakage current due to recrystallization. Therefore, it is possible to manufacture a thin film suitable for a memristor by increasing the oxygen vacancy in the Ga2O3 film while improving the overall crystallinity through the annealing process. This study highlights the significance of annealing in modulating capacitance and high-resistive/low-resistive state properties of Ga2O3 memristors, contributing to optimizing device design and performance. This study underscores the significance of high-temperature annealing in improving the channel-switching characteristics of Ga2O3-based memristors, which is crucial for the development of low-power, high-efficiency memory device.
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INTRODUCTION: The nasal region plays a pivotal role in both facial esthetics and functionality. The use of volumizing fillers has emerged as a potential means to enhance nasal appearance. Preliminary findings from cadaveric studies have highlighted potential risks associated with deeper needle injection, leading to cartilage damage and lateral migration of filler material. Understanding the subcutaneous tissue depth is crucial to prevent such complications and ensure safe filler placement guided by anatomical knowledge. METHODS: This study aimed to employ ultrasonographic assessment to precisely measure the depth of soft tissue in the nasal area. Fifty-two participants without prior nasal surgery or filler injections underwent detailed ultrasonographic evaluation, focusing on seven key anatomical points: Glabellar, Sellion, Rhinion, between Rhinion and Pronasal, Pronasal, between Pronasal and Subnasal, and Subnasal. RESULTS: The ultrasonographic observation revealed varying depths of subcutaneous tissue across these points: Glabellar (4.11 ± 0.79), Sellion (5.21 ± 0.97), Rhinion (2.02 ± 0.74), Rhinion to Pronasal midpoint (6.45 ± 3.1), Pronasal (9.5 ± 2.2), between Pronasal and Subnasal (8.8 ± 0.8), and Subnasal (8.5 ± 0.5). DISCUSSION: The discussion underscores the significance of understanding subcutaneous tissue depth in guiding needle length and approach angles during filler injections. This knowledge aids in achieving effective filling while ensuring safe placement within the subcutaneous tissue.
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To compare masticatory muscle thickness in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) during rest and clenching, and by body position, using ultrasonography. This prospective study included 96 patients with TMD (67 females, 29 males; mean age: 40.41 ± 17.88 years): group 1, comprising 66 patients with TMD without bruxism (TMD_nonbruxer), and group 2, comprising 30 patients with concurrent TMD and bruxism (TMD_bruxer). In patients with TMD, bruxism was correlated with the presence of tinnitus, muscle stiffness, sleep problems, psychological stress, and restricted mouth opening. The masseter muscle significantly thickened during clenching (11.16 ± 3.03 mm vs 14.04 ± 3.47 mm, p < 0.001), whereas the temporalis muscle showed no significant increase in thickness from resting to clenching in an upright position (7.91 ± 1.98 vs 8.39 ± 2.08, p = 0.103). Similarly, during clenching in the supine position, the masseter muscle was significantly thicker compared with rest (11.24 ± 2.42 vs 13.49 ± 3.09, p < 0.001), but no significant difference was observed in temporal muscle thickness (8.21 ± 2.16 vs 8.43 ± 1.94, p = 0.464). In comparison between two groups, the average thickness of the masseter muscle was greater among TMD_bruxers than among TMD_nonbruxers in both the upright and supine positions (all p < 0.05). In the generalized lineal model, female sex (B = - 1.018, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 1.855 to - 0.181, p = 0.017) and bruxism (B = 0.868, 95% CI 0.567 to 1.169, p = 0.048) significantly predicted changes in masseter muscle thickness. Female sex (B = - 0.201, 95% CI - 0.299 to - 0.103, p = 0.011), increased age (B = - 0.003, 95% CI - 0.005 to 0.000, p = 0.038), and muscle stiffness (B = - 1.373, 95% CI - 2.369 to - 0.376, p = 0.007) were linked to decreased temporal muscle thickness. Comparing TMD nonbruxer and bruxer muscle thicknesses in upright and supine positions revealed significant increased thickness in the masseter muscle during clenching but not in the temporalis muscle. Masseter muscle thickness varied significantly by sex, body position, and resting/clenching, notably influenced by bruxism. These findings emphasize the relevance of these factors in clinical examinations of patients with TMD.
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Bruxismo , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Masseter/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Músculos da Mastigação , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia , EletromiografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The depressed volume of the forehead and temple is resolved by filler injection. However, the current method has the potential to cause pain and side effects in patients, depending on the skill of the clinician. Therefore, this study proposes a new method for safer and simpler injection using only one injection entry point. METHODS: Using the novel injection method, the filler was injected into the forehead and temple regions in three unembalmed cadavers and two healthy Korean volunteers. The cannula and filler locations were identified using dissection, ultrasonography, and three-dimensional (3D) scanning. RESULTS: Ultrasonographic images and dissection results showed that the filler injected into the cadavers was in the target layer. The cannula and filler were located on the layer as the supraperiosteal layer on the forehead and the supra deep temporal fascia layer in the temple. Finally, 3D scanning images showed that the filler was injected precisely and effectively into the forehead and temples of the volunteer who underwent the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: This method can reduce pain and minimize externally visible wounds caused by injections. The injected filler was naturally connected from the forehead to the temple and maintained for around 3 months. Additionally, it is possible to inject fillers into the forehead and temple at a constant and safe depth without requiring specific skills. It is expected that this method will become a universal method because it minimizes the burden on both patients and clinicians.