Combined oral 5-azacytidine and romidepsin are highly effective in patients with PTCL: a multicenter phase 2 study.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are uniquely vulnerable to epigenetic modifiers. We demonstrated in vitro synergism between histone deacetylase inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in preclinical models of T-cell lymphoma. In a phase 1 trial, we found oral 5-azacytidine and romidepsin to be safe and effective, with lineage-selective activity among patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) PTCL. Patients who were treatment naïve or who had R/R PTCL received azacytidine 300 mg once per day on days 1 to 14, and romidepsin 14 mg/m2 on days 8, 15, and 22 every 35 days. The primary objective was overall response rate (ORR). Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed on tumor samples to correlate mutational profiles and response. Among 25 enrolled patients, the ORR and complete response rates were 61% and 48%, respectively. However, patients with T-follicular helper cell (tTFH) phenotype exhibited higher ORR (80%) and complete remission rate (67%). The most frequent grade 3 to 4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (48%), neutropenia (40%), lymphopenia (32%), and anemia (16%). At a median follow-up of 13.5 months, the median progression-free survival, duration of response, and overall survival were 8.0 months, 20.3 months, and not reached, respectively. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 8.0 months and 20.6 months, respectively, in patients with R/R disease. Patients with tTFH enjoyed a particularly long median survival (median not reached). Responders harbored a higher average number of mutations in genes involved in DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. Combined azacytidine and romidepsin are highly active in PTCL patients and could serve as a platform for novel regimens in this disease. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01998035.

Oral 5-azacytidine and romidepsin exhibit marked activity in patients with PTCL: a multicenter phase 1 study.

The peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are uniquely sensitive to epigenetic modifiers. Based on the synergism between histone deacetylase inhibitors and hypomethylating agents that we established in preclinical PTCL models, we conducted a phase 1 study of oral 5-azacytidine (AZA) and romidepsin (ROMI) in patients with advanced lymphoid malignancies, with emphasis on PTCL. According to a 3 + 3 design, patients were assigned to 1 of 7 cohorts with AZA doses ranging from 100 mg daily on days 1 to 14 to 300 mg daily on days 1 to 21, ROMI doses ranging from 10 mg/m2 on days 8 and 15 to 14 mg/m2 on days 8, 15, and 22, with cycles of 21 to 35 days. Coprimary end points included maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). We treated a total of 31 patients. The MTD was AZA 300 mg on days 1 to 14 and ROMI 14 mg/m2 on days 8, 15, and 22 on a 35-day cycle. DLTs included grade 4 thrombocytopenia, prolonged grade 3 thrombocytopenia, grade 4 neutropenia, and pleural effusion. There were no treatment-related deaths. The combination was substantially more active in patients with PTCL than in those with non-T-cell lymphoma. The overall response rate in all, non-T-cell, and T-cell lymphoma patients was 32%, 10%, and 73%, respectively, and the complete response rates were 23%, 5%, and 55%, respectively. We did not find an association between response and level of demethylation or tumor mutational profile. This study establishes that combined epigenetic modifiers are potently active in PTCL patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01998035.

A phase 1 study of romidepsin and pralatrexate reveals marked activity in relapsed and refractory T-cell lymphoma.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are a group of rare malignancies characterized by chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis. Romidepsin and pralatrexate were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with relapsed/refractory PTCL, exhibiting response rates of 25% and 29% respectively. Based on synergy in preclinical models of PTCL, we initiated a phase 1 study of pralatrexate plus romidepsin in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma. This was a single institution dose-escalation study of pralatrexate plus romidepsin designed to determine the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetic profile, and response rates. Patients were treated with pralatrexate (10 to 25 mg/m2) and romidepsin (12 to 14 mg/m2) on 1 of 3 schedules: every week × 3 every 28 days, every week × 2 every 21 days, and every other week every 28 days. Treatment continued until progression, withdrawal of consent, or medical necessity. Twenty-nine patients were enrolled and evaluable for toxicity. Coadministration of pralatrexate and romidepsin was safe, well tolerated, with 3 DLTs across all schedules (grade 3 oral mucositis × 2; grade 4 sepsis × 1). The recommended phase 2 dose was defined as pralatrexate 25 mg/m2 and romidepsin 12 mg/m2 every other week. Twenty-three patients were evaluable for response. The overall response rate was 57% (13/23) across all patients and 71% (10/14) in PTCL. The phase 1 study of pralatrexate plus romidepsin resulted in a high response rate in patients with previously treated PTCL. A phase 2 study in PTCL will determine the efficacy of the combination. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01947140.

Recognition memory impairments and amyloid-beta deposition of the retrosplenial cortex at the early stage of 5XFAD mice.

Early diagnosis and treatment of AD are critical for delaying its progression. The present study, therefore, examined the cognitive status and neuropathological characteristics of 4-month-old 5X familial AD (5XFAD) transgenic (Tg) mice, as an early stage of AD animal model. The novel object recognition task was performed with retention tests at varying intervals (i.e., 10 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h) to measure the retention capacity of recognition memory of 5XFAD mice. At the 4h retention interval, 5XFAD mice exhibited worse performances than non-Tg control mice. Therefore, using amyloid-beta (Aß) 42- and 4G8-immunoreactive plaques, the accumulation of Aß was examined in the gray and white matter of the system that was necessary for the retention of recognition memory, with a focus on the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex. The expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) was also examined to measure microglial activation. The immunohistological analysis of Aß and Iba-1 revealed that the retrosplenial cortex was the most affected region in the brains of 4-month-old 5XFAD mice. These findings indicate that the cognitive and neuropathological characteristics of 4-month-old 5XFAD mice would provide a research platform for studying early diagnosis and treatment of AD.