Terminal Uridylyltransferases Execute Programmed Clearance of Maternal Transcriptome in Vertebrate Embryos.

During the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), maternal RNAs are actively degraded and replaced by newly synthesized zygotic transcripts in a highly coordinated manner. However, it remains largely unknown how maternal mRNA decay is triggered in early vertebrate embryos. Here, through genome-wide profiling of RNA abundance and 3' modification, we show that uridylation is induced at the onset of maternal mRNA clearance. The temporal control of uridylation is conserved in vertebrates. When the homologs of terminal uridylyltransferases TUT4 and TUT7 (TUT4/7) are depleted in zebrafish and Xenopus, maternal mRNA clearance is significantly delayed, leading to developmental defects during gastrulation. Short-tailed mRNAs are selectively uridylated by TUT4/7, with the highly uridylated transcripts degraded faster during the MZT than those with unmodified poly(A) tails. Our study demonstrates that uridylation plays a crucial role in timely mRNA degradation, thereby allowing the progression of early development.

Tunable layered-magnetism-assisted magneto-Raman effect in a two-dimensional magnet CrI3.

We used a combination of polarized Raman spectroscopy experiment and model magnetism-phonon coupling calculations to study the rich magneto-Raman effect in the two-dimensional (2D) magnet CrI3 We reveal a layered-magnetism-assisted phonon scattering mechanism below the magnetic onset temperature, whose Raman excitation breaks time-reversal symmetry, has an antisymmetric Raman tensor, and follows the magnetic phase transitions across critical magnetic fields, on top of the presence of the conventional phonon scattering with symmetric Raman tensors in N-layer CrI3 We resolve in data and by calculations that the first-order A g phonon of the monolayer splits into an N-fold multiplet in N-layer CrI3 due to the interlayer coupling [Formula: see text] and that the phonons within the multiplet show distinct magnetic field dependence because of their different layered-magnetism-phonon coupling. We further find that such a layered-magnetism-phonon coupled Raman scattering mechanism extends beyond first-order to higher-order multiphonon scattering processes. Our results on the magneto-Raman effect of the first-order phonons in the multiplet and the higher-order multiphonons in N-layer CrI3 demonstrate the rich and strong behavior of emergent magneto-optical effects in 2D magnets and underline the unique opportunities of spin-phonon physics in van der Waals layered magnets.

Identifying facilitators of and barriers to the adoption of dynamic consent in digital health ecosystems: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Conventional consent practices face ethical challenges in continuously evolving digital health environments due to their static, one-time nature. Dynamic consent offers a promising solution, providing adaptability and flexibility to address these ethical concerns. However, due to the immaturity of the concept and accompanying technology, dynamic consent has not yet been widely used in practice. This study aims to identify the facilitators of and barriers to adopting dynamic consent in real-world scenarios. METHODS: This scoping review, conducted in December 2022, adhered to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, focusing on dynamic consent within the health domain. A comprehensive search across Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus yielded 22 selected articles based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: The facilitators for the adoption of dynamic consent in digital health ecosystems were the provision of multiple consent modalities, personalized alternatives, continuous communication, and the dissemination of up-to-date information. Nevertheless, several barriers, such as consent fatigue, the digital divide, complexities in system implementation, and privacy and security concerns, needed to be addressed. This study also investigated current technological advancements and suggested considerations for further research aimed at resolving the remaining challenges surrounding dynamic consent. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic consent emerges as an ethically advantageous method for digital health ecosystems, driven by its adaptability and support for continuous, two-way communication between data subjects and consumers. Ethical implementation in real-world settings requires the development of a robust technical framework capable of accommodating the diverse needs of stakeholders, thereby ensuring ethical integrity and data privacy in the evolving digital health landscape.

Proper Depth of Percutaneous Central Venous Catheter via the Great Saphenous Vein for Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Single-Center, Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: A proper depth of percutaneous central venous catheter (PCVC) is very important to reduce procedural time and prevent various complications in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants who require minimal handling or have a sensitive skin. The objective of this study was to suggest a formula for faster and proper insertion of PCVC in VLBWIs to prevent unintended consequences of patients' conditions. METHODS: Prospective data of VLBW infants admitted from June 2015 to January 2018 who had PCVC inserted via the great saphenous vein within seven days after birth were analyzed. Correlations of length of inserted PCVC with body weight, body length, and postmenstrual age at the date of PCVC insertion were determined with a linear regression analysis. Using results of this analysis, a formula to determine the optimal insertion length of PCVC was derived. Coefficient of determination was used to assess how well outcomes were replicated by the formula. RESULTS: The formula to predict the proper insertion length of PCVC via the great saphenous vein at popliteal crease level was obtained as follows: Optimal Length (cm) = 3.8 × Body Weight (kg) + 11.1. With everyday movements such as flexion and extension of the lower extremities, the mean difference in catheter tip position was 7.0 ± 3.9 mm, which was not significant enough to escalate the risk of catheter tip displacement. The rate of catheter-related complications was as low as 4.9% in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The formula derived from this study to predict the optimal PCVC insertion length could benefit VLBW infants by reducing procedural time and lowering the risk of complications.

Evolution of interlayer and intralayer magnetism in three atomically thin chromium trihalides.

We conduct a comprehensive study of three different magnetic semiconductors, CrI3, CrBr3, and CrCl3, by incorporating both few-layer and bilayer samples in van der Waals tunnel junctions. We find that the interlayer magnetic ordering, exchange gap, magnetic anisotropy, and magnon excitations evolve systematically with changing halogen atom. By fitting to a spin wave theory that accounts for nearest-neighbor exchange interactions, we are able to further determine a simple spin Hamiltonian describing all three systems. These results extend the 2D magnetism platform to Ising, Heisenberg, and XY spin classes in a single material family. Using magneto-optical measurements, we additionally demonstrate that ferromagnetism can be stabilized down to monolayer in more isotropic CrBr3, with transition temperature still close to that of the bulk.

Roadmap on quantum nanotechnologies.

Quantum phenomena are typically observable at length and time scales smaller than those of our everyday experience, often involving individual particles or excitations. The past few decades have seen a revolution in the ability to structure matter at the nanoscale, and experiments at the single particle level have become commonplace. This has opened wide new avenues for exploring and harnessing quantum mechanical effects in condensed matter. These quantum phenomena, in turn, have the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate, compute and probe the nanoscale world. Here, we review developments in key areas of quantum research in light of the nanotechnologies that enable them, with a view to what the future holds. Materials and devices with nanoscale features are used for quantum metrology and sensing, as building blocks for quantum computing, and as sources and detectors for quantum communication. They enable explorations of quantum behaviour and unconventional states in nano- and opto-mechanical systems, low-dimensional systems, molecular devices, nano-plasmonics, quantum electrodynamics, scanning tunnelling microscopy, and more. This rapidly expanding intersection of nanotechnology and quantum science/technology is mutually beneficial to both fields, laying claim to some of the most exciting scientific leaps of the last decade, with more on the horizon.

Tailored Tunnel Magnetoresistance Response in Three Ultrathin Chromium Trihalides.

Materials that demonstrate large magnetoresistance have attracted significant interest for many decades. Extremely large tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) has been reported by several groups across ultrathin CrI3 by exploiting the weak antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent layers. Here, we report a comparative study of TMR in all three chromium trihalides (CrX3, X = Cl, Br, or I) in the two-dimensional limit. As the materials exhibit different transition temperatures and interlayer magnetic ordering in the ground state, tunneling measurements allow for an easy determination of the field-temperature phase diagram for the three systems. By changing sample thickness and biasing conditions, we then demonstrate how to maximize and further tailor the TMR response at different temperatures for each material. In particular, near the magnetic transition temperature, TMR is nonsaturating up to the highest fields measured for all three compounds owing to the large, field-induced exchange coupling.

Tailoring the crystallinity of solution-processed 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene via controlled solidification.

Solution processing is one of the most important techniques for producing large-area, uniform films for printed electronics via a low-cost process. Herein, we propose a time-controlled spin-coating method to improve the crystallinity of films of the solution-processable organic small-molecule semiconductor 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene). A key factor in this process was to halt spinning before drying had begun. We used microscopic and spectroscopic analyses to systematically investigate the effect of spinning time on the evaporation rate of solvent at different spinning rates. We found that the crystallinity of the TIPS-pentacene thin films was substantially enhanced when the spinning time was limited to a few seconds, without post-treatment. We fabricated field-effect transistors using thin films deposited by this method and found that the field-effect mobility was enhanced ∼100-fold compared with that of a device fabricated using a film deposited by the conventional spin-coating method.

The Impact of Surgical Intervention on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the incidence of surgical intervention in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and the impact of surgery on neurodevelopmental outcomes at corrected ages (CAs) of 18-24 months, using data from the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN). METHODS: Data from 7,885 VLBW infants who were born and registered with the KNN between 2013 to 2016 were analyzed in this study. The incidences of various surgical interventions and related morbidities were analyzed. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes at CAs of 18-24 months were compared between infants (born during 2013 to 2015, n = 3,777) with and without surgery. RESULTS: A total of 1,509 out of 7,885 (19.1%) infants received surgical interventions during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. Surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (n = 840) was most frequently performed, followed by laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity and laparotomy due to intestinal perforation. Infants who underwent surgery had higher mortality rates and greater neurodevelopmental impairment than infants who did not undergo surgery (P value < 0.01, both). On multivariate analysis, single or multiple surgeries increased the risk of neurodevelopmental impairment compared to no surgery with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.6 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.1-2.6 and 2.3 with 95% CI of 1.1-4.9. CONCLUSION: Approximately one fifth of VLBW infants underwent one or more surgical interventions during NICU hospitalization. The impact of surgical intervention on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes was sustained over a follow-up of CA 18-24 months. Infants with multiple surgeries had an increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment compared to infants with single surgeries or no surgeries after adjustment for possible confounders.

One Million Percent Tunnel Magnetoresistance in a Magnetic van der Waals Heterostructure.

We report the observation of a very large negative magnetoresistance effect in a van der Waals tunnel junction incorporating a thin magnetic semiconductor, CrI3, as the active layer. At constant voltage bias, current increases by nearly one million percent upon application of a 2 T field. The effect arises from a change between antiparallel to parallel alignment of spins across the different CrI3 layers. Our results elucidate the nature of the magnetic state in ultrathin CrI3 and present new opportunities for spintronics based on two-dimensional materials.

Mid-Term Survivals After Cementless Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty for Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures in Elderly Patients.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patients remains challenging. The purpose of this prospective study is to determine clinical and radiological results of cementless bipolar hemiarthroplasty using a fully porous-coated stem in osteoporotic elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures with follow-up over 5 years. METHODS: From January 2010 to December 2011, we performed 123 cementless bipolar hemiarthroplasties using fully porous-coated stem to treat unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients with osteoporosis. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients died and 14 patients were lost during the follow-up period. Mean follow-up period was 61.8 months postoperatively. Their mean Harris hip score was 77 points (range 36-100). None of these hips had loosening of the stem or osteolysis. Postoperative complications included nonunion of greater trochanter in 2 hips and dislocation in 2 hips. Two patients were reoperated due to periprosthetic fracture. One patient underwent implant revision due to periprosthetic infection. Thirty-one patients maintained walking activities similar to those before fracture. With follow-up period of 83 months, cumulative survival rates were 97.3% and 99.1% with reoperation for any reason and femoral stem revision as endpoint, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cementless bipolar hemiarthroplasty using a fully porous-coated stem is a useful surgical treatment option for unstable intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patients with osteoporosis.

Self-Organizing Peer-To-Peer Middleware for Healthcare Monitoring in Real-Time.

As the number of elderly persons with chronic illnesses increases, a new public infrastructure for their care is becoming increasingly necessary. In particular, technologies that can monitoring bio-signals in real-time have been receiving significant attention. Currently, most healthcare monitoring services are implemented by wireless carrier through centralized servers. These services are vulnerable to data concentration because all data are sent to a remote server. To solve these problems, we propose self-organizing P2P middleware for healthcare monitoring that enables a real-time multi bio-signal streaming without any central server by connecting the caregiver and care recipient. To verify the performance of the proposed middleware, we evaluated the monitoring service matching time based on a monitoring request. We also confirmed that it is possible to provide an effective monitoring service by evaluating the connectivity between Peer-to-Peer and average jitter.

Discrepancy of alignment in different weight bearing conditions before and after high tibial osteotomy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the differences in the amount of varus malalignment and valgus (over) correction in relation to three different weight bearing conditions from whole leg AP radiographs (single-limb (SL) stance, double-limb (DL) stance, supine position (S)) before and after high tibial osteotomy (HTO), and to evaluate which alignment parameters affect the changes for patients in three different weight bearing conditions. METHODS: A total of 40 consecutive patients (43 knees) with varus osteoarthritis underwent navigation assisted open wedge HTO. Mechanical axis angle (MA) was measured before and after surgery from hip-to-ankle radiographs taken with patients in three different weight bearing conditions. To find significant factors that affect the alignment differences, several variables including patient demographics, soft tissue laxity, pelvic obliquity, and ground mechanical axis deviation of tibia (calculated by the angle between two lines, tibial anatomical axis and weight-bearing line) were evaluated. RESULTS: Pre-operatively, mean MA measured on SL stance radiographs was significantly more varus than on DL stance (10.1° ± 2.4° and 8.0° ± 2.6°, respectively, p < 0.001), which was significantly more varus than on supine position (6.6° ± 2.6°, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, in patients with post-operatively valgus corrected knee, MA did not show the same pattern of change as with pre-operative varus knee. Mean MA measured on DL stance radiographs was more valgus than in supine position (-3.0o ± 2.4o and -2.6o ± 3.1o, p = 0.455), while mean MA on SL stance radiographs (-2.0o ± 2.1o) was significantly less valgus than on DL stance (p = 0.002). The ground mechanical axis deviation of tibia showed a significant correlation with MA difference between SL and DL stance radiographs before (ß = -0.341, p = 0.045) and after surgery (ß = -0.536, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In pre-operative varus knee, the mean MA on SL stance was changed to more varus than on DL stance, which changed to less valgus in post-operative valgus knee. The understanding in discrepancy of alignment in different weight bearing conditions before and after HTO should be considered for the appropriate realignment of the limb. STUDY DESIGN: Level II Prospective comparative study.

Atomically thin epitaxial template for organic crystal growth using graphene with controlled surface wettability.

A two-dimensional epitaxial growth template for organic semiconductors was developed using a new method for transferring clean graphene sheets onto a substrate with controlled surface wettability. The introduction of a sacrificial graphene layer between a patterned polymeric supporting layer and a monolayer graphene sheet enabled the crack-free and residue-free transfer of free-standing monolayer graphene onto arbitrary substrates. The clean graphene template clearly induced the quasi-epitaxial growth of crystalline organic semiconductors with lying-down molecular orientation while maintaining the "wetting transparency", which allowed the transmission of the interaction between organic molecules and the underlying substrate. Consequently, the growth mode and corresponding morphology of the organic semiconductors on graphene templates exhibited distinctive dependence on the substrate hydrophobicity with clear transition from lateral to vertical growth mode on hydrophilic substrates, which originated from the high surface energy of the exposed crystallographic planes of the organic semiconductors on graphene. The optical properties of the pentacene layer, especially the diffusion of the exciton, also showed a strong dependency on the corresponding morphological evolution. Furthermore, the effect of pentacene-substrate interaction was systematically investigated by gradually increasing the number of graphene layers. These results suggested that the combination of a clean graphene surface and a suitable underlying substrate could serve as an atomically thin growth template to engineer the interaction between organic molecules and aromatic graphene network, thereby paving the way for effectively and conveniently tuning the semiconductor layer morphologies in devices prepared using graphene.

TM4SF5 suppression disturbs integrin α5-related signalling and muscle development in zebrafish.

TM4SF5 (transmembrane 4 L six family member 5) is involved in EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) for liver fibrosis and cancer metastasis; however, the function(s) of TM4SF5 during embryogenesis remains unknown. In the present study the effects of TM4SF5 on embryogenesis of zebrafish were investigated. tm4sf5 mRNA was expressed in the posterior somites during somitogenesis and in whole myotome 1 dpf (day post-fertilization). tm4sf5 suppression impaired development of the trunk with aberrant morphology of muscle fibres and altered expression of integrin α5. The arrangement and adhesion of muscle cells were abnormally disorganized in tm4sf5 morphants with reduced muscle fibre masses, where integrin α5-related signalling molecules, including fibronectin, FAK (focal adhesion kinase), vinculin and actin were aberrantly localized, compared with those in control fish. Aberrant muscle developments in tm4sf5 morphants were recovered by additional tm4sf5 or integrin α5 mRNA injection. Such a role for TM4SF5 was observed in the differentiation of C2C12 mouse myoblast cells to multinuclear muscle cells. Taken together, the results show that TM4SF5 controls muscle differentiation via co-operation with integrin α5-related signalling.

Akap12 is essential for the morphogenesis of muscles involved in zebrafish locomotion.

Swimming behavior in fish is driven by coordinated contractions of muscle fibers. In zebrafish, slow muscle cell migration is crucial for the formation of the muscle network; slow myoblasts, which arise from medial adaxial cells, migrate radially to the lateral surface of the trunk and tail during embryogenesis. This study found that the zebrafish A-kinase anchoring protein (akap)12 isoforms akap12α and akap12ß are required for muscle morphogenesis and locomotor activity. Embryos deficient in akap12 exhibited reduced spontaneous coiling, touch response, and free swimming. Akap12-depleted slow but not fast muscle cells were misaligned, suggesting that the behavioral abnormalities resulted from specific defects in slow muscle patterning; indeed, slow muscle cells and muscle pioneers in these embryos showed abnormal migration in a cell-autonomous manner. Taken together, these results suggest that akap12 plays a critical role in the development of zebrafish locomotion by regulating the normal morphogenesis of muscles.

Predicting severe intraventricular hemorrhage or early death using machine learning algorithms in VLBWI of the Korean Neonatal Network Database.

Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants can lead to serious neurological complications. This retrospective cohort study used the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN) dataset to develop prediction models for severe IVH or early death in very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs) using machine-learning algorithms. The study included VLBWIs registered in the KNN database. The outcome was the diagnosis of IVH Grades 3-4 or death within one week of birth. Predictors were categorized into three groups based on their observed stage during the perinatal period. The dataset was divided into derivation and validation sets at an 8:2 ratio. Models were built using Logistic Regression with Ridge Regulation (LR), Random Forest, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). Stage 1 models, based on predictors observed before birth, exhibited similar performance. Stage 2 models, based on predictors observed up to one hour after birth, showed improved performance in all models compared to Stage 1 models. Stage 3 models, based on predictors observed up to one week after birth, showed the best performance, particularly in the XGB model. Its integration into treatment and management protocols can potentially reduce the incidence of permanent brain injury caused by IVH during the early stages of birth.

Nonvolatile Reconfigurable Logic Device Based on Photoinduced Interfacial Charge Trapping in van der Waals Gap.

Due to the increasing complexity in miniaturization of electronic devices, reconfigurable field-effect transistors (RFETs) have emerged as a solution. Although the foundational concepts of RFETs have matured over two decades, ongoing breakthroughs are needed to address challenges such as improving the device performance as well as achieving balanced symmetry between n-type and p-type transport modes with long-term stability. Herein, we present a nonvolatile WSe2-based RFET that utilizes photoassisted interfacial charge trapping at the h-BN and SiO2 interface. Unlike typical RFETs with two gate electrodes, our RFETs achieved polarity control with a single operating gate activated exclusively under white-light exposure. The threshold voltage was tunable, ranging from 27.4 (-31.6 V) to 0.9 (+19.5 V), allowing selective activation of n-type (p-type) operation at VGS = 0 V. Additionally, our WSe2-based RFETs show superior repeatability and long-term stability. Leveraging these advantages, various reconfigurable logic circuits were successfully demonstrated, including complementary inverters and switch circuits as well as pull-up and pull-down circuits, highlighting the potential of WSe2 FETs for future advancements of integrated circuits.

Rapid increase in the body mass index of very preterm infants is a risk factor for iron deficiency during infancy.

Iron deficiency (ID) in very preterm infants born at 28-32 weeks of gestational age (GA) can lower mental and motor test scores. This study aimed to determine whether the rapid growth of very preterm infants might be associated with ID. Among 134 very preterm born between January 2014 and December 2020 at Jeonbuk National University Hospital and discharged home, 93 were included in this study. Rapid BMI increase (RBI) was defined as a z-score difference of > 1 standard deviation between birth and 8 months. ID occurred in 23 of 93 (24.7%) infants at 8 months of corrected age (CA). ID was more common in the RBI group (50%) than in the non-RBI group (18.7%). In the multivariate logistic regression corrected for GA, infants small for gestational age (SGA) (odds ratio [OR] 6.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-30.21) and RBI by z-score (OR 4.26, 95% CI 1.28-14.65) were identified as independent risk factors for ID at 8 months of CA. Conclusively, both SGA and RBI in the early life of very preterm were risk factors for ID at 8 months of CA.