A genetic link between cold responses and flowering time through FVE in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Cold induces expression of a number of genes that encode proteins that enhance tolerance to freezing temperatures in plants. A cis-acting element responsive to cold and drought, the C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element (C/DRE), was identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana stress-inducible genes RD29A and COR15a and found in other cold-inducible genes in various plants. C/DRE-binding factor/DRE-binding protein (CBF/DREB) is an essential component of the cold-acclimation response, but the signaling pathways and networks are mostly unknown. Here we used targeted genetic approach to isolate A. thaliana mutants with altered cold-responsive gene expression (acg) and identify ACG1 as a negative regulator of the CBF/DREB pathway. acg1 flowered late and had elevated expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a repressor of flowering encoding a MADS-box protein. We showed that acg1 is a null allele of the autonomous pathway gene FVE. FVE encodes a homolog of the mammalian retinoblastoma-associated protein, a component of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex involved in transcriptional repression. We also showed that plants sense intermittent cold stress through FVE and delay flowering with increasing expression of FLC. Dual roles of FVE in regulating the flowering time and the cold response may have an evolutionary advantage for plants by increasing their survival rates.

Transgenic poplar expressing Arabidopsis NDPK2 enhances growth as well as oxidative stress tolerance.

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) is known to regulate the expression of antioxidant genes in plants. Previously, we reported that overexpression of Arabidopsis NDPK2 (AtNDPK2) under the control of an oxidative stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter in transgenic potato and sweetpotato plants enhanced tolerance to various abiotic stresses. In this study, transgenic poplar (Populus alba × Poplus glandulosa) expressing the AtNDPK2 gene under the control of a SWPA2 promoter (referred to as SN) was generated to develop plants with enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. The level of AtNDPK2 expression and NDPK activity in SN plants following methyl viologen (MV) treatment was positively correlated with the plant's tolerance to MV-mediated oxidative stress. We also observed that antioxidant enzyme activities such as ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase were increased in MV-treated leaf discs of SN plants. The growth of SN plants was substantially increased under field conditions including increased branch number and stem diameter. SN plants exhibited higher transcript levels of the auxin-response genes IAA2 and IAA5. These results suggest that enhanced AtNDPK2 expression affects oxidative stress tolerance leading to improved plant growth in transgenic poplar.

DREB2C interacts with ABF2, a bZIP protein regulating abscisic acid-responsive gene expression, and its overexpression affects abscisic acid sensitivity.

ABF2 is a basic leucine zipper protein that regulates abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent stress-responsive gene expression. We carried out yeast two-hybrid screens to isolate genes encoding ABF2-interacting proteins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Analysis of the resulting positive clones revealed that two of them encode an AP2 domain protein, which is the same as AtERF48/DREB2C. This protein, which will be referred to as DREB2C, could bind C-repeat/dehydration response element in vitro and possesses transcriptional activity. To determine its function, we generated DREB2C overexpression lines and investigated their phenotypes. The transgenic plants were ABA hypersensitive during germination and seedling establishment stages, whereas primary root elongation of seedlings was ABA insensitive, suggesting developmental stage dependence of DREB2C function. The DREB2C overexpression lines also displayed altered stress response; whereas the plants were dehydration sensitive, they were freezing and heat tolerant. We further show that other AP2 domain proteins, DREB1A and DREB2A, interact with ABF2 and that other ABF family members, ABF3 and ABF4, interact with DREB2C. Previously, others demonstrated that ABF and DREB family members cooperate to activate the transcription of an ABA-responsive gene. Our result implies that the cooperation of the two classes of transcription factors may involve physical interaction.

Enhanced tolerance to methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress and high temperature in transgenic potato plants overexpressing the CuZnSOD, APX and NDPK2 genes.

Oxidative stress is a major threat for plants exposed to various environmental stresses. Previous studies found that transgenic potato plants expressing both copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (referred to as SSA plants), or nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) (SN plants), showed enhanced tolerance to methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress and high temperature. This study aimed to develop transgenic plants that were more tolerant of oxidative stress by introducing the NDPK2 gene into SSA potato plants under the control of an oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase (SWPA2) promoter to create SSAN plants. SSAN leaf discs and whole plants showed enhanced tolerance to MV, as compared to SSA, SN or non-transgenic (NT) plants. SSAN plants sprayed with 400 µM MV exhibited about 53 and 83% less visible damage than did SSA and SN plants, respectively. The expression levels of the CuZnSOD, APX and NDPK2 genes in SSAN plants following MV treatment correlated well with MV tolerance. SOD, APX, NDPK and catalase antioxidant enzyme activities were also increased in MV-treated SSAN plants. In addition, SSAN plants were more tolerant to high temperature stress at 42°C, exhibiting a 6.2% reduction in photosynthetic activity as compared to plants grown at 25°C. In contrast, the photosynthetic activities of SN and SSA plants decreased by 50 and 18%, respectively. These results indicate that the simultaneous overexpression of CuZnSOD, APX and NDPK2 is more effective than single or double transgene expression for developing plants with enhanced tolerance to various environmental stresses.

Simultaneous expression of choline oxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in potato plant chloroplasts provides synergistically enhanced protection against various abiotic stresses.

Plants synthesize compatible solutes such as glycinebetaine (GB) in response to abiotic stresses. To evaluate the synergistic and protective effect of GB, transgenic potato plants expressing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) targeting to chloroplasts (referred to as SSA plants) were retransformed with a bacterial choline oxidase (codA) gene to synthesize GB in chloroplast in naturally occurring non-accumulator potato plants (including SSA) under the control of the stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter (referred to as SSAC plants). GB accumulation resulted in enhanced protection of these SSAC plants and lower levels of H(2)O(2) compared with SSA and non-transgenic (NT) plants after methyl viologen (MV)-mediated oxidative stress. Additionally, SSAC plants demonstrated synergistically enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses at the whole-plant level. GB accumulation in SSAC plants helped to maintain higher activities of SOD, APX and catalase following oxidative, salt and drought stress treatments than is observed in SSA and NT plants. Conclusively, GB accumulation in SSAC plants along with overexpression of antioxidant genes rendered the plants tolerant to multiple environmental stresses in a synergistic fashion.

Transgenic alfalfa plants expressing the sweetpotato Orange gene exhibit enhanced abiotic stress tolerance.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a perennial forage crop with high nutritional content, is widely distributed in various environments worldwide. We recently demonstrated that the sweetpotato Orange gene (IbOr) is involved in increasing carotenoid accumulation and enhancing resistance to multiple abiotic stresses. In this study, in an effort to improve the nutritional quality and environmental stress tolerance of alfalfa, we transferred the IbOr gene into alfalfa (cv. Xinjiang Daye) under the control of an oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase (SWPA2) promoter through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Among the 11 transgenic alfalfa lines (referred to as SOR plants), three lines (SOR2, SOR3, and SOR8) selected based on their IbOr transcript levels were examined for their tolerance to methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress in a leaf disc assay. The SOR plants exhibited less damage in response to MV-mediated oxidative stress and salt stress than non-transgenic plants. The SOR plants also exhibited enhanced tolerance to drought stress, along with higher total carotenoid levels. The results suggest that SOR alfalfa plants would be useful as forage crops with improved nutritional value and increased tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses, which would enhance the development of sustainable agriculture on marginal lands.

Enhanced salt stress tolerance in transgenic potato plants expressing IbMYB1, a sweet potato transcription factor.

IbMYB1, a transcription factor (TF) for R2R3-type MYB TFs, is a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis during storage of sweet potatoes. Anthocyanins provide important antioxidants of nutritional value to humans, and also protect plants from oxidative stress. This study aimed to increase transgenic potatoes' (Solanum tuberosum cv. LongShu No.3) tolerance to environmental stress and enhance their nutritional value. Transgenic potato plants expressing IbMYB1 genes under the control of an oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase (SWPA2) promoter (referred to as SM plants) were successfully generated through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Two representative transgenic SM5 and SM12 lines were evaluated for enhanced tolerance to salinity, UV-B rays, and drought conditions. Following treatment of 100 mM NaCl, seedlings of SM5 and SM12 lines showed less root damage and more shoot growth than control lines expressing only an empty vector. Transgenic potato plants in pots treated with 400 mM NaCl showed high amounts of secondary metabolites, including phenols, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, compared with control plants. After treatment of 400 mM NaCl, transgenic potato plants also showed high DDPH radical scavenging activity and high PS II photochemical efficiency compared with the control line. Furthermore, following treatment of NaCl, UV-B, and drought stress, the expression levels of IbMYB1 and several structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis such as CHS, DFR, and ANS in transgenic plants were found to be correlated with plant phenotype. The results suggest that enhanced IbMYB1 expression affects secondary metabolism, which leads to improved tolerance ability in transgenic potatoes.

SCOF-1-expressing transgenic sweetpotato plants show enhanced tolerance to low-temperature stress.

Low-temperature stress represents one of the principal limitations affecting the distribution and productivity of many plant species, including crops such as sweetpotato. Transgenic sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. cv. Yulmi) plants expressing the soybean cold-inducible zinc finger protein (SCOF-1) under control of an oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase (SWPA2) promoter (referred to as SF plants), were developed and evaluated for enhanced tolerance to low-temperature conditions. Following 4 °C treatment of SF plants, SCOF-1 expression correlated positively with tolerance to low-temperature stress at the leaf disc level. Increased SCOF-1 expression also correlated with enhanced tolerance to different low-temperature treatments at the whole plant level. SF plants treated with low-temperature stress (4 or 10 °C for 30 h) exhibited less of a reduction in photosynthetic activity and lipid peroxidation levels than non-transgenic (NT) plants. Furthermore, the photosynthetic activity and lipid peroxidation levels of SF plants recovered to near pre-stress levels after 12 h of recovery at 25 °C. In contrast, these activities remained at a reduced level in NT plants after the same recovery period. Thus, this study has shown that low-temperature stress in sweetpotato can be efficiently modulated by overexpression of SCOF-1.

Overexpression of 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin enhances tolerance to methyl viologen-mediated oxidative stress and high temperature in potato plants.

Oxidative stress is one of the major causative factors for injury to plants exposed to environmental stresses. Plants have developed diverse defense mechanisms for scavenging oxidative stress-inducing molecules. The antioxidative enzyme 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx) removes peroxides and protects the photosynthetic membrane from oxidative damage. In this study, transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Atlantic) expressing At2-Cys Prx under control of the oxidative stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter or enhanced CaMV 35S promoter (referred to as SP and EP plants, respectively) was generated using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgenic plants were tested for tolerance to stress. Following treatment with 3 µM methyl viologen (MV), leaf discs from SP and EP plants showed approximately 33 and 15% less damage than non-transformed (NT) plants. When 300 µM MV was sprayed onto whole plants, the photosynthetic activity of SP plants decreased by 25%, whereas that of NT plants decreased by 60%. In addition, SP plants showed enhanced tolerance to high temperature at 42 °C. After treatment at high temperature, the photosynthetic activity of SP plants decreased by about 7% compared to plants grown at 25 °C, whereas it declined by 31% in NT plants. These results indicate that transgenic potato can efficiently regulate oxidative stress from various environmental stresses via overexpression of At2-Cys Prx under control of the stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter.

Stress-induced expression of choline oxidase in potato plant chloroplasts confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative, salt, and drought stresses.

Transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Superior) with the ability to synthesize glycinebetaine (GB) in chloroplasts (referred to as SC plants) were developed via the introduction of the bacterial choline oxidase (codA) gene under the control of an oxidative stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter. SC1 and SC2 plants were selected via the evaluation of methyl viologen (MV)-mediated oxidative stress tolerance, using leaf discs for further characterization. The GB contents in the leaves of SC1 and SC2 plants following MV treatment were found to be 0.9 and 1.43 micromol/g fresh weight by HPLC analysis, respectively. In addition to reduced membrane damage after oxidative stress, the SC plants evidenced enhanced tolerance to NaCl and drought stress on the whole plant level. When the SC plants were subjected to two weeks of 150 mM NaCl stress, the photosynthetic activity of the SC1 and SC2 plants was attenuated by 38 and 27%, respectively, whereas that of non-transgenic (NT) plants was decreased by 58%. Under drought stress conditions, the SC plants maintained higher water contents and accumulated higher levels of vegetative biomass than was observed in the NT plants. These results indicate that stress-induced GB production in the chloroplasts of GB non-accumulating plants may prove useful in the development of industrial transgenic plants with increased tolerance to a variety of environmental stresses for sustainable agriculture applications.

Enhanced tolerance of transgenic potato plants overexpressing nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 against multiple environmental stresses.

In plants, nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) is known to regulate the expression of antioxidant genes. In this study, we developed transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Atlantic) expressing Arabidopsis NDPK2 (AtNDPK2) gene in cytosols under the control of an oxidative stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter (referred to as SN plants) or enhanced CaMV 35S promoter (EN plants) and evaluated their tolerance to various environmental stress, including methyl viologen (MV)-mediated oxidative stress, high temperature, and salt stress. When 250 muM MV was sprayed to whole plants, plants expressing NDPK2 showed significantly an enhanced tolerance compared to non-transgenic (NT) plants. SN plants and EN plants showed 51% and 32% less visible damage than NT plants, respectively. Transcript level of AtNDPK2 gene and NDPK2 activity in SN plants following MV treatment well reflected the plant phenotype. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was also increased in MV-treated SN plants. In addition, SN plants showed enhanced tolerance to high temperature at 42 degrees C. The photosynthetic activity of SN plants after treatment of high temperature was decreased by about 10% compared to the plants grown at 25 degrees C, whereas that of NT plants declined by 30%. When treated with 80 mM NaCl onto the plantlets, both SN plants and EN plants also showed a significant reduced damage in root growth. These results indicate that overexpression of NDPK2 under the stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter might efficiently regulate the oxidative stress derived from various environmental stresses.

ARIA, an Arabidopsis arm repeat protein interacting with a transcriptional regulator of abscisic acid-responsive gene expression, is a novel abscisic acid signaling component.

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains more than 90 armadillo (arm) repeat proteins. However, their functions are largely unknown. Here, we report that an Arabidopsis arm repeat protein is involved in abscisic acid (ABA) response. We carried out two-hybrid screens to identify signaling components that modulate ABA-responsive gene expression. Employing a transcription factor, ABF2, which controls the ABA-dependent gene expression via the G-box type ABA-responsive elements, we isolated an arm repeat protein. The ABF2-interacting protein, designated as ARIA (arm repeat protein interacting with ABF2), has another conserved sequence motif, BTB/POZ (broad complex, tramtrak, and bric-a-brac/poxvirus and zinc finger) domain, in the C-terminal region. The physiological relevance of ABF2-ARIA interaction was supported by their similar expression patterns and similar subcellular localization. Plants overexpressing ARIA are hypersensitive to ABA and high osmolarity during germination and insensitive to salt during subsequent seedling growth. By contrast, an ARIA knockout mutant exhibits ABA and glucose insensitivities. Changes in the expression levels of several ABF2-regulated genes were also observed in ARIA overexpression lines, indicating that ARIA modulates the transcriptional activity of ABF2. Together, our data indicate that ARIA is a positive regulator of ABA response.