Rice OsGATA16 is a positive regulator for chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development.

Chloroplasts are essential organelles in plants that contain chlorophylls and facilitate photosynthesis for growth and development. As photosynthetic efficiency significantly impacts crop productivity, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast development has been crucial in increasing grain and biomass production. This study demonstrates the involvement of OsGATA16, an ortholog of Arabidopsis GATA, NITRATE INDUCIBLE, CARBON-METABOLISM INVOLVED (GNC), and GNC-LIKE/CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1 (GNL/CGA1), in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice (Oryza sativa). The osgata16-1 knockdown mutants produced pale-green leaves, while OsGATA16-overexpressed plants (OsGATA16-OE1) generated dark-green leaves, compared to their parental japonica rice. Reverse transcription and quantitative PCR analysis revealed downregulation of genes related to chloroplast division, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthesis in the leaves of osgata16-1 and upregulation in those of OsGATA16-OE1. Additionally, in vivo binding assays showed that OsGATA16 directly binds to the promoter regions of OsHEMA, OsCHLH, OsPORA, OsPORB, and OsFtsZ, and upregulates their expression. These findings indicate that OsGATA16 serves as a positive regulator controlling chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice.

Electromechanical Origin of Phonon Dynamics Exhibiting Tunable Anisotropic Heat Transport in Layered Nanostructures.

Owing to the structural characteristics of 2D layered nanomaterials, anisotropic thermal conductivity is considered an attractive design factor for constructing efficient heat-transfer pathways. In this study, the electromechanical origin of anisotropic thermal conduction in Ti3 C2 O2 M (M = Li, Na, K) is investigated at the atomic scale using theoretical multiscale analysis. The results demonstrate that the acoustic and optical phonon modes drive interlayer and intralayer heat conduction, respectively. Further, the lower the atomic number of the alkali ions intercalated in the Ti3 C2 O2 layer, the more immediately it responds to externally applied oscillations owing to its low inertia and high electrostatic force. The Li-ion layer exhibits an instantaneous response to vibrational excitations from an external source, making it transparent to higher phonon modes under interlayer and intralayer thermal conduction. The electromechanical modulation properties of the ion layer are further elucidated, providing practical insights into the design of anisotropic thermal paths.

Estimating the incubated river water quality indicator based on machine learning and deep learning paradigms: BOD5 Prediction.

As an indicator measured by incubating organic material from water samples in rivers, the most typical characteristic of water quality items is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentration, which is a stream pollutant with an extreme circumstance of organic loading and controlling aquatic behavior in the eco-environment. Leading monitoring approaches including machine leaning and deep learning have been evolved for a correct, trustworthy, and low-cost prediction of BOD5 concentration. The addressed research investigated the efficiency of three standalone models including machine learning (extreme learning machine (ELM) and support vector regression (SVR)) and deep learning (deep echo state network (Deep ESN)). In addition, the novel double-stage synthesis models (wavelet-extreme learning machine (Wavelet-ELM), wavelet-support vector regression (Wavelet-SVR), and wavelet-deep echo state network (Wavelet-Deep ESN)) were developed by integrating wavelet transformation (WT) with the different standalone models. Five input associations were supplied for evaluating standalone and double-stage synthesis models by determining diverse water quantity and quality items. The proposed models were assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency, and root mean square error (RMSE). The significance of addressed research can be found from the overall outcomes that the predictive accuracy of double-stage synthesis models were not always superior to that of standalone models. Overall results showed that the SVR with 3th distribution (NS = 0.915) and the Wavelet-SVR with 4th distribution (NS = 0.915) demonstrated more correct outcomes for predicting BOD5 concentration compared to alternative models at Hwangji station, and the Wavelet-SVR with 4th distribution (NS = 0.917) was judged to be the most superior model at Toilchun station. In most cases for predicting BOD5 concentration, the novel double-stage synthesis models can be utilized for efficient and organized data administration and regulation of water pollutants on both stations, South Korea.

Diode-pumped solid-state laser for bonding orthodontic brackets: effect of light intensity and light-curing time.

This study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to teeth using a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser of 473 nm with various light intensity and light-curing settings. For the study, a total of 150 extracted human teeth were divided into ten groups. In the control group, the brackets were bonded to the teeth using a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) light with an intensity of 900 mW/cm(2). In the experimental groups, the brackets were bonded using a DPSS laser with three different light intensities and light-curing times. The same bracket type and adhesive were used in all groups throughout the study. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the SBS, and adhesive remnant index (ARI) among the groups. As results, brackets bonded using the DPSS laser with an intensity of 700 mW/cm(2) for 40 s (totally) showed a slightly higher SBS (12.2 ± 1.8 MPa) than that of those bonded using a QTH light (control; 11.6 ± 1.6 MPa). The SBS values linearly increased with increasing energy density (light intensity × light-curing time) of the DPSS laser (R = 0.95, p < 0.001). However, the SBS values among the test groups were similar regardless of the difference in light-curing conditions. A comparison of the ARI scores among the groups suggested a similar bracket failure mode.

Health promotion in young adults at a university in Korea: A cross-sectional study of 625 participants in a university.

Young adulthood is a critical developmental period for establishing life-long health behaviors. However, too little attention has been paid to young adult health promotion. The purpose of this study was to describe the processes of development and implementation involved in a collaborative university-wide health promotion program and to evaluate the achievements of the program.A 3-day university-wide health promotion program was developed and implemented in the nation's largest public university in South Korea in September 2013. Its objectives were to heighten health awareness, to promote healthy behaviors, especially active lifestyle and healthy diet, and to disseminate health knowledge, skills, and access to health resources among young people. The program comprised 14 health lectures, 12 events, and 25 booths. To monitor and evaluate the program, a cross-sectional postevent survey was conducted. A convenience sample of 625 university members who participated in the program was used. The statistics were analyzed with a general linear model and paired t test.The program evaluation demonstrated that this university-wide program effectively provided opportunities for students to access health information, knowledge, skills, self-confidence, and available health services and resources. Participants positively evaluated most of the processes of the program activities and services. Participants' overall evaluation score (83% rated "excellent" or "good") and reparticipation intention (86%) were high. The majority of participants reported increased awareness of health (80%) and the need for a university health promotion program (87%) after the program. Most of the evaluation scores were similarly high for health lectures and booths/events.In conclusion, the university-wide health promotion program was effective in improving university members' health awareness and providing opportunities for students to access various health information and resources. We believe that our results would be useful for sharing information on the planning and implementation of future university health promotion programs.